CEN/TC 122/WG 2 - Ergonomic design principles

This document gives guidance on design principles and on design of work systems, including task and equipment design (comprising robotics and intelligent autonomous systems) and design of the workplace, as well as working conditions with the inclusion of social and organisational factors, emphasising mental workload and its effects as specified in ISO 10075-1.
It applies to the design of work and use of human capacities, with the intention of providing optimal working conditions with respect to health and safety, well-being, performance and effectiveness, preventing overload as well as underload, in order to avoid impairing effects and fostering the facilitating effects described in ISO 10075-1.
This document includes the design of technical, organisational and social factors only and does not apply to problems of selection or training.
This document does not address problems of measurement of mental workload or its effects.
This document refers to all kinds of human work activities (see ISO 10075-1), not only to those which can be described as cognitive or mental tasks in a restricted sense but also to those with a primarily physical workload.
This document is applicable to all those engaged in the design and use of work systems, for example system and equipment designers, employers and workers and their representatives, where they exist.
This document is applicable to the design of new work systems as well as to the redesign of existing ones undergoing substantial revision.

This document provides ergonomics data for standard developers to use in applying ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 to address accessibility in standards. These data can also be used by ergonomists and designers to support the development of more accessible products, systems, services, environments, and facilities.
The ergonomics data include quantitative data and knowledge about basic human characteristics and capabilities as well as context-specific and task-specific data, all being based on ergonomics research. The data focused on the effects of ageing and/or consequences of various types of human sensory, physical, and cognitive disabilities. It does not contain general ergonomics data that have no direct relation to ageing or disabilities.
The data presented in this document are not exhaustive due to no available data for some aspects of human characteristics and capabilities with regard to ageing and disabilities.

This document is intended to be used within organizations that embrace and intend to implement the principles of human centredness outlined in ISO 27500.
This document is intended to provide requirements and recommendations on the human factors and ergonomics approach to achieving a successful and sustainable human-centred organization. It outlines managers' responsibilities ranging from organizational strategy to development of procedures and processes enabling human centredness, and the implementation of those procedures and processes.
This document provides requirements and recommendations for managers and the actions to be taken in order for an organization to achieve human centredness.
This document can be used:
a)    by managers to understand and improve human-centred aspects of their activities;
b)    by managers to identify how their staff can improve human-centred aspects of their activities;
c)    to provide a basis for training managers how to be human-centred;
d)    to provide a basis for organizations to evaluate the performance of managers.
It is not a management systems standard. Nor is it intended to prevent the development of standards that are more specific or more demanding.

ISO 10075-1:2017 defines terms in the field of mental workload, covering mental stress and mental strain, and short- and long-term, positive and negative consequences of mental strain. It also specifies the relations between these concepts involved.
In this document, mental workload is regarded as an umbrella or generic term, referring to all the concepts and constructs mentioned in the document and does not have a specified or standardized meaning of its own within the document. This is consistent with the use of the term in ergonomics and its applications, where it can refer to mental stress, mental strain and their effects, i.e. both to the causes and the effects. In this document, the term mental workload will thus not be treated as a technical term but only as a reference to the domain of mental workload.
NOTE       Annex A gives additional explanations of terms and concepts.
ISO 10075-1:2017 applies to the design of working conditions with respect to mental workload and is intended to promote a common usage of terminology between experts and practitioners in the field of ergonomics as well as in general.
ISO 10075-1:2017 does not address methods of measurement and principles of task design, which are dealt with in ISO 10075‑2 and ISO 10075‑3.

ISO 27500:2016 is intended for executive board members and policy makers of all types of organizations (whether large or small) in the private, public and non-profit sectors.
It describes the values and beliefs that make an organization human-centred, the significant business benefits that can be achieved, and explains the risks for the organization of not being human-centred. It provides recommendations for the policies that executive board members need to implement to achieve this. It sets out high-level human-centred principles for executive board members to endorse in order to optimize performance, minimize risks to organizations and individuals, maximize well-being in their organization, and enhance their relationships with the customers. The importance of organizational policy to address human-centredness is emphasized.
ISO 27500:2016 is not a management system standard. It is not intended or appropriate for certification purposes or regulatory or contractual use.
ISO 27500:2016 is not intended to prevent the development of national standards that are more specific or demanding.

ISO 6385:2016 establishes the fundamental principles of ergonomics as basic guidelines for the design of work systems and defines relevant basic terms. It describes an integrated approach to the design of work systems, where ergonomists will cooperate with others involved in the design, with attention to the human, the social and the technical requirements in a balanced manner during the design process.
Users of this International Standard will include executives, managers, workers (and their representatives, when appropriate) and professionals, such as ergonomists, project managers and designers who are involved in the design or redesign of work systems. Those who use this International Standard can find a general knowledge of ergonomics (human factors), engineering, design, quality and project management helpful.
The term "work system" in this International Standard is used to indicate a large variety of working situations, including permanent and flexible work places. The intention of this International Standard is to assist in the improvement, (re)design or change of work systems. Work systems involve combinations of workers and equipment, within a given space and environment, and the interactions between these components within a work organization. Work systems vary in complexity and characteristics, for example, the use of temporary work systems. Some examples of work systems in different areas are the following:
-      production, e.g. machine operator and machine, worker and assembly line;
-      transportation, e.g. driver and car or lorry, personnel in an airport;
-      support, e.g. maintenance technician with work equipment;
-      commercial, e.g. office worker with workstation, mobile worker with a tablet computer, cook in a restaurant kitchen;
-      other areas like health care, teaching and training.
The observance of ergonomic principles applies to all phases throughout the life cycle of the work system from conception through development, realization and implementation, utilization, maintenance and support to decommissioning.
The systems approach in this International Standard gives guidance to the users of this International Standard in existing and new situations.
The definitions and ergonomic principles specified in this International Standard apply to the design of optimal working conditions with regard to human well-being, safety and health, including the development of existing skills and the acquisition of new ones, while taking into account technological and economic effectiveness and efficiency.
The principles in this International Standard are applicable to many other human activities, e.g. in the design of products for domestic and leisure activities. A more general description of the principles in this International Standard can be found in ISO 26800.

This European Standard describes a procedure for analysing human activity in relation to specifying and refining the human component in the design or redesign of machinery and work systems.
NOTE 1   The ergonomics methodology described in this European Standard could also be applied to the design or redesign of products and non-work systems.
This European Standard is intended to assist project leaders in implementing human and physical resources, methods and schedules as well as in preparing the documents necessary to meeting related requirements.
The ergonomics methodology described can be applied to all different stages in design projects from the earliest concept to the final “prototype” or “mock-up”, whatever the industrial field or sector.
The objective of this European Standard is to achieve a solution that takes into account as many situations as possible which all users - including operators, maintenance staff and installers, may encounter. This will ultimately allow improved usability of the machinery and more robust technical solutions, combined with significantly greater system resilience, user autonomy and accessibility.
NOTE 2   Examples of the application of the methodology described in this European Standard are provided in Annex A.

This document describes the "Feedback Method", a method designed specifically to collect the contribution of machinery end-users by reconstructing and understanding how work is actually performed (i.e. the real work). This method can help to improve technical standards, as well as the design, manufacturing, and use of machinery.
By collecting the experiences of skilled users, this method can be used to reconstruct their actual work activities under different operating conditions and with any kind of machine. This helps to identify all the critical aspects having an impact on health and safety, or associated with ergonomic principles. Moreover, it makes it possible to identify some basic elements for defining the standards for machines and for their revision and improvement. It can also improve production efficiency and identify any need for additional study and research.
The method is designed to minimize the influence of the subjectivity of the facilitators and researchers in reconstructing and describing the reality of work, and to maximize the "objective" contribution of the skilled users of the machine.
The method combines a high level of reproducibility, sensitivity, and user-friendliness with low demands in term of resources, which makes it attractive to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
This Technical Report is addressed to standards writers, designers and manufacturers, employers-buyers, end users, craftsmen and workers, market surveillance and authorities.

ISO 26800:2011 presents the general ergonomics approach and specifies basic ergonomics principles and concepts. These are applicable to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, tools, equipment, systems, organizations, services, facilities and environments, in order to make them compatible with the characteristics, the needs and values, and the abilities and limitations of people.
The provisions and guidance given by ISO 26800:2011 are intended to improve the safety, performance, effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, availability and maintainability of the design outcome throughout its life cycle, while safeguarding and enhancing the health, well-being and satisfaction of those involved or affected.
The intended users of ISO 26800:2011 are designers, ergonomists and project managers, as well as managers, workers, consumers (or their representatives) and procurers. It also serves as a reference standard for standards developers dealing with ergonomics aspects.

This European Standard provides a methodology to achieve a coherent application of various ergonomics standards for the design of machinery. This standard presents a step model calling upon specific standards. To this end, Annex A shows a reference table with relation between hazards as described in EN ISO 12100:2010 and applicable B-standards related to ergonomics.
This European Standard can only be used in combination with other relevant ergonomics standards.
This European Standard provides guidance where no relevant or suitable ergonomics clauses in C-type standards are available.
This European Standard may also be used for incorporating ergonomics in the drafting of C-type standards.

This Technical Report establishes the ergonomic principles to be followed during the design process of mobile machinery with special emphasis on the aspects in which mobile machinery differs from static machinery.
The ergonomic design principles given in this Technical Report apply to either or both seated and standing positions.
This Technical Report is applicable for the design of mobile (self-propelled and towable) machines in order to ensure ergonomic working conditions for the operator.
This Technical Report applies only to driving and operating mobile machinery and not to performing other tasks (e.g. sorters on a potato harvesting machine). Pedestrian-controlled and handheld machinery are not included. This Technical Report also applies to vehicle-mounted machinery when observing their functional properties e.g. mobile cranes.
Installing, cleaning, and repairing of mobile machinery is not included.
Basic concepts and general ergonomic principles for the design of machinery are dealt with in prEN ISO 12100 and EN 614-1 and EN 614-2.
NOTE 1   EN 614-1 provides a framework for incorporating ergonomics principles in the design process. This framework helps designers to perform ergonomics analyses and design actions at the appropriate stages of the design process.
NOTE 2   EN 614-2 provides principles of the design of the work tasks in interaction with machinery design. This framework helps designers to focus on the work task design and on the optimal allocation of work tasks between the operator and the machine.

This European Standard establishes the ergonomic principles to be followed during the process of design of machinery.
This European Standard applies to the interactions between operators and machinery when installing, operating, adjusting, maintaining, cleaning, dismantling, repairing or transporting equipment, and outlines the principles to be followed in taking the health, safety and well-being of the operator into account. This European Standard provides a framework within which the range of more specific ergonomics standards and other related standards relevant to machinery design should be applied.
The ergonomic principles given in this European Standard apply to all ranges of human abilities and characteristics to ensure safety, health and well-being and overall system performance. Information will need to be interpreted to suit the intended use.
NOTE   Although the principles in this European Standard are orientated towards machinery for occupational use, they are also applicable to equipment and machinery for private use.

This European Standard establishes the ergonomics principles and procedures to be followed during the design process of machinery and operator work tasks.
This European Standard deals specifically with task design in the context of machinery design, but the principles and methods may also be applied to job design.
This European Standard is directed to designers and manufacturers of machinery and other work equipment. It will also be helpful to those who are concerned with the use of machinery and work equipment, e.g. to managers, organizers, operators and supervisors.
In this European Standard the designer refers to the person or group of persons responsible for the design.

ISO 10075-3:2004 establishes principles and requirements for the measurement and assessment of mental workload and specifies the requirements for measurement instruments. ISO 10075-3:2004 provides information for choosing appropriate methods and provides information on aspects of assessing and measuring mental workload to improve communication among the parties involved.
ISO 10075-3:2004 is intended for use mainly by ergonomic experts, for example, psychologists, occupational health specialists, and/or physiologists, with appropriate training in the theoretical background and usage of such methods, as well as in the interpretation of the results. They will find the information needed when developing or evaluating methods of mental-workload assessment.

Gives guidance on the design of work systems, including task and equipment and design of the workplace, as well as working conditions. Relates to the adequate design of work and use of human capacities.

ISO/TR 22411:2008 presents ergonomics data and guidelines for applying ISO/IEC Guide 71 in addressing the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities in standards development. It provides ergonomics data and knowledge about human abilities — sensory, physical and cognitive — and allergies, as well as guidance on the accessible design of products, services and environments.

This Standard represents an extension of ISO 6385, Subclauses 3.7 to 3.9, describing terms and definitions in more detail. Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.

ISO 6385:2004 establishes the fundamental principles of ergonomics as basic guidelines for the design of work systems and defines relevant basic terms. It describes an integrated approach to the design of work systems, where ergonomists will cooperate with others involved in the design, with attention to the human, the social and the technical requirements in a balanced manner during the design process.
While the principles in ISO 6385:2004 are oriented to the design of work systems, they are applicable to any field of human activity, e.g. in the design of products for domestic and leisure activities.

This European Standard establishes the ergonomic principles to be followed during the process of design of machinery.
This European Standard applies to the interactions between operators and machinery when installing, operating, adjusting, maintaining, cleaning, dismantling, repairing or transporting equipment, and outlines the principles to be followed in taking the health, safety and well-being of the operator into account. This European Standard provides a framework within which the range of more specific ergonomics standards and other related standards relevant to machinery design should be applied.
The ergonomic principles given in this European Standard apply to all ranges of human abilities and characteristics to ensure safety, health and well-being and overall system performance. Information will need to be interpreted to suit the intended use.
NOTE   Although the principles in this European Standard are orientated towards machinery for occupational use, they are also applicable to equipment and machinery for private use.

This European Standard establishes the ergonomics principles and procedures to be followed during the design process of machinery and operator work tasks. This European Standard deals specifically with task design in the context of machinery design, but the principles and methods may also be applied to job design. This European Standard is directed to designers and manufacturers of machinery and other work equipment. It will also be helpful to those who are concerned with the use of machinery and work equipment, e.g. to managers, organizers, operators and supervisors. In this European Standard the designer refers to the person or group of persons responsible for the design.

This European Standard establishes the ergonomic principles to be followed during the process of design of work equipment, especially machinery. Although the principles in this European Standard are orientated towards equipment for occupational use, they are applicable also to equipment for private use.   This European Standard applies to the interactions between the operator and the work equipment when installing, operating, adjusting, maintaining, cleaning, repairing or transporting equipment and outlines the principles to be followed in taking the health and safety of the operator into account.  The ergonomic principles given in this European Standard fully apply to all ranges of individual ability. Information on dimensions will need to be interpreted to suit the intended population.