SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
(Main)Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
This document defines terms relating to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO 3252:2023)
Dieses Dokument definiert die Begriffe aus dem Gebiet Pulvermetallurgie. Die Pulvermetallurgie ist ein Zweig der Metallurgie, der sich mit der Herstellung metallischer Pulver oder der Herstellung von Teilen, die aus solchen Pulvern mit oder ohne Zusätze nichtmetallischer Pulver durch Formen und Sintern erzeugt werden, beschäftigt.
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO 3252:2023)
Le présent document définit des termes relatifs à la métallurgie des poudres. La métallurgie des poudres est la branche de la métallurgie qui a trait à la fabrication de poudres métalliques, ou d'articles fabriqués à partir des dites poudres, avec ou sans addition de poudres non métalliques, par application de procédés de formage et de frittage.
Metalurgija prahov - Slovar (ISO 3252:2023)
Ta dokument določa izraze, povezane z metalurgijo prahov. Metalurgija prahov je veja metalurgije, ki je povezana s proizvodnjo kovinskih prahov ali artiklov, izdelanih iz takih prahov, in sicer z dodatkom nekovinskih prahov ali brez njih, z uporabo procesov oblikovanja in sintranja.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
01-maj-2023
Metalurgija prahov - Slovar (ISO 3252:2023)
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO 3252:2023)
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO 3252:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3252:2023
ICS:
01.040.77 Metalurgija (Slovarji) Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
SIST EN ISO 3252:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
EN ISO 3252
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.77; 77.160 Supersedes EN ISO 3252:2019
English Version
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO 3252:2023) Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO 3252:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 March 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3252:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
EN ISO 3252:2023 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
EN ISO 3252:2023 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 3252:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 "Powder
metallurgy" in collaboration with CCMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2023, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 3252:2019.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3252:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3252:2023 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3252
Sixth edition
2023-02
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
Métallurgie des poudres — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 3252:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms related to powders . 1
3.2 Terms related to forming . 14
3.3 Terms related to sintering and characteristics of sintered materials . 27
3.4 Terms related to post-sintering treatments .34
3.5 Terms related to powder metallurgy materials . 35
Bibliography .37
Index .38
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/SS M11, Powder
metallurgy, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition (ISO 3252:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— several new definitions and figures related to forming (3.2) have been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Introduction
The terms are classified alphabetically under the following categories:
— powders;
— forming;
— sintering and characteristics of sintered materials;
— post-sintering treatments;
— powder metallurgy materials.
NOTE Additional information on certain terms defined can be found in the standards given in Notes to entry.
These are listed in the Bibliography.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3252:2023(E)
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders,
or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the
application of forming and sintering processes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms related to powders
3.1.1
acicular, adj.
needle-like particle form
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Acicular
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.2
agglomerate
several particles adhering together
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 grain
2 particle
3 agglomerate
Figure 2 — Diagramatic representation of grain, particle and agglomerate
3.1.3
alloyed powder
metal powder consisting of at least two constituents that are partially or completely alloyed with each
other
3.1.4
angle of repose
basal angle of a pile formed by a powder when freely poured under specified conditions on to a
horizontal surface
3.1.5
angular, adj.
sharp-edged or roughly polyhedral
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 3 — Angular
3.1.6
apparent density
mass per unit volume of a powder obtained following specific methods
Note 1 to entry: For example, ISO 3923-1 related to free-flowing powders and ISO 3923-2 related to non-free-
flowing powders.
3.1.7
atomization
dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical
means
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.8
atomized metal powder
metal powder produced by atomization (3.1.7)
3.1.9
binder
material added to the powder mix to increase the green strength (3.2.48) of the compact or to counteract
dusting and segregation (3.1.75) of fine particulate mix constituents, and which is expelled during
sintering
Note 1 to entry: In hard metals, it is also used for material (binder metal, usually of lower melting point) added to
a powder mixture for the specific purpose of cementing together powder particles which alone would not sinter
into a strong body.
Note 2 to entry: Cementing medium is also used in the field of hard metals.
3.1.10
blended powder
powder made by blending (3.1.11)
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.11
blending
thorough intermingling of powders of the same nominal composition
Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with mixing (3.1.53).
3.1.12
bridging
formation of arched cavities in a powder mass
3.1.13
bulk density
mass per unit volume of a powder under nonstandard conditions
3.1.14
cake
bonded mass of unpressed metal powder
EXAMPLE The condition of a powder mass as it exits an annealing furnace.
3.1.15
carbonyl powder
powder produced by the thermal decomposition of a metal carbonyl
3.1.16
chill-block cooling
process for producing rapidly solidified powders by cooling a thin layer of molten material on a solid
substrate
3.1.17
chopped powder
powder produced by chopping material such as sheet, ribbon, fibre or filament
3.1.18
classification
separation of powder into fractions according to particle size
3.1.19
coated powder
powder consisting of particles having a surface layer of different composition
3.1.20
comminuted powder
powder produced by mechanical disintegration of solid metal
3.1.21
compactability
encompassing the powder characteristics of compressibility (3.1.24), green strength (3.2.48), edge
retention, and lamination tendency, that relates to the ability of a powder to be consolidated into a
usable green compact (3.2.11)
Note 1 to entry: Compactability is a conceptual term and may be a function of flowability, compressibility and
green strength.
3.1.22
completely alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) in which each powder particle has a homogeneous chemical composition being
that of the entire powder
3.1.23
composite powder
powder in which each particle consists of two or more different constituents
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.24
compressibility
capacity of a powder to be densified under an uniaxially applied pressure
Note 1 to entry: The pressure applied is usually a uniaxial pressure in a closed die. Compressibility may be
expressed as the pressure needed to reach a required density or as the density obtained at a given pressure.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 3927.
3.1.25
compression ratio
ratio of the volume of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it
3.1.26
cut
fraction of a powder nominally within stated particle size limits
3.1.27
dehydrided powder
powder made by removal of hydrogen from metal hydride
3.1.28
demixing
loss of homogeneity of a powder mix due to excessive mixing time
3.1.29
dendritic, adj.
branch-shaped
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
Figure 4 — Dendritic
3.1.30
diffusion-alloyed powder
partially alloyed powder (3.1.3) produced by means of a thermal process involving diffusion
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.31
dopant
substance added in small quantity to a metallic powder to prevent or control recrystallization or grain
growth either during sintering (3.3.60) or during use of the resultant sintered object
Note 1 to entry: This term is especially used in the powder metallurgy of tungsten.
3.1.32
electrolytic powder
powder produced by an electrolytic process
3.1.33
elutriation
classification (3.1.18) of a powder through movement of the particles through a fluid medium
EXAMPLE Air classification and liquid classification.
3.1.34
feedstock
mouldable mixture of metal powder and binder (3.1.9) used for injection moulding or powder extrusion
3.1.35
fibrous, adj.
having the appearance of regularly or irregularly shaped threads
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
Figure 5 — Fibrous
3.1.36
fill factor
ratio of the height to which a powder fills a die to the height of the compact,
measured after ejection from the die
3.1.37
fines
fraction of a powder that passes through the smallest sieve size used in the sieve analysis (3.1.76)
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.38
flaky, adj.
plate-like particle form
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6.
Figure 6 — Flaky
3.1.39
flowability
behaviour of a powder when flowing through a funnel of defined dimension
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.40
flowmeter
standardized funnel and cylindrical cup used for the determination of apparent density (3.1.6) and flow
rate (3.1.41)
Note 1 to entry: For apparent density see ISO 3923-1 and ISO 3923-2.
Note 2 to entry: For flow rate see ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.41
flow rate
time required for a powder sample of standard weight to flow through an orifice in a standard
instrument according to a specified procedure
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.42
granular, adj.
approximately equidimensional non-spherical shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 7.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 7 — Granular
3.1.43
granulation
agglomeration of fine particles to obtain a coarser powder with improved flowability
3.1.44
hydrogen loss
loss in weight of metal powder or of a compact caused by heating a representative sample for a specified
time and temperature in a purified hydrogen atmosphere
Note 1 to entry: Broadly, a measure of the oxygen content of the sample when applied to materials containing
only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride forming element. See also ISO 4491-2.
3.1.45
hydrogen-reducible oxygen
oxygen content of a powder emanating from oxygen-bearing constituents reduced by hydrogen under
standardized conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4491-3.
3.1.46
irregular
lacking any symmetry
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 8 — Irregular
3.1.47
lubricant
material used to reduce inter-particle friction and the friction between the powder mass and the tooling
3.1.48
master alloy powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) containing a relatively high concentration of one or more elements that may be
difficult to introduce in their unalloyed states
Note 1 to entry: The master alloy powder is mixed with other powders to produce the required final composition.
3.1.49
mechanical alloying
process of alloying in the solid state by high-energy attritor or ball-mill
3.1.50
mechanically alloyed powder
composite powder (3.1.23) produced by mechanically incorporating other constituents which are
generally insoluble within the deformable particles of the matrix metal
3.1.51
milling
mechanical treatment of metal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or
shape of the individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another
3.1.52
mixed powder
powder made by mixing powders, where the constituent powders differing in composition
3.1.53
mixing
thorough intermingling of powders of two or more materials
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.54
nodular, adj.
rounded irregular shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 9.
Figure 9 — Nodular
3.1.55
oversize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.56
oversize particle
particle larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.57
partially alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3), the particles of which have not reached the completely alloyed state
3.1.58
particle
unit of powder that cannot readily be subdivided by the usual separation processes
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: The term “grain” is not synonymous with “particle” and should be used in its normal metallurgical
sense.
3.1.59
particle shape
external geometric form of a powder particle
3.1.60
particle size
linear dimension of an individual particle as determined by analysis with sieves or other suitable means
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.61
particle size distribution
percentage by mass, by numbers or by volume, of each fraction into which a powder sample has been
classified with respect to size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.62
plasticizer
thermoplastic material used as a binder (3.1.9) for improving formability of powders
3.1.63
powder
particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
3.1.64
pre-alloyed powder
completely alloyed powder (3.1.22) usually made by atomization of melt (3.1.7)
3.1.65
precipitated powder
powder produced by chemical precipitation from solution
3.1.66
press-ready mix
premix
mixture of powders with other ingredients designed to make the mixture ready for compaction
3.1.67
pulverization
reduction in particle size (3.1.60) of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.68
pulverized powder
powder made by pulverization (3.1.67)
3.1.69
rapidly solidified powder
powder produced directly or in-directly at high solidification rates such that the particles have a
modified or metastable microstructure
3.1.70
reaction milling
process of mechanical alloying (3.1.49) in which a reaction takes place between the metal and additives,
the atmosphere or both
3.1.71
reduced powder
powder produced by chemical reduction of a metal compound without melting
3.1.72
sample splitter
device by means of which a previously obtained powder sample is split into representative portions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.73
sample thief
device used to draw a representative powder sample from a bulk quantity of powder
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
3.1.74
sedimentation
settling of particles, suspended in a liquid, through the influence of an external force, such as gravity or
centrifugal force
3.1.75
segregation
unintentional separation of one or more constituents of a powder, for example, by particle size or
chemical composition
3.1.76
sieve analysis
screen analysis
screen classification
particle size distribution (3.1.61), usually expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a
series of standard sieves of decreasing size and the percentage passed by the sieve of finest size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.77
sieve set
calibrated series of non-magnetic wire-cloth sieves
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.78
slurry
pourable viscous dispersion of powder in a liquid
3.1.79
specific surface area
total surface area of the particles per unit mass of powder
3.1.80
spheroidal, adj.
roughly spherical
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 10 — Spheroidal
3.1.81
sponge powder
porous, reduced powder (3.1.71) produced by comminution of a metal sponge which is in itself a
coherent, highly porous metal
3.1.82
spray drying
process for granulating powders by the rapid evaporation of the liquid from the droplets of a slurry
(3.1.78)
3.1.83
tap density
mass per unit volume of a powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3953.
3.1.84
tapping apparatus
device for the determination of tap density (3.1.83)
3.1.85
ultrasonically gas-atomized powder
powder produced by a gas atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas
jet
3.1.86
ultrasonic gas-atomizing
atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas jet
3.1.87
undersize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size (3.1.60) smaller than any specified lower limit
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.88
undersize particle
particle smaller than any specified lower limit
3.2 Terms related to forming
3.2.1
adaptor
device in which the press tools are mounted outside the press
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 die plate (3.2.24)
2 die (3.2.23) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 lower punch (3.2.57) 13 punch plate (3.2.73)
4 core rod (3.2.18) 14 punch riser (3.2.74)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 15 socket (3.2.82)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 16 base plate (3.2.4)
7 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 17 core rod extension (3.2.20)
8 punch plate (3.2.73) 18 tie rod (3.2.85)
9 clamp ring (3.2.8) 19 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
10 shrink ring (3.2.79) 20 core rod connector (3.2.19)
NOTE Other types and arrangements exist.
Figure 11 — Tool set and adaptor for a mechanical press
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 8 tie rod (3.2.85)
2 upper plate (3.2.91) 9 lower plate (3.2.56)
3 upper plate (3.2.91) 10 lower plate (3.2.56)
4 upper plate (3.2.91) 11 lower plate (3.2.56)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 12 base plate (3.2.4)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 13 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
7 die plate (3.2.24)
Figure 12 — Adaptor for multi-level hydraulic press
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 punch plate (3.2.73)
2 upper punch (3.2.92) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 upper punch (3.2.92) 13 shrink ring (3.2.79)
4 die (3.2.23) 14 clamp ring (3.2.8)
5 lower punch (3.2.57) 15 clamp ring (3.2.8)
6 lower punch (3.2.57) 16 clamp ring (3.2.8)
7 lower punch (3.2.57) 17 socket (3.2.82)
8 core rod (3.2.18) 18 socket (3.2.82)
9 punch plate (3.2.73) 19 clamp ring (3.2.8)
10 punch plate (3.2.73) 20 core rod extension (3.2.20)
Figure 13 — Tool set for a multi-level hydraulic press
3.2.2
adaptor table
member of the tool set designed to hold the bolster (3.2.79)
17
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SIST EN ISO 3252:2023
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.3
back relief
undesired dimensional reduction of the die (3.2.23) in the ejection direction
3.2.4
base plate
part of the tool set adaptor, transferring the force onto the bottom punch(es) into the machine-body and
providing the guide for the lower platens and die
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.5
blank
pressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact, usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting,
machining, or some other operation to give it its final shape
3.2.6
brown body
debinded body ready to be sintered
3.2.7
canning
encapsulation (3.2.34) in a metallic container which is usually evacuated prior to sealing
3.2.8
clamp ring
member of the tool set ring designed to clamp a die (3.2.23), punch (3.2.72) or a core rod (3.2.18)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.9
cold isostatic pressing
CIP
isostatic pressing at ambient temperature
Note 1 to entry: The pressure-transmitting medium is normally a liquid.
3.2.10
cold pressing
cold compacting
pressing metal powder using either compacting tools or CIP mould at ambient temperature
3.2.11
compact
green compact
object prepared from powder by cold-pressing or by injection-moulding
3.2.12
compacting
process of making a compact (3.2.11)
3.2.13
compacting pressure
specific compacting force related to the projected area of contact with the press punch(es)
3.2.14
composite compact
compound compact
metal powd
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
01-junij-2022
Metalurgija prahov - Slovar (ISO/DIS 3252:2022)
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO/DIS 3252:2022)
Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO/DIS 3252:2022)
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO/DIS 3252:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 3252
ICS:
01.040.77 Metalurgija (Slovarji) Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 3252
ISO/TC 119 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-04-19 2022-07-12
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
Métallurgie des poudres — Vocabulaire
ICS: 77.160; 01.040.77
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms relating to powders . 1
3.2 Terms relating to forming . 14
3.3 Terms relating to sintering and characteristics of sintered materials .30
3.4 Terms relating to post-sintering treatments .36
3.5 Terms relating to powder metallurgy materials . 37
Bibliography .39
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy.
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition (ISO 3252:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— adding of several new definitions and figures related to forming
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Introduction
The terms are classified alphabetically under the following main headings:
— powders;
— forming;
— sintering and characteristics of sintered materials;
— post-sintering treatments;
— powder metallurgy materials.
NOTE Additional information on certain terms defined can be found in the standards given in Notes to entry.
These are listed in the Bibliography.
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms relating to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the branch of
metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such
powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and
sintering processes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms relating to powders
3.1.1
acicular
needle-shaped
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Acicular
1
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.2
agglomerate
several particles adhering together
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 grain
2 particle
3 agglomerate
Figure 2 — Diagramatic representation of grain, particle and agglomerate
3.1.3
alloyed powder
metal powder consisting of at least two constituents that are partially or completely alloyed with each
other
3.1.4
angle of repose
basal angle of a pile formed by a powder when freely poured under specified conditions on to a
horizontal surface
3.1.5
angular
sharp-edged or roughly polyhedral
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
2
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Figure 3 — Angular
3.1.6
apparent density
mass per unit volume of a powder obtained following specific methods
Note 1 to entry: For example, ISO 3923-1 related to free-flowing powders and ISO 3923-2 related to non-free-
flowing powders.
3.1.7
atomization
dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical
means
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.8
atomized metal powder
metal powder produced by atomization (3.1.7)
3.1.9
binder
material added to the powder mix to increase the green strength (3.2.48) of the compact or to counteract
dusting and segregation (3.1.75) of fine particulate mix constituents, and which is expelled during
sintering
Note 1 to entry: In hard metals, it is also used for material (binder metal, usually of lower melting point) added to
a powder mixture for the specific purpose of cementing together powder particles which alone would not sinter
into a strong body.
Note 2 to entry: Cementing medium is also used in the field of hard metals.
3.1.10
blended powder
powder made by blending (3.1.11) powders
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.11
blending
thorough intermingling of powders of the same nominal composition
Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with mixing (3.1.53).
3.1.12
bridging
formation of arched cavities in a powder mass
3.1.13
bulk density
mass per unit volume of a powder under nonstandard conditions
3.1.14
cake
bonded mass of unpressed metal powder
EXAMPLE The condition of a powder mass as it exits an annealing furnace.
3.1.15
carbonyl powder
powder produced by the thermal decomposition of a metal carbonyl
3.1.16
chill-block cooling
process for producing rapidly solidified powders by cooling a thin layer of molten material on a solid
substrate
3.1.17
chopped powder
powder produced by chopping material such as sheet, ribbon, fibre or filament
3.1.18
classification
separation of powder into fractions according to particle size
3.1.19
coated powder
powder consisting of particles having a surface layer of different composition
3.1.20
comminuted powder
powder produced by mechanical disintegration of solid metal
3.1.21
compactability
conceptual term, encompassing the powder characteristics of compressibility (3.1.24), green strength
(3.2.48), edge retention, and lamination tendency, that relates to the ability of a powder to be
consolidated into a usable green compact (3.2.11)
Note 1 to entry: Compactability may be a function of flowability, compressibility and green strength.
3.1.22
completely alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) in which each powder particle has a homogeneous chemical composition being
that of the entire powder
3.1.23
composite powder
powder in which each particle consists of two or more different constituents
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.24
compressibility
capacity of a powder to be densified under an uniaxially applied pressure
Note 1 to entry: The pressure applied is usually a uniaxial pressure in a closed die. Compressibility may be
expressed as the pressure needed to reach a required density or as the density obtained at a given pressure.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 3927.
3.1.25
compression ratio
ratio of the volume of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it
3.1.26
cut
fraction of a powder nominally within stated particle size limits
3.1.27
dehydrided powder
powder made by removal of hydrogen from metal hydride
3.1.28
demixing
loss of homogeneity of a powder mix due to excessive mixing time
3.1.29
dendritic
of branched shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
Figure 4 — Dendritic
3.1.30
diffusion-alloyed powder
partially alloyed powder (3.1.3) produced by means of a thermal process involving diffusion
5
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.31
dopant
substance added in small quantity to a metallic powder to prevent or control recrystallization or grain
growth either during sintering (3.3.60) or during use of the resultant sintered object
Note 1 to entry: This term is especially used in the powder metallurgy of tungsten.
3.1.32
electrolytic powder
powder produced by an electrolytic process
3.1.33
elutriation
classification (3.1.18) of a powder through movement of the particles through a fluid medium
EXAMPLE Air classification and liquid classification.
3.1.34
feedstock
moldable mixture of metal powder and binder (3.1.9) used for injection moulding or powder extrusion
3.1.35
fibrous
having the appearance of regularly or irregularly shaped threads
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
Figure 5 — Fibrous
3.1.36
fill factor
ratio of the height to which a powder fills a die to the height of the compact,
measured after ejection from the die
3.1.37
fines
fraction of a powder that passes through the smallest sieve size used in the sieve analysis (3.1.76)
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.38
flaky
platelike shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6.
Figure 6 — Flaky
3.1.39
flowability
qualitative term describing the behaviour of a powder when flowing through a funnel of defined
dimension
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.40
flowmeter
standardized funnel and cylindrical cup used for the determination of apparent density (3.1.6) and flow
rate (3.1.41)
Note 1 to entry: For apparent density see ISO 3923-1 and ISO 3923-2.
Note 2 to entry: For flow rate see ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.41
flow rate
time required for a powder sample of standard weight to flow through an orifice in a standard
instrument according to a specified procedure
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.42
granular
approximately equidimensional nonspherical shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 7.
7
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Figure 7 — Granular
3.1.43
granulation
agglomeration of fine particles to obtain a coarser powder with improved flowability
3.1.44
hydrogen loss
loss in weight of metal powder or of a compact caused by heating a representative sample for a specified
time and temperature in a purified hydrogen atmosphere
Note 1 to entry: Broadly, a measure of the oxygen content of the sample when applied to materials containing
only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride forming element. See also ISO 4491-2.
3.1.45
hydrogen-reducible oxygen
oxygen content of a powder emanating from oxygen-bearing constituents reduced by hydrogen under
standardized conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4491-3.
3.1.46
irregular
lacking any symmetry
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
8
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Figure 8 — Irregular
3.1.47
lubricant
material used to reduce inter-particle friction and the friction between the powder mass and the tooling
3.1.48
master alloy powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) containing a relatively high concentration of one or more elements that may be
difficult to introduce in their unalloyed states
Note 1 to entry: The master alloy powder is mixed with other powders to produce the required final composition.
3.1.49
mechanical alloying
process of alloying in the solid state by high-energy attritor or ball-mill
3.1.50
mechanically alloyed powder
composite powder (3.1.23) produced by mechanically incorporating other constituents which are
generally insoluble within the deformable particles of the matrix metal
3.1.51
milling
mechanical treatment of metal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or
shape of the individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another
3.1.52
mixed powder
powder made by mixing powders, where the constituent powders differing in composition
3.1.53
mixing
thorough intermingling of powders of two or more materials
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.54
nodular
of rounded irregular shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 9.
Figure 9 — Nodular
3.1.55
oversize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.56
oversize particle
particle larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.57
partially alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3), the particles of which have not reached the completely alloyed state
3.1.58
particle
unit of powder that cannot readily be subdivided by the usual separation processes
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: The term “grain” is not synonymous with “particle” and should be used in its normal metallurgical
sense.
3.1.59
particle shape
external geometric form of a powder particle
3.1.60
particle size
linear dimension of an individual particle as determined by analysis with sieves or other suitable means
10
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.61
particle size distribution
percentage by mass, by numbers or by volume, of each fraction into which a powder sample has been
classified with respect to size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.62
plasticizer
thermoplastic material used as a binder (3.1.9) for improving formability of powders
3.1.63
powder
particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
3.1.64
pre-alloyed powder
completely alloyed powder (3.1.3) usually made by atomization of melt (3.1.7)
3.1.65
precipitated powder
powder produced by chemical precipitation from solution
3.1.66
press-ready mix
premix
mixture of powders with other ingredients designed to make the mixture ready for compaction
3.1.67
pulverization
reduction in particle size (3.1.60) of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.68
pulverized powder
powder made by pulverization (3.1.67)
3.1.69
rapidly solidified powder
powder produced directly or in-directly at high solidification rates such that the particles have a
modified or metastable microstructure
3.1.70
reaction milling
process of mechanical alloying (3.1.49) in which a reaction takes place between the metal and additives,
the atmosphere or both
3.1.71
reduced powder
powder produced by chemical reduction of a metal compound without melting
3.1.72
sample splitter
device by means of which a previously obtained powder sample is split into representative portions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.73
sample thief
device used to draw a representative powder sample from a bulk quantity of powder
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
3.1.74
sedimentation
settling of particles, suspended in a liquid, through the influence of an external force, such as gravity or
centrifugal force
3.1.75
segregation
unintentional separation of one or more constituents of a powder, for example, by particle size or
chemical composition
3.1.76
sieve analysis
screen analysis
screen classification
particle size distribution (3.1.61), usually expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a
series of standard sieves of decreasing size and the percentage passed by the sieve of finest size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.77
sieve set
calibrated series of non-magnetic wire-cloth sieves
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.78
slurry
pourable viscous dispersion of powder in a liquid
3.1.79
specific surface area
total surface area of the particles per unit mass of powder
3.1.80
spheroidal
roughly spherical
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
12
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Figure 10 — Spheroidal
3.1.81
sponge powder
porous, reduced powder (3.1.71) produced by comminution of a metal sponge which is in itself a
coherent, highly porous metal
3.1.82
spray drying
process for granulating powders by the rapid evaporation of the liquid from the droplets of a slurry
(3.1.78)
3.1.83
tap density
mass per unit volume of a powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3953.
3.1.84
tapping apparatus
device for the determination of tap density (3.1.83)
3.1.85
ultrasonically gas-atomized powder
powder produced by a gas atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas
jet
3.1.86
ultrasonic gas-atomizing
atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas jet
3.1.87
undersize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size (3.1.60) smaller than any specified lower limit
13
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.1.88
undersize particle
particle smaller than any specified lower limit
3.2 Terms relating to forming
3.2.1
adaptor
device in which the press tools are mounted outside the press
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 12.
14
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Key
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 die plate (3.2.24)
2 die (3.2.23) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 lower punch (3.2.57) 13 punch plate (3.2.73)
4 core rod (3.2.18) 14 punch riser (3.2.74)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 15 Socket (3.2.82)
15
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 16 base plate (3.2.4)
7 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 17 core rod extension (3.2.20)
8 punch plate (3.2.73) 18 tie rod (3.2.85)
9 clamp ring (3.2.8) 19 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
10 shrink ring (3.2.79) 20 core rod connector (3.2.19)
NOTE Other types and arrangements exist.
Figure 11 — Tool set and adaptor for a mechanical press
16
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Key
1 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 8 tie rod (3.2.85)
2 upper plate (3.2.91) 9 lower plate (3.2.56)
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3 upper plate (3.2.91) 10 lower plate (3.2.56)
4 upper plate (3.2.91) 11 lower plate (3.2.56)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 12 base plate (3.2.4)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 13 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
7 die plate (3.2.24)
Figure 12 — Adaptor for multi-level hydraulic press
18
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
Key
19
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 punch plate (3.2.73)
2 upper punch (3.2.92) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 upper punch (3.2.92) 13 shrink ring (3.2.79)
4 die (3.2.23) 14 clamp ring (3.2.8)
5 lower punch (3.2.57) 15 clamp ring (3.2.8)
6 lower punch (3.2.57) 16 clamp ring (3.2.8)
7 lower punch (3.2.57) 17 socket (3.2.82)
8 core rod (3.2.18) 18 socket (3.2.82)
9 punch plate (3.2.73) 19 clamp ring (3.2.8)
10 punch plate (3.2.73) 20 core rod extension (3.2.20)
Figure 13 — Tool set for a multi-level hydraulic press
3.2.2
adaptor table
member of the tool set designed to hold the bolster (3.2.79)
3.2.3
back relief
undesired dimensional reduction of the die (3.2.23) in the ejection direction
3.2.4
base plate
part of the tool set adaptor, transferring the force onto the bottom punch(es) into the machine-body and
providing the guide for the lower platens and die
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 12.
3.2.5
blank
pressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact, usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting,
machining, or some other operation to give it its final shape
3.2.6
brown body
debinded body ready to be sintered
3.2.7
canning
encapsulation (3.2.34) in a metallic container which is usually evacuated prior to sealing
3.2.8
clamp ring
member of the tool set ring designed to clamp a die (3.2.23), punch or a core rod (3.2.18)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 13.
3.2.9
cold isostatic pressing
CIP
isostatic pressing at ambient temperature, the pressure-transmitting medium normally being a liquid
3.2.10
cold pressing
cold compacting
pressing metal powder using either compacting tools or CIP mold at ambient temperature
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.2.11
compact
green compact
object prepared from powder by cold-pressing or by injection-moulding
3.2.12
compacting
process of making a compact (3.2.11)
3.2.13
compacting pressure
specific compacting force related to the projected area of contact with the press punch(es)
3.2.14
composite compact
compound compact
metal powder compact consisting of two or more adhering layers, rings or other shapes of different
metals or alloys with each material retaining its original identity
3.2.15
compound
feedstock
mixture of metal powder, binder (3.1.9) and other additives
3.2.16
consolidation
process in which a powder or compact is densified
3.2.17
continuous-spray deposition
process for the production of a solid object by atomizing a molten or partially molten metallic stream
which, before solidification, impinges on a substrate, where solidification subsequently occurs
3.2.18
core rod
member of the tool set or mould forming the inner profile of a compacted or sintered object in the
compaction direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 13.
3.2.19
core rod connector
part of the tool set adaptor transmitting the movement of the machine for the core rod to the tool set
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11.
3.2.20
core rod extension
part of the tool set adaption between the core rod connector and the core rod
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 13.
3.2.21
counter-pressure
top-punch hold-down pressure
pressure at which a compact is held between an upper and a lower punch (3.2.57) during a withdrawal
or ejection process (3.2.32)
3.2.22
debinding
remove binder (3.1.9) from injection moulded body before sintering (3.3.60)
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 3252:2022
ISO/DIS 3252:2022(E)
3.2.23
die
member of the tool set forming the cavity in which the powder is compacted or the sintered object is
re-pressed
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 13.
3.2.24
die plate
upper plate of the tool set adaptor holding the clamp ring (3.2.8) bolster (3.2.79) and die (3.2.23)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 12.
3.2.25
die wall lubrication
lubrication of die wall with solid or liquid lubricant (3.1.47) to eliminate and/or minimize the need for
admixed lubricant to the powder
3.2.26
double-action pressing
method by which powder is pressed in a die (3.2.23) between two punches moving from opposite
directions into the die cavity
3.2.27
dry-bag isostatic pressing
method of cold isostatic pressing (3.2.9) whereby the flexible mould in which the powder (or compact) is
placed is rigidly mounted
3.2.28
dwell time
period during which constant pressure is applied to a compact
3.2.29
edge strength
ability of the edges of a compact to resist damage
3.2.30
ejection energy
total energy to eject a green compact (3.2.11) from die (3.2.23), obtained by integration of ejection force
(3.2.31) and displacement curve
3.2.31
ejection force
maximum force necessary to eject green compact (3.2.11) from die (3.2.23)
3.2.32
ejection process
operation by which a compact is pushed out from a die after completion of pressing
3.2.33
ejector
component of a press tool used for the ejection of a co
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