TP029 - Pravilnik o ocenjevanju kakovosti zunanjega zraka

1.1 This document
— specifies basic methods for estimating the bias of a measurement method and the laboratory bias when a measurement method is applied;
— provides a practical approach of a basic method for routine use in estimating the bias of measurement methods and laboratory bias;
— provides a brief guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the measurements for estimating bias.
1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the measurement result, although the single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations.
1.3 This document applies when the measurement method has been standardized and all measurements are carried out according to that measurement method.
NOTE In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007(VIM), "measurement procedure" (2.6) is an analogous term related to the term "measurement method" used in this document.
1.4 This document applies only if an accepted reference value can be established to substitute the true value by using the value, for example:
— of a suitable reference material;
— of a suitable measurement standard;
— referring to a suitable measurement method;
— of a suitable prepared known sample.
1.5 This document applies only to the cases where it is sufficient to estimate bias on one property at a time. It is not applicable if the bias in the measurement of one property is affected by the level of any other property (i.e. it does not consider interferences by any influencing quantity). Comparison of the trueness of two-measurement methods is considered in ISO 5725-6.

1.1 This document
— amplifies the general principles for designing experiments for the numerical estimation of the precision of measurement methods by means of a collaborative interlaboratory experiment;
— provides a detailed practical description of the basic method for routine use in estimating the precision of measurement methods;
— provides guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the tests for estimating precision.
NOTE Modifications to this basic method for particular purposes are given in other parts of ISO 5725.
1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result, although this single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations.
1.3 It assumes that in the design and performance of the precision experiment, all the principles as laid down in ISO 5725-1 are observed. The basic method uses the same number of test results in each laboratory, with each laboratory analysing the same levels of test sample; i.e. a balanced uniform-level experiment. The basic method applies to procedures that have been standardized and are in regular use in a number of laboratories.
1.4 The statistical model of ISO 5725-1:1994, Clause 5, is accepted as a suitable basis for the interpretation and analysis of the test results, the distribution of which is approximately normal.
1.5 The basic method, as described in this document, (usually) estimates the precision of a measurement method:
a) when it is required to determine the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations as defined in ISO 5725-1;
b) when the materials to be used are homogeneous, or when the effects of heterogeneity can be included in the precision values; and
c) when the use of a balanced uniform-level layout is acceptable.
1.6 The same approach can be used to make a preliminary estimate of precision for measurement methods which have not reached standardization or are not in routine use.

ISO/IEC 17025:2017 specifies the general requirements for the competence, impartiality and consistent operation of laboratories.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 is applicable to all organizations performing laboratory activities, regardless of the number of personnel.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities, organizations and schemes using peer-assessment, accreditation bodies, and others use ISO/IEC 17025:2017 in confirming or recognizing the competence of laboratories.

This part of EN 14662 is in accordance with the generic methodology selected as the basis of the European Union Reference Method for the determination of benzene in ambient air [1] for the purpose of comparison of measurement results with limit values with a one-year reference period.
The standard describes guidelines for measurements with, and type approval of, automated gas chromatographs. The use of automated instruments gives this part a different structure compared to the other parts including the procedure for selecting an appropriate automated gas chromatograph by means of type approval tests.
Requirements for use in the field are also described.
The standard is applicable to measurements of airborne benzene vapour in the concentration range from 0 µg/m3 to 50 µg/m3 (Standardised to 101,3 kPa and 293 K). This concentration range represents the certification range for benzene in the type approval test.

EN 12341 describes a standard method for determining the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter in ambient air by sampling the particulate matter on filters and weighing them by means of a balance. Measurements are performed with samplers with inlet designs as specified in Annex A, operating at a nominal flow rate of 2,3 m3/h, over a nominal sampling period of 24 h. Measurement results are expressed in μg/m3, where the volume of air is the volume at ambient conditions near the inlet at the time of sampling. The range of application of this European Standard is from approximately 1 μg/m3 (i.e. the limit of detection of the standard measurement method expressed as its uncertainty) up to 150 μg/m3 for PM10 and 120 μg/m3 for PM2,5. This European Standard describes procedures and gives requirements for the use of so-called sequential samplers, equipped with a filter changer, suitable for extended stand-alone operation. Sequential samplers are commonly used throughout the European Union for the measurement of concentrations in ambient air of PM10 or PM2,5. However, this European Standard does not exclude the use of single-filter samplers.

This European Standard specifies a continuous measurement method for the determination of the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide present in ambient air based on the chemiluminescence measuring principle. This standard describes the performance characteristics and sets the relevant minimum criteria required to select an appropriate chemiluminescence analyser by means of type approval tests. It also includes the evaluation of the suitability of an analyser for use in a specific fixed site so as to meet the data quality requirements as specified in Annex I of Directive 2008/50/EC [1] and requirements during sampling, calibration and quality assurance for use. The method is applicable to the determination of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide present in ambient air up to 500 µg/m3. This concentration range represents the certification range for NO2 for the type approval test. The method is applicable to the determination of the concentration of nitrogen monoxide present in ambient air up to 1 200 µg/m3. This concentration range represents the certification range for NO for the type approval test.
NOTE 1 It is possible to use other ranges depending on the levels present in ambient air.
NOTE 2 When this European Standard is used for other purposes than for measurements required by Directive 2008/50/EC, the ranges and uncertainty requirements may not apply. The method covers the determination of ambient air concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide in zones classified as rural areas, urban-background areas and traffic-orientated locations and locations influenced by industrial sources. The results are expressed in µg/m3 (at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa).
NOTE 3 500 µg/m3 of NO2 corresponds to 261 nmol/mol of NO2 at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa. 1 200 µg/m3 of NO corresponds to 962 nmol/mol of NO at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa. This standard contains information for different groups of users. Clauses 5 to 7 and Annexes B and C contain general information about the principles of NOx measurement by chemiluminescence analyser and sampling equipment. Clause 8 and Annex E are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that perform type-approval testing of NOx analysers. These sections contain information about:
- Type-approval test conditions, test procedures and test requirements;
- Analyser performance requirements;
- Evaluation of the type-approval test results;
- Evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the NOx analyser based on the type-approval test results. Clauses 9 to 11 and Annexes F and G are directed towards monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of NOx in ambient air. These sections contain information about:
- Initial installation of the analyser in the monitoring network and acceptance testing;
- Ongoing quality assurance/quality control;
- Calculation and reporting of measurement results;
- Evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results under practical monitoring conditions.

This European Standard specifies a continuous measurement method for the determination of the concentration of sulphur dioxide present in ambient air based on the ultraviolet fluorescence measuring principle. This standard describes the performance characteristics and sets the relevant minimum criteria required to select an appropriate ultraviolet fluorescence analyser by means of type approval tests. It also includes the evaluation of the suitability of an analyser for use in a specific fixed site so as to meet the data quality requirements as specified in Annex I of Directive 2008/50/EC and requirements during sampling, calibration and quality assurance for use. The method is applicable to the determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide present in ambient air up to 1000 μg/m3. This concentration range represents the certification range for SO2 for the type approval test. The method covers the determination of ambient air concentrations of sulphur dioxide in zones classified as rural areas, urban-background areas and traffic-orientated locations and locations influenced by industrial sources. The results are expressed in μg/m3 (at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa). This standard contains information for different groups of users. Clauses 5 to 7 and Annexes C and D contain general information about the principles of sulphur dioxide measurement by ultraviolet fluorescence analyser and sampling equipment. Clause 8 and Annex E are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that perform type-approval testing of sulphur dioxide analysers. These sections contain information about: - Type-approval test conditions, test procedures and test requirements; - Analyser performance requirements; - Evaluation of the type-approval test results; - Evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the sulphur dioxide analyser based on the typeapproval test results. Clauses 9 to 11 and Annexes F and G are directed towards monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of sulphur dioxide in ambient air. These sections contain information about: - Initial installation of the analyser in the monitoring network and acceptance testing; - Ongoing quality assurance/quality control; - Calculation and reporting of measurement results; - Evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results under practical monitoring conditions.

This European Standard specifies a continuous measurement method for the determination of the concentrations of ozone present in ambient air based on the ultraviolet photometric measuring principle. This standard describes the performance characteristics and sets the relevant minimum criteria required to select an appropriate ultraviolet photometric analyser by means of type approval tests. It also includes the evaluation of the suitability of an analyser for use in a specific fixed site so as to meet the data quality requirements as specified in Annex I of Directive 2008/50/EC and requirements during sampling, calibration and quality assurance for use. The method is applicable to the determination of the concentration of ozone present in ambient air up to 500 μg/m3. This concentration range represents the certification range for ozone for the type approval test. The method covers the determination of ambient air concentrations of ozone in zones classified as rural areas, urban and urban-background areas. The results are expressed in μg/m3 (at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa). This standard contains information for different groups of users. Clauses 5 to 7 and Annexes B and C contain general information about the principles of ozone measurement by ultraviolet photometric analyser and sampling equipment. Clause 8 and Annex E are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that perform type-approval testing of ozone analysers. These sections contain information about: - type-approval test conditions, test procedures and test requirements; - analyser performance requirements; - evaluation of the type-approval test results; - evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the ozone analyser based on the type-approval test results. Clauses 9 to 11 and Annexes F and G are directed towards monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of ozone in ambient air. These sections contain information about: - initial installation of the analyser in the monitoring network and acceptance testing; - ongoing quality assurance/quality control; - calculation and reporting of measurement results; - evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results under practical monitoring conditions.

This European Standard specifies a continuous measurement method for the determination of the concentration of carbon monoxide present in ambient air based on the non-dispersive infrared spectroscopic measuring principle. This standard describes the performance characteristics and sets the relevant minimum criteria required to select an appropriate non-dispersive infrared spectroscopic analyser by means of type approval tests. It also includes the evaluation of the suitability of an analyser for use in a specific fixed site so as to meet the data quality requirements as specified in Annex I of Directive 2008/50/EC and requirements during sampling, calibration and quality assurance for use. The method is applicable to the determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide present in ambient air up to 100 mg/m3 carbon monoxide. This concentration range represents the certification range for the type approval test. The method covers the determination of ambient air concentrations of carbon monoxide in zones classified as rural areas, urban-background areas and traffic-orientated locations and locations influenced by industrial sources. The results are expressed in mg/m3 (at 20 °C and 101,3 kPa). This standard contains information for different groups of users. Clauses 5 to 7 and Annexes B, C and D contain general information about the principles of carbon monoxide measurement by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopic analyser and sampling equipment. Clause 8 and Annex E are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that perform type-approval testing of carbon monoxide analysers. These sections contain information about: - type-approval test conditions, test procedures and test requirements; - analyser performance requirements; - evaluation of the type-approval test results; - evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the carbon monoxide analyser based on the typeapproval test results. Clauses 9 to 11 and Annex F are directed towards monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of carbon monoxide in ambient air. These sections contain information about: - initial installation of the analyser in the monitoring network and acceptance testing; - ongoing quality assurance/quality control; - calculation and reporting of measurement results; - evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results under practical monitoring conditions.

The Standard specifies methods for the determination of the atmospheric deposition of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, that can be used in the framework of Council Directive 96/62/EC and Council Directive 2004/107/EC. The Standard specifies performance requirements with which the methods have to comply in order to meet the data quality objectives given in the Directives. Methods for sampling, sample preparation and analysis (GC/MS and (HPLC/FLD) are given. The method is applicable for deposition measurements in rural and remote areas, industrial areas and urban areas.

This European Standard specifies a standard method for determining total gaseous mercury (TGM) in ambient air using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS), or cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). This European Standard is applicable to background sites that are in accordance with the requirements of Directive 2004/107/EC and to urban and industrial sites. The performance characteristics of the method have been determined in comparative field validation tests carried out at four European locations: two background and two industrial sites. The method was tested for two months at each site over a period of twelve months using automated equipment currently used in Europe for determination of TGM in ambient air. The working range of the method covers the range of ambient air concentrations from those found at background sites, typically less than 2 ng/m3, up to those found at industrial sites where higher concentrations are expected. A maximum daily average up to 300 ng/m3 was measured during the field trials. Results are reported as the average mass of TGM per volume of air at 293,15 K and 101,325 kPa, measured over a specified time period, in nanograms per cubic metre.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the total deposition of mercury. This standard can be used within the framework of the European Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management and Directive 2004/107/EC. Performance requirements with which the method should comply are specified in this European Standard. The performance characteristics of the method were determined in comparative field validation tests carried out at two European locations. This European Standard is applicable to background sites that are in accordance with the requirements of Directive 2004/107/EC and to urban and industrial sites. This standard allows the sampling of deposition using cylindrical deposition gauges, and analysis using Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS) or Cold Vapour Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (CVAFS) following existing harmonised and standardised procedures. The standard is applicable for the measurement of mercury in deposition between 1 ng/(m2•d) and 100 ng/(m2•d).

This European Standard specifies three methods for the determination of deposition of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb), that can be used in the framework of the European Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management and the 4th Air Quality Daughter Directive. This European Standard specifies performance requirements with which the method has to comply in order to meet the data quality objectives given in the Directives. The performance characteristics of the method were determined in comparative field validation tests carried out at four European locations. This European Standard specifies methods for sampling wet-only and bulk deposition of As, Cd, Ni and Pb, sample treatment and analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) or by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method is applicable for deposition measurements in a) rural and remote areas; b) industrial areas; c) urban areas. The standard is validated for the working ranges listed in Table 1.

This document describes a measurement method for the determination of particulate Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in ambient air, which can be used in the framework of the Council Directive 96/62/EC and the Directive 2004/107/EC. This document specifies performance characteristics and performance criteria to which the method shall comply when it is used as reference method.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of particulate lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in ambient air that can be used in the framework of the European Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management [1] and the 1st [2] and 4th [3] Daughter Directives. Performance requirements with which the method has to comply are specified in this European Standard. The performance characteristics of the method were determined in comparative field validation tests carried out at four European locations (see [4]).
This European Standard specifies a method for sampling of Pb, Cd, As and Ni as part of the PM10 aerosol, microwave digestion of the samples and analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry or by inductively coupled plasma (quadrupole) mass spectrometry.
This European Standard is applicable for the measurement of Pb, Cd, As and Ni as part of the PM10 aerosol fraction in the concentration ranges listed in Table 1.
Table 1 - Working ranges of the method in ng/m3
   From   To
Pb   1   4 000
Cd   0,1   50
As   0,5   350
Ni   2   100
The actual lower limits of the working ranges depend upon the variability of the laboratory filter blank (5.3.1). The lower limits of the working ranges given in Table 1 are expected values based upon performance achieved in the field validation tests. Similarly the upper limits of the working ranges have been set arbitrarily based upon the maximum daily values measured during the field validation tests. The method can be applied to higher concentrations provided the PM10 collection characteristics of the sampler are not compromised.

This part of EN 14662 is in accordance with the generic methodology for the determination of benzene in ambient air [1] for the purpose of comparison of measurement results with limit values with a one-year reference period.
This part of EN 14662 gives general guidance for the sampling and analysis of benzene in air by pumped sampling, solvent desorption and capillary gas chromatography.  
This part of EN 14662 is valid for the measurement of benzene in a concentration range of approximately 0,5 µg/m3  to 50 mg/m3 in an air sample of 1 m3 volume, typically collected over a period of 24 hours.
The upper limit of the useful range is set by the sorptive capacity of the sorbent and by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector or by the sample splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used. The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of benzene and/or interfering artefacts on the sorbent and in the desorption solvent.
The method described here is based on sampling on sample tubes typically containing 100 mg of activated charcoal and desorption using carbon disulphide.
Alternative sorbents to activated charcoal may be used provided that the equivalence in performance characteristics of the procedure is demonstrated.
Alternative desorption solvents to carbon disulphide may be used provided that the equivalence in performance characteristics of the procedure is demonstrated.

This part of EN 14662 gives general guidance for the sampling and analysis of benzene in air by pumped sampling, thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatography.
This part of EN 14662 is in accordance with the generic methodology selected as the basis of the European Union reference method for the determination of benzene in ambient air [1] for the purpose of comparison of measurement results with limit values with a one-year reference period.
This part of EN 14662 is valid for the measurement of benzene in a concentration range of approximately 0,5 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3 in an air sample typically collected over a period of 24 hours.
The upper limit of the useful range is set by the sorptive capacity of the sorbent and by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector or by the sample splitting capacity of the analytical instrumentation used. The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of benzene  and/or interfering artefacts on the sorbent. Artefacts are typically sub ng for sorbents, but  higher levels of aromatic hydrocarbons have been noted in other sorbents. The detection limit will be approximately 1/10 of the lower concentration range.

ISO 11222:2002 provides a method for the quantification of the uncertainty of a time average of a set of air quality data obtained at a specified location over a defined averaging time period. The method is applicable to air quality data obtained by continuous or intermittent monitoring by means of a specified measuring system. The uncertainty of the time average depends on both the uncertainty of the measurement results and the uncertainty due to incomplete time coverage of the data set.  
ISO 11222:2002 is only applicable if  
the set of air quality data used to calculate the time average is representative of the temporal structure of the measurand over the defined time period,
appropriate information on the uncertainty of the measurement results is available, and
the measurement results have all been obtained at the same location.  
ISO 11222:2002 implements recommendations of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).

The purpose is to give some indications of the way in which accuracy data can be used in various practical situations by: giving a standard method of calculating the repeatability limit, the reproducibility limit and other limits, providing a way of checking the acceptability of test results obtained under repeatability or reproducibility conditions, describing how to assess the stability of results within a laboratory over a period of time, describing how to assess whether a given laboratory is able to use a given standard measurement method in a satisfactory way, describing how to compare alternative measurement methods.

Specifies four intermediate measures due to changes in observation conditions (time, calibration, operator and equipment) within a laboratory. These intermediate measures can be established by an experiment within a specific laboratory or by an interlaboratory experiment. Furthermore, discusses the implications of the definitions of intermediate precision measures, presents guidance on the interpretation and application of the estimates of intermediate precision measures in practical situations, discusses the connections between trueness and measurement conditions.

The purpose is to outline the general principles to be understood when assessing accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results, and in applications, and to establish practical estimations of the various measures by experiment. Is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result. May be applied to a very wide range of materials, including liquids, powders and solid objects, manufactured or naturally occurring, provided that due consideration is given to any heterogeneity of the material.

The Report is to provide guidance on uncertainty evaluation to CEN/TC 264 Working Group(s), who are involved in the preparation of Reference Methods to measure ambient air quality, as required by the EU Daughter Directives of the European Framework Directive on Ambient Air-quality Assessment and Management (96/62/EC)

This International Standard specifies sampling, cleanup and analysis procedures for the determination of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in ambient air. It is designed to collect both gas-phase and particulate-phase PAH
and to determine them collectively. It is a high-volume (100 l/min to 250 l/min) method capable of detecting
0,05 ng/m3 or lower concentrations of PAH with sampling volumes up to 350 m3. The method has been validated
for sampling periods up to 24 h.
Precision under normal conditions can be expected to be _ 25 % or better and uncertainty _ 50 % or better (see
annex A, Table A.1).
This International Standard describes a procedure for sampling and analysis for PAH that involves collection from
air on a combination fine-particle filter and sorbent trap, and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS).

No scope available