SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
(Main)Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology (ISO 80000-2:2009)
Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology (ISO 80000-2:2009)
ISO 80000-2:2009 gives general information about mathematical signs and symbols, their meanings, verbal equivalents and applications. The recommendations in ISO 80000-2:2009 are intended mainly for use in the natural sciences and technology, but also apply to other areas where mathematics is used.
Größen und Einheiten - Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik (ISO 80000-2:2009)
ISO 80000-2 stellt allgemeine Angaben zu mathematischen Zeichen, deren Bedeutung, Sprechweise und Anwendung bereit.
Die Empfehlungen in ISO 80000-2 richten sich hauptsächlich an Naturwissenschaft und Technik, sind jedoch auch in anderen Bereichen anwendbar, in denen Mathematik verwendet wird.
Grandeurs et unités - Partie 2: Signes et symboles mathématiques à employer dans les sciences de la nature et dans la technique (ISO 80000-2:2009)
L'ISO 80000-2:2009 donne des informations générales sur les signes et symboles mathématiques, leurs sens, leurs énoncés et leurs applications.
Les recommandations données dans l'ISO 80000-2:2009 sont principalement destinées à être utilisées dans les sciences de la nature et dans la technique. Cependant, elles s'appliquent également à d'autres domaines utilisant les mathématiques.
Veličine in enote - 2. del: Matematični znaki in simboli za uporabo v naravoslovnih vedah in tehniki (ISO 80000-2:2009)
Standard ISO 80000-2:2009 podaja splošne informacije o matematičnih znakih in simbolih, njihovem pomenu, besednih ekvivalentih in uporabi. Priporočila v standardu ISO 80000-2:2009 so namenjena zlasti uporabi v naravoslovnih vedah in tehniki, vendar se uporabljajo tudi na drugih področjih, kjer se uporablja matematika.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Größen und Einheiten - Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik (ISO 80000-2:2009)Grandeurs et unités - Partie 2: Signes et symboles mathématiques à employer dans les sciences de la nature et dans la technique (ISO 80000-2:2009)Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology (ISO 80000-2:2009)07.020MatematikaMathematics01.075Simboli za znakeCharacter symbols01.060Quantities and unitsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 80000-2:2013SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013en01-junij-2013SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST ISO 31-11:1995SIST ISO 31-11:19951DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN ISO 80000-2
April 2013 ICS 01.060 English Version
Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology (ISO 80000-2:2009)
Grandeurs et unités - Partie 2: Signes et symboles mathématiques à employer dans les sciences de la nature et dans la technique (ISO 80000-2:2009)
Größen und Einheiten - Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik (ISO 80000-2:2009) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
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B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 80000-2:2013: ESIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
EN ISO 80000-2:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
EN ISO 80000-2:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 80000-2:2009 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 12 “Quantities and units” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 80000-2:2013. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 80000-2:2009 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 80000-2:2013 without any modification.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
Reference numberISO 80000-2:2009(E)© ISO 2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO80000-2First edition2009-12-01Quantities and units — Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology Grandeurs et unités — Partie 2: Signes et symboles mathématiques à employer dans les sciences de la nature et dans la technique
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
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SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.vi 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Variables, functions, and operators.1 4 Mathematical logic.3 5 Sets.4 6 Standard number sets and intervals.6 7 Miscellaneous signs and symbols.8 8 Elementary geometry.10 9 Operations.11 10 Combinatorics.14 11 Functions.15 12 Exponential and logarithmic functions.18 13 Circular and hyperbolic functions.19 14 Complex numbers.21 15 Matrices.22 16 Coordinate systems.24 17 Scalars, vectors, and tensors.26 18 Transforms.30 19 Special functions.31 Annex A (normative)
Clarification of the symbols used.36 Bibliography.40
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ISO 80000-2:2009(E) iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 80000-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units, in collaboration with IEC/TC 25, Quantities and units. This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 31-11:1992, which has been technically revised. The major technical changes from the previous standard are the following: ⎯ Four clauses have been added, i.e. “Standard number sets and intervals”, “Elementary geometry”, “Combinatorics” and “Transforms”. ISO 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units: ⎯ Part 1: General ⎯ Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology1) ⎯ Part 3: Space and time ⎯ Part 4: Mechanics ⎯ Part 5: Thermodynamics ⎯ Part 7: Light ⎯ Part 8: Acoustics ⎯ Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics ⎯ Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics ⎯ Part 11: Characteristic numbers ⎯ Part 12: Solid state physics
1) Title to be shortened to read “Mathematics” in the second edition of ISO 80000-2. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved v IEC 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units: ⎯ Part 6: Electromagnetism ⎯ Part 13: Information science and technology ⎯ Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) vi © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved Introduction Arrangement of the tables The first column “Item No.” of the tables contains the number of the item, followed by either the number of the corresponding item in ISO 31-11 in parentheses, or a dash when the item in question did not appear in ISO 31-11. The second column “Sign, symbol, expression” gives the sign or symbol under consideration, usually in the context of a typical expression. If more than one sign, symbol or expression is given for the same item, they are on an equal footing. In some cases, e.g. for exponentiation, there is only a typical expression and no symbol. The third column “Meaning, verbal equivalent” gives a hint on the meaning or how the expression may be read. This is for the identification of the concept and is not intended to be a complete mathematical definition. The fourth column “Remarks and examples” gives further information. Definitions are given if they are short enough to fit into the column. Definitions need not be mathematically complete. The arrangement of the table in Clause 16 “Coordinate systems” is somewhat different.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1 Quantities and units — Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology 1 Scope ISO 80000-2 gives general information about mathematical signs and symbols, their meanings, verbal equivalents and applications. The recommendations in ISO 80000-2 are intended mainly for use in the natural sciences and technology, but also apply to other areas where mathematics is used. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 80000-1:—2) , Quantities and units — Part 1: General 3 Variables, functions and operators Variables such as x, y, etc., and running numbers, such as i in Σi xi are printed in italic (sloping) type. Parameters, such as a, b, etc., which may be considered as constant in a particular context, are printed in italic (sloping) type. The same applies to functions in general, e.g. f, g. An explicitly defined function not depending on the context is, however, printed in Roman (upright) type, e.g. sin, exp, ln, Γ. Mathematical constants, the values of which never change, are printed in Roman (upright) type, e.g. e = 2,718 218 8…; π = 3,141 592…; i2 = −1. Well-defined operators are also printed in Roman (upright) style, e.g. div, δ in δx and each d in df/dx. Numbers expressed in the form of digits are always printed in Roman (upright) style, e.g. 351 204; 1,32; 7/8. The argument of a function is written in parentheses after the symbol for the function, without a space between the symbol for the function and the first parenthesis, e.g. f(x), cos(ωt + ϕ). If the symbol for the function consists of two or more letters and the argument contains no operation symbol, such as +, −, ×, ⋅ or / , the parentheses around the argument may be omitted. In these cases, there should be a thin space between the symbol for the function and the argument, e.g. int 2,4; sin nπ; arcosh 2A; Ei x. If there is any risk of confusion, parentheses should always be inserted. For example, write cos(x) + y; do not write cos x + y, which could be mistaken for cos(x + y).
2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 31-0:1992) SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) 2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved A comma, semicolon or other appropriate symbol can be used as a separator between numbers or expressions. The comma is generally preferred, except when numbers with a decimal comma are used. If an expression or equation must be split into two or more lines, one of the following methods shall be used. a) Place the line breaks immediately after one of the symbols =, +, −, ± or Ï, or, if necessary, immediately after one of the symbols ×, ⋅, or /. In this case, the symbol indicates that the expression continues on the next line or next page. b) Place the line breaks immediately before one of the symbols =, +, −, ± or Ï, or, if necessary, immediately before one of the symbols ×, ⋅, or /. In this case, the symbol indicates that the expression is a continuation of the previous line or page. The symbol shall not be given twice around the line break; two minus signs could for example give rise to sign errors. Only one of these methods should be used in one document. If possible, the line break should not be inside of an expression in parentheses.
It is customary to use different sorts of letters for different sorts of entities. This makes formulas more readable and helps in setting up an appropriate context. There are no strict rules for the use of letter fonts which should, however, be explained if necessary. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 3 4 Mathematical logic Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-4.1 (11-3.1) p ß q conjunction of p and q, p and q
2-4.2 (11-3.2) p à q disjunction of p and q, p or q This “or” is inclusive, i.e.
p à q is true, if either p or q, or both are true. 2-4.3 (11-3.3) ¬ p negation of p, not p
2-4.4 (11-3.4) p ≈ q p implies q, if p, then q q √ p has the same meaning as p ≈ q. ≈ is the implication symbol. 2-4.5 (11-3.5) p ª q p is equivalent to q (p ≈ q) ∧ (q ≈ p) has the same meaning as p ª q. ª is the equivalence symbol. 2-4.6 (11-3.6) Áx Ç A
p(x) for every x belonging to A, the proposition p(x) is true lf it is clear from the context which set A is being considered, the notation Áx p(x) can be used. Á is the universal quantifier. For x Ç A, see 2-5.1. 2-4.7 (11-3.7) Ãx Ç A
p(x) there exists an x belonging to A for which p(x) is true lf it is clear from the context which set A is being considered, the notation Ãx p(x) can be used. Ã is the existential quantifier. For x Ç A, see 2-5.1. Ã1x p(x) is used to indicate that there is exactly one element for which p(x) is true. Ã! is also used for Ã1.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) 4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5 Sets Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-5.1 (11-4.1) x Ç A x belongs to A, x is an element of the set A A Ê x has the same meaning as x Ç A. 2-5.2 (11-4.2) y È A y does not belong to A, y is not an element of the set A A Ë y has the same meaning as y È A. The negating stroke may also be vertical. 2-5.3 (11-4.5) {x1, x2, …, xn} set with elements x1, x2, …, xn Also {xi | i Ç I}, where I denotes a set of subscripts. 2-5.4 (11-4.6) {x Ç A | p(x)} set of those elements of A for which the proposition p(x) is true EXAMPLE
{x Ç R | x u 5} lf it is clear from the context which set A is being considered, the notation {x | p(x)} can be used (for example {x | x u 5}, if it is clear that x is a variable for real numbers). 2-5.5 (11-4.7) card A A number of elements in A, cardinality of A The cardinality can be a transfinite number.See also 2-9.16. 2-5.6 (11-4.8) Å the empty set
2-5.7 (11-4.18) B ; A
B is included in A, B is a subset of A Every element of B belongs to A. 7 is also used, but see remark to 2-5.8. A < B has the same meaning as B ; A. 2-5.8 (11-4.19) B 7 A B is properly included in A, B is a proper subset of A Every element of B belongs to A, but at least one element of A does not belong to B. lf 7 is used for 2-5.7, then ? shall be used for 2-5.8. A 8 B has the same meaning as B 7 A. 2-5.9 (11-4.24) A â B union of A and B The set of elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and B. A â B = {x | x Ç A à x Ç B} 2-5.10 (11-4.26) A á B
intersection of A and B The set of elements which belong to both A and B. A á B = {x | x Ç A ß x Ç B} 2-5.11 (11-4.25) 1niiA=∪ A1 â A2 â … â An union of the sets A1, A2, …, An The set of elements belonging to at least one of the sets A1, A2, ., An 1ni=∪, iI∈∪ and iI∈∪ are also used, where I denotes a set of subscripts. 2-5.12 (11-4.27) 1niiA=∩ A1 á A2 á … á An intersection of the sets A1, …, An The set of elements belonging to all sets A1, A2, ., An 1ni=∩, iI∈∩ and iI∈∩ are also used, where I denotes a set of subscripts. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5 Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-5.13 (11-4.28) A Ñ B difference of A and B, A minus B The set of elements which belong to A but not to B. A Ñ B = {x | x Ç A ß x È B} A − B should not be used. ÂA B is also used. ÂA B is mainly used when B is a subset of A, and the symbol A may be omitted if it is clear from the context which set A is being considered. 2-5.14 (11-4.30) (a, b) ordered pair a, b, couple a, b (a, b) = (c, d) if and only if a = c and b = d. If the comma can be mistaken as the decimal sign, then the semicolon (;) or a stroke (⏐) may be used as separator. 2-5.15 (11-4.31) (a1, a2, …, an) ordered n-tuple See remark to 2-5.14. 2-5.16 (11-4.32) A × B Cartesian product of the sets A and B The set of ordered pairs (a, b) such that a Ç A and b Ç B. A × B = {(x, y) | x Ç A ß y Ç B} 2-5.17 (—) 1niiA=Π 12.nAAA××× Cartesian product of the sets A1, A2, …, An The set of ordered n-tuples (x1, x2, …, xn) such that x1 Ç A1, x2 Ç A2, …, xn Ç An. A × A × . × A is denoted by An, where n is the number of factors in the product. 2-5.18 (11-4.33) idA identity relation on A, diagonal of A × A idA is the set of all pairs (x, x) where x Ç A. If the set A is clear from the context, the subscript A can be omitted.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) 6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 6 Standard number sets and intervals Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-6.1 (11.4.9) N the set of natural numbers, the set of positive integers and zero N = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} N* = {1, 2, 3, …} Other restrictions can be indicated in an obvious way, as shown below. N>5 = {n Ç N | n > 5} The symbols IN and B are also used. 2-6.2 (11.4.10) Z the set of integers Z = {…, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …} Z* = {n Ç Z | n ≠ 0} Other restrictions can be indicated in an obvious way, as shown below. ZW−3 = {n Ç Z | n W −3} The symbol P is also used. 2-6.3 (11.4.11) Q the set of rational numbers Q* = {r Ç Q | r ≠ 0} Other restrictions can be indicated in an obvious way, as shown below. Q<0 = {r Ç Q | r < 0} The symbols
and G are also used.
2-6.4 (11.4.12) R the set of real numbers R* = {x Ç R | x ≠ 0} Other restrictions can be indicated in an obvious way, as shown below. RW0 = {x Ç R | x W 0} The symbols IR and J are also used. 2-6.5 (11.4.13) C the set of complex numbers C* = {z Ç C | z ≠ 0} The symbols . and . are also used. 2-6.6 (—) P the set of prime numbers P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, …} The symbols F and F are also used. 2-6.7 (11.4.14) [a, b] closed interval from a included to b included [a, b] = {x Ç R | a u x u b} 2-6.8 (11.4.15) (a, b] left half-open interval from a excluded to b included (a, b] = {x Ç R | a < x u b} The notation ]a, b] is also used. 2-6.9 (11.4.16) [a, b) right half-open interval from a included to b excluded [a, b) = {x Ç R | a u x < b} The notation [a, b[ is also used. 2-6.10 (11.4.17) (a, b) open interval from a excluded to b excluded (a, b) = {x Ç R | a < x < b} The notation ]a, b[ is also used. 2-6.11 (—) (−∞, b] closed unbounded interval up to b included (−∞, b] = {x Ç R | x u b} The notation ]−∞, b] is also used. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7 Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-6.12 (—) (−∞, b) open unbounded interval up to b excluded (−∞, b) = {x Ç R | x < b} The notation ]−∞, b[ is also used. 2-6.13 (—) [a, +∞) closed unbounded interval onward from a included [a, +∞) = {x Ç R | a u x} The notations [a, ∞ [,
[a, +∞ [ and [a, ∞) are also used. 2-6.14 (—) (a, +∞) open unbounded interval onward from a excluded (a, +∞) = {x Ç R | a < x} The notations ]a, +∞[, ]a, ∞ [ and (a, ∞) are also used.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) 8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7 Miscellaneous signs and symbols Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-7.1 (11-5.1) a = b a is equal to b The symbol
may be used to emphasize that a particular equality is an identity. See also 2-7.18. 2-7.2 (11-5.2) a ≠ b a is not equal to b The negating stroke may also be vertical. 2-7.3 (11-5.3) a := b a is by definition equal to b EXAMPLE p := mv, where p is momentum, m is mass and v is velocity. The symbols =def and
are also used. 2-7.4 (11-5.4) a
b a corresponds to b EXAMPLES When E = kT, then 1 eV
11 604,5 K When 1 cm on a map corresponds to a length of 10 km, one may write 1 cm
10 km. The correspondence is not symmetric. 2-7.5 (11-5.5) a ≈ b a is approximately equal to b It depends on the user whether an approximation is sufficiently good. Equality is not excluded. 2-7.6 (11-7.7) a û b a is asymptotically equal to b EXAMPLE 11sin()xaxa−− as x → a (For
x → a, see 2-7.16.) 2-7.7 (11-5.6) a ó b a is proportional to b The symbol ó is also used for equivalence relations. The notation a Ö b is also used. 2-7.8 (—) M ý N M is congruent to N, M is isomorphic to N M and N are point sets (geometrical figures). This symbol is also used for isomorphisms of mathematical structures. 2-7.9 (11-5.7) a < b a is less than b
2-7.10 (11-5.8) b > a b is greater than a
2-7.11 (11-5.9) a u b a is less than or equal to b
2-7.12 (11-5.10) b W a b is greater than or equal to a
2-7.13 (11-5.11) a
b a is much less than b It depends on the user whether a is sufficiently small as compared to b. 2-7.14 (11-5.12) b
a b is much greater than a It depends on the user whether b is sufficiently great as compared to a. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9 Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-7.15 (11-5.13) ∞ infinity This symbol does not denote a number but is often part of various expressions dealing with limits. The notations +∞, -∞ are also used. 2-7.16 (11-7.5) x → a x tends to a This symbol occurs as part of various expressions dealing with limits. a may be also ∞, +∞, or -∞. 2-7.17 (—) m⏐n m divides n For integers m and n: ∃ k Ç Z m⋅k = n 2-7.18 (—) n
k mod m n is congruent to k modulo m For integers n, k and m: m⏐(n − k) See also 2-7.1. 2-7.19 (1-5.14) (a + b) [a + b] {a + b} 〈a + b〉 parentheses square brackets braces angle brackets It is recommended to use only parentheses for grouping, since brackets and braces often have a specific meaning in particular fields. Parentheses can be nested without ambiguity.
SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) 10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 8 Elementary geometry Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-8.1 (11-5.15) ABÝCD the straight line AB is parallel to the straight line CD It is written g Ý h if g and h are the straight lines determined by the points A and B, and the points C and D, respectively. AB//CD is also used. 2-8.2 (11-5.16) ABZCD the straight line AB is perpendicular to the straight line CD It is written g Z h if g and h are the straight lines determined by the points A and B, and the points C and D, respectively. In a plane, the straight lines must intersect. 2-8.3 (—) ÚABC angle at vertex B in the triangle ABC
The angle is not oriented, it holds that ÚABC = ÚCBA and 0 u ÚABC u π rad. 2-8.4 (—) AB line segment from A to B The line segment is the set of points between A and B on the straight line AB. 2-8.5 (—) AB→ vector from A to B If AB→=CD→ then B, seen from A, is in the same direction and distance as D is, seen from C. It does not follow that A = C and B = D. 2-8.6 (—) d(A, B) distance between points A and B The distance is the length of the line segment ABand also the magnitude of the vector AB→. SIST EN ISO 80000-2:2013
ISO 80000-2:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 11 9 Operations Item No. Sign, symbol, expression Meaning, verbal equivalent Remarks and examples 2-9.1 (11-6.1) a + b a plus b This operation is named addition. The symbol + is the addition symbol. 2-9.2 (11-6.2) a − b a minus b This operation is named subtraction. The symbol − is the subtraction symbol. 2-9.3 (11-6.3) a ± b a plus or minus b This is a combination of two values into one expression. 2-9.4 (11-6.4) a Ï b a minus or plus b −(a ± b) = −a Ï b 2-9.5 (11-6.5) a ⋅ b a × b a b ab a multiplied by b, a times b This operation is named multiplication. The symbol for multiplication is a half-high dot (·) or a cross (×). Either may be omitted if no misunderstanding is possible. See also 2-5.16, 2-5.17, 2-17.11, 2-17.12, 2-17.23 and 2-17.24 for the use of the dot and cross in various products. 2-9.6 (11-6.6) ab a/b a divided by b ab = a ⋅ b–1 See also ISO 80000-1:—, 7.1.3. For ratios, the symbol : is also used. EXAMPLE The ratio of height h to breadth b of an A4 sheet is h : b = 2. The symbol ÷ should not be used. 2-9.7 (11-6.7) 1niia=∑ a1 + a2 + … + an, sum of a1, a2, …, an The notations 1niia=∑, iia∑, iia∑ and ia∑are also used. 2-9.8 (11-6.8) 1niia=∏ a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ … ⋅ an, product of a1, a2, …, an The notations 1niia=∏, iia∏, iia∏ and ia∏are also used. 2-9.9 (11-6.9) ap a to the power p The verbal equivalent of a2 is a squared; the verbal equivalent of a3 is a cubed. 2-9.10 (11-6.10) a1/2 a a to the power 1/2, square root of a lf a W 0, then aW 0. The symbol √a should be avoided.
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