SIST EN 4632-003:2010
(Main)Aerospace series - Weldability and brazeability of materials in aerospace constructions - Part 003: Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels
Aerospace series - Weldability and brazeability of materials in aerospace constructions - Part 003: Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels
This standard defines degrees of weldability and brazeability for materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry. It comprises a series of sheets, by materials or by material families, which: a) indicate the main titles, the typical chemical composition and the main characteristics; b) contain recommendations for welding and brazing; c) indicate a degree of weldability or brazeability for a given process under defined conditions; d) indicate a value of the mechanical strength coefficient of the welded joint for each welding process, when it could be extracted from bibliographic references referring to it. The joint coefficient is expressed as a ratio of the tensile strength of the welded joint to the tensile strength of the base alloy. To define preheating conditions, it recommends EN 1011-2 recommendations. These conditions depend on the calculation of carbon equivalent, welding energy per unit length, thickness, arc welding process and hydrogen rate in filler metal. It is applicable without restriction for the manufacturing of new parts or for repair.
Luft- und Raumfahrt - Schweißbarkeit und Lötbarkeit von Werkstoffen im Luft und Raumfahrzeugbau - Teil 003: Schweißen und Löten gleichartiger Verbindungen aus unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stählen
Diese Norm legt den Schweißbarkeits- und Lötbarkeitsgrad für in der Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie verwendete
Werkstoffe oder Werkstofffamilien fest.
Sie enthält eine Serie von Datenblättern, klassifiziert nach Werkstoffen und Werkstofffamilien, die:
a) die Haupttitel, die typische chemische Zusammensetzung und die Haupteigenschaften angeben;
b) Empfehlungen zum Schweißen und Hartlöten enthalten;
c) den Schweißbarkeits- oder Lötbarkeitsgrad für einen bestimmten Prozess unter festgelegten
Bedingungen angeben;
d) einen Wert für den Faktor der mechanischen Festigkeit der Schweißnaht für jeden Schweißprozess
angeben, wenn er Literaturhinweisen entnommen werden kann, die Bezug auf diesen nehmen. Der
Verbindungsfaktor wird als Verhältnis der Zugfestigkeit der Schweißnaht zur Zugfestigkeit der Basislegierung
angegeben.
Zur Festlegung der Vorwärmbedingungen wird auf die Empfehlungen nach EN 1011-2 verwiesen. Diese
Bedingungen sind von der Berechnung des Kohlenstoffgehaltes, der Schweißenergie je Längeneinheit, der
Dicke, dem Prozess des Lichtbogenschweißens und dem Wasserstoffanteil des Zusatzwerkstoffes abhängig.
Sie gilt ohne Einschränkung für die Fertigung von neuen Teilen oder für die Instandsetzung.
Série aérospatiale - Soudabilité et brasabilité des matériaux pour constructions aérospatiales - Partie 003: Assemblages homogènes des aciers non alliés et faiblement alliés
Aeronavtika - Varivost in spajkljivost materialov v aeronavtičnih konstrukcijah - 003. del: Varjenje in spajkanje homogenih sestavov iz nelegiranega in malo legiranega jekla
Ta standard opredeljuje stopnje varivosti in spajkljivosti materialov ali družin materialov, ki se uporabljajo v aeronavtični industriji. Sestavlja ga niz listov, ločenih po materialih ali družinah materiala, ki: a) navajajo glavne naslove, kemično sestavo in glavne značilnosti; b) vsebujejo priporočila za varjenje in spajkanje; c) navajajo stopnjo varivosti ali spajkljivosti za določen postopek pod opredeljenimi pogoji; d) navajajo vrednost koeficienta mehanske trdnosti varjenega spoja za vsak postopek varjenja, kadar ga je mogoče povzeti iz bibliografskih sklicev, ki se nanj nanašajo. Skupni koeficient je izražen kot razmerje med natezno trdnostjo varjenega spoja in natezno trdnostjo osnovnega legiranja. Za določitev pogojev pred segrevanjem priporoča priporočila EN 1011-2. Ti pogoji so odvisni od izračunov ekvivalente ogljika, varilne energije na enoto dolžine, debeline, postopka elektro-obločnega varjenja in vrednosti vodika v polnilni kovini. Velja brez omejitev za proizvodnjo novih delov ali za popravila.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Luft- und Raumfahrt - Schweißbarkeit und Lötbarkeit von Werkstoffen im Luft und Raumfahrzeugbau - Teil 003: Schweißen und Löten gleichartiger Verbindungen aus unlegierten und niedriglegierten StählenSérie aérospatiale - Soudabilité et brasabilité des matériaux pour constructions aérospatiales - Partie 003: Assemblages homogènes des aciers non alliés et faiblement alliésAerospace series - Weldability and brazeability of materials in aerospace constructions - Part 003: Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels49.025.10JeklaSteels25.160.01Varjenje, trdo in mehko spajkanje na splošnoWelding, brazing and soldering in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 4632-003:2010SIST EN 4632-003:2010en01-maj-2010SIST EN 4632-003:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 4632-003
March 2010 ICS 49.025.10 English Version
Aerospace series - Weldability and brazeability of materials in aerospace constructions - Part 003: Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels
Série aérospatiale - Soudabilité et brasabilité des matériaux pour constructions aérospatiales - Partie 003 : Assemblages homogènes des aciers non alliés et faiblement alliés
Luft- und Raumfahrt - Schweißbarkeit und Lötbarkeit von Werkstoffen im Luft und Raumfahrzeugbau - Teil 003: Schweißen und Löten gleichartiger Verbindungen aus unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stählen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 August 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 4632-003:2010: ESIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 31Scope . 42Normative references . 43Terms and definitions . 64Use of this standard . 75Updating . 76Materials . 8Bibliography . 28 SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 4632-003:2010) has been prepared by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe - Standardization (ASD-STAN). After enquiries and votes carried out in accordance with the rules of this Association, this Standard has received the approval of the National Associations and the Official Services of the member countries of ASD, prior to its presentation to CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 4 1 Scope This standard defines degrees of weldability and brazeability for materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry. It comprises a series of sheets, by materials or by material families, which: a) indicate the main titles, the typical chemical composition and the main characteristics; b) contain recommendations for welding and brazing; c) indicate a degree of weldability or brazeability for a given process under defined conditions; d) indicate a value of the mechanical strength coefficient of the welded joint for each welding process, when it could be extracted from bibliographic references referring to it. The joint coefficient is expressed as a ratio of the tensile strength of the welded joint to the tensile strength of the base alloy. To define preheating conditions, it recommends EN 1011-2 recommendations. These conditions depend on the calculation of carbon equivalent, welding energy per unit length, thickness, arc welding process and hydrogen rate in filler metal. It is applicable without restriction for the manufacturing of new parts or for repair. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1011-2, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels EN 2135, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL61 — Carburized, hardened and tempered — Bar De ≤ 40 mm 1) EN 2213, Steel FE-PL52 S — 980 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 180 MPa — Bars De ≤ 16 mm — Aerospace series 2)
EN 2218, Steel FE-PL52 S — 980 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 180 MPa — Tubes for structures a ≤ 4 mm — d ≥ 5 a — Aerospace series 2) EN 2220, Steel FE-PL52 S — 1 080 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 250 MPa — Tubes for structures — 2 mm ≤ a ≤ 20 mm — d ≥ 5 a — Aerospace series 2) EN 2767, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL79 — Carburized, hardened and tempered — 1 180 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 550 MPa — Bar for machining — De ≤ 150 mm 1) EN 2768, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL79 — Carburized, hardened and tempered — 1 180 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 550 MPa — Forgings — De ≤ 150 mm 1) EN 2779, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL56 — Hardened and tempered — 1 250 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 400 MPa — Bars — De ≤ 70 mm 1)
1) Published as ASD-STAN Prestandard at the date of publication of this standard. 2) Published as ASD-STAN Standard at the date of publication of this standard. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 5 EN 2780, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL56 — Hardened and tempered — 1 250 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 400 MPa — Forgings — De ≤ 70 mm 3) EN 3522, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL79 — Softened — Reference heat treatment: carburized, hardened and tempered — Forging stock — De ≤ 200 mm 3)
EN 3523, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1505 (15CrMoV6) — Air melted — Hardened and tempered — Bar for machining — De ≤ 100 mm — 1 080 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 280 MPa
EN 3524, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1505 (15CrMoV6) — Air melted — Hardened and tempered —
Sheet and strip — 2 mm ≤ a ≤ 6 mm — 1 080 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 280 MPa EN 3525, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1505 (15CrMoV6) — Air melted — Hardened and tempered — Plate — 6 mm < a ≤ 20 mm — 1 080 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 280 MPa EN 3526, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1505 (15CrMoV6) — Air melted — Hardened and tempered — Sheet and strip — 0,5 mm ≤ a ≤ 6 mm — 980 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 180 MPa EN 3969, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1507 (40CrMoV12) — Air melted — Annealed — Forging stock —a or D ≤ 350 mm EN 3971, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1507 (40CrMoV12) — Consumable electrode remelted — Annealed — Forging stock — a or D ≤ 350 mm EN 3972, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1507 (40CrMoV12) — Consumable electrode remelted — Hardened and tempered — Bar for machining — De ≤ 50 mm — 1 250 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 400 MPa EN 4098, Aerospace series — Steel FE-PL1507 (40CrMoV12) — Remelted — Hardened and tempered — Forgings — De ≤ 50 mm — 1 250 MPa ≤ Rm ≤ 1 400 MPa EN 4331, Aerospace series — Steel FE-WL1804 (25CrMnMo4-2-2) — Filler metal for welding — Wire and rod EN 4332, Aerospace series — Steel FE-WL1805 (8CrMnMo12-4-9) — Filler metal for welding — Wire and rod EN 4334, Aerospace series — Steel FE-WL1806 (15CrMnMoV5-4-9-3) — Filler metal for welding — Wire and rod EN 4632-001:2008, Aerospace series — Welded and brazed assemblies for aerospace constructions — Weldability and brazeability of materials — Part 001: General requirements EN 10025 (all parts), Hot rolled products of structural steels EN 10027-1, Designation systems for steel — Part 1: Steel names EN 10028-1, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 1: General requirements EN 10028-2, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties EN 10028-3, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels, normalized EN 10052, Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products EN 10083-1, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 1: General technical delivery conditions EN 10084, Case hardening steels — Technical delivery conditions
3) Published as ASD-STAN Prestandard at the date of publication of this standard. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 6 EN 10222-1, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 1: General requirements for open die forgings EN 10222-2, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 2: Ferritic and martensitic steels with specified elevated temperature properties EN 10222-3, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 3: Nickel steels with specified low temperature properties EN 10222-4, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 4: Weldable fine grain steels with high proof strength EN ISO 636, Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels — Classification EN ISO 2560, Welding consumables — Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Classification (ISO 2560:2009) EN ISO 3580, Welding consumables — Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of creep-resisting steels — Classification (ISO 3580:2004) EN ISO 4063:2009, Welding and allied processes — Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers (ISO 4063:2009) EN ISO 14175, Welding consumables — Gases and gas mixtures for fusion welding and allied processes (ISO 14175:2008) EN ISO 14341, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels — Classification (ISO 14341:2002) EN ISO 17632, Welding consumables — Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Classification (ISO 17632:2004) ISO/TR 17671-2, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels ANSI/AWS A5.28, Specification for low-alloy steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding 4) ANSI/AWS 5.5, Specification for low alloy steel covered arc welding electrodes 4) ASTM A516, Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel, for moderate and lower-temperature service 5) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms, reference numbers according to EN ISO 4063:2009 and definitions given in EN 4632-001:2008 apply. In addition for the purposes of this document, the five following terms apply as well: F : foil tp : transfer tape
4) Published by: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA. 5) Published by: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 7 w : wire PJHT : post joining heat treatment PWHT : post-weld heat treatment Table 1 — Commonly used US acronyms and abbreviation
Reference number according to EN ISO 4063 Welding/brazing process US-acronym 21 Resistance spot welding RSW 22 Resistance seam welding RSEW 24 Flash welding FW 42 Friction welding FRW 51 Electron beam welding EBW 91 Brazing with local heating – 97 Braze welding – 111 Shielded metal arc welding SMAW 131 Gas metal arc welding using inert gas and solid wire electrode – 135 Gas metal arc welding using active gas with solid wire electrode– 136 Gas metal arc welding using active gas and flux cored electrode – 141 Gas tungsten arc welding using inert gas and solid filler material (wire/rod) – 311 Oxy acetylene welding OAW 422 Inertia friction welding FRW-I 522 Gas laser welding – 4 Use of this standard The index of material sheets contained in this standard, classified by family based on the main element used in the chemical composition and on the alloy structure, is given in Clause 6. The degree of weldability or brazeability (see EN 4632-001) to be used is the value indicated by the material sheet considered for the process chosen. In the operating cycle, preferably choose thermal states that give the lowest degree (for better weldability or brazeability). 5 Updating See EN 4632-001. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 8 6 Materials Table 2 — Steel grades Sheet Material 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 P265 GH S235, S275 S355 C22E 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 12NiCr12, 16NiCrMo17, 16NiCrMo13, 20NiCrMo6-4 15CrMoV6 25CrMo4, 4130 a, 16MnCr5 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 35CrMo4, 4140 a 36NiCrMo16, E35NCD16, 4340 a 40CrMoV20, 40 CDV 20, E 40 CDV 20 a According to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). Symbolic designations and main symbols mentioned in this table are consistent with EN 10027-1. Heat treatment designations are consistent with EN 10052. 6.1 Unalloyed steels
6.1.1 P265 GH 6.1.1.1 Designation EN 10028-2 : P265 GH Current : carbon steel for boilers and pressure devices ASD STAN : – Other standards :
ASTM A516 gr. 60 6.1.1.2 Typical chemical composition (w.%) Table 3 — Chemical composition Steel grade Fe C Si Mn P S P265 GH base ≤ 0,20 ≤ 0,40 0,50 to 1,40≤ 0,030 ≤ 0,025 6.1.1.3 Structure None. 6.1.1.4 Particular characteristics GH type ensures a guarantee of impact properties at 0 °C. 6.1.1.5 Forms Sheets (EN 10028-1 to EN 10028-3) – Forging stock (EN 10222-1 to EN 10222-4). SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 9 Table 4 — Recommendations for welding and filling of P265 GH steel Process EN ISO 4063 reference number Thickness rangea
mm State before welding PWHT Degree
of weldability Joint efficiency Comments and bibliographic references [ ] OAW 311 ≤ 6 Normalized none 1 – Filler metal: G3Si1 according to EN ISO 14341 SMAW 111 ≤ 12 Normalized none 1 1 Rutile covered electrodes E 35…R. > 12 Stress relieving if necessary 1 – Basic covered electrodes E 42…B…
according to EN ISO 2560 141 ≤ 4 Normalized
1 1 Filler metal: Steel for 141 with Si + Mn (type G3Si1 according to EN ISO 14341) > 4 (1st run) Normalized none 1 – Ditto 135, 136 all Normalized none 1 1 Solid welding wire G3Si1 steel grade
according to EN ISO 14341 Recommended gas: CO2
(C1 according to EN ISO 14175 )
or CO2 + Ar mixture (M2-1 according to EN ISO 14175 )
Tubular cored electrode according to EN ISO 17632 (T …) RSEW 22, RSW 21 all Normalized none 1 – – FW 24 all Normalized or as rolled Normalized1 – – a The thickness range concerns single run welding. Table 5 — Recommendations for brazing and assemblies by diffusion Process EN ISO 4063 reference number State before joining Joining temperature °C PJHT Filler metal Flux Degree of brazeabilityor weldability Comments family form 91 Normalized ≥ 1 083 – Cu F, w tp * 1 * flux: dissociated ammonia Normalized 620 – Ag (40 %) F, w tp ** 1 ** FH10 flux according to EN 1045Normalized 750 – Ag (20 %) F, w tp *** 1 *** FH10 flux
according to EN 104597 Normalized 950 – Cu + ZnF **** 1 **** covered rods or FH20 flux according to EN 1045+ bare brass rods (B/SB Cu 59 Zn Si 870-890) SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 10 6.1.2 S235, S275 6.1.2.1 Designation EN 10025 (all parts) : S235, S275 Current
:
steel for general use in metallic construction ASD STAN
:
– Other standards
: – 6.1.2.2 Typical chemical composition (w.%) Table 6 — Chemical composition Steel grade Fe Si Mn S235 base – ≤ 1,5 S275 base – ≤ 1,6 6.1.2.3 Structure None. 6.1.2.4 Particular characteristics Table 7 — Analyses on heats for S235 steel grades with thicknesses less than 16 mm Designation
C % P % S % Minimum impact
energy a at S235JRG2 S235J0 S235J2G3 ≤ 0,17 ≤ 0,17 ≤ 0,17 ≤ 0,045 ≤ 0,040 ≤ 0,035 ≤ 0,045 ≤ 0,040 ≤ 0,030 20 °C 0 °C − 20 °C a V notch impact. Table 8 — Analyses on heats for S275 steel grades with thickness less than 16 mm Designation C % P % S % Minimum impact energy a
at S275JR S275J0 S275J2G3 ≤ 0,21 ≤ 0,18 ≤ 0,18 ≤ 0,045 ≤ 0,040 ≤ 0,035 ≤ 0,045 ≤ 0,040 ≤ 0,035 20 °C 0 °C − 20 °C a V notch impact. 6.1.2.5 Forms Sheets, commercial rolled, beams, wide flats, foils, hot rolled. 6.1.2.6 Particular comments Welding of effervescent steel, in particular S235JR, S235JRG1 steels, shall be avoided. SIST EN 4632-003:2010
EN 4632-003:2010 (E) 11 Table 9 — Recommendations for welding and filling S235 and S275 steels Process EN ISO 4063 reference number Thickness rangea mm State
before welding PWHT Degree of weldability Joint efficiency Comments and bibliographic references [ ] OAW 311 ≤ 6 – none 1 – Filler metal: G3Si1 according to EN ISO 14341 SMAW 111 ≤ 12 – none 1 1 Rutile covered electrodes E 35…R. according to EN ISO 2560 > 12 – Stress relieving if necessary 1 – Basic covered electrodes E 42…B…
according to EN ISO 2560 141 ≤ 4 – none 1 1 Filler metal: Steel for 141 with Si + Mn (G3Si1 type according to EN ISO 14341) > 4 (1st run) – none 1 1 Ditto 135, 136 all Preheating according to EN 1011-2 for thickness
> 15 mm none 1 1 Solid welding wire G3Si1 steel grade according to EN ISO 14341 gas recommended: CO2
(C1 according to EN ISO 14175)
or CO2 + Ar mixture (M2-1 according to EN ISO 14175)
Tubular cored electrode according to EN ISO 17632 (T …) RSEW 22, RSW 21 all Normalized none 1 – – FW 24 all Normalized Normalized1 – – a The thickness range concerns single run welding. Table 10 — Recommenda
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