ASTM D5783-95(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over other methods based on advantages over other methods. In drilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other than cavernous limestones and basalts where circulation cannot be maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method than the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those obtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotary drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If however, drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drilling methods should be considered.
The application of direct-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling method are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated formations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations. Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method include the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creation of the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter the natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.
Note 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually inst...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1—The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration and documentation. This standard does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a ...
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Designation: D5783 − 95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid
for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling
document means only that the document has been approved
procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for
through the ASTM consensus process.
geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface
water-quality monitoring devices.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to
Fluids
the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the
borehole wall.
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
NOTE 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
Borings
site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide.
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration
Barrel Sampling of Soils
and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
planning, administration and documentation. This standard
Geotechnical Purposes
does not purport to specifically address exploration and site
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
safety.
Rock for Site Investigation
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Drive Sampling of Soils
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Used at Waste Sites
and are not considered standard.
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Monitoring Wells
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of Soil and Rock
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
D5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
ronmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
3. Terminology
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3.1 Definitions:
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may
be found in Terminology D653.
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5783 – 95 (2000). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5783-95R06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5783 − 95 (2006)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.11.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable plug
should be known and documented.
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling-fluid addi-
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
3.2.12 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
3.2.13 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly-shaped par-
obtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried
pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole
and separated into a specific size range.
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disc-shaped
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existing
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
water quality analysis).
rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly position
3.2.4 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
the device(s) in the borehole.
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.The
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
user is referred to the following ASTM standards relating to
(0.03 m).
suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452,
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10 Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
3.2.15 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup-
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry the expected
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the
3.2.6 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
diameteranddepthforwhichtherigmanufacturerspecifiesthe
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
equipment.
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
3.2.15.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
3.2.7 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
boring. 3.2.16 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
head.
3.2.8 drill string—thecompletedirectrotary-drillingassem-
3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an in-
bly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this
analysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-
assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the
istics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measure-
position of the top of the string to a datum near the ground
ments.
surface.
3.2.9 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or a primary
4. Significance and Use
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoen-
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected grain
vironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface
size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device
water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and con-
and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or
solidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over
gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a non-clogging filter when the
other methods based on advantages over other methods. In
aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a
drilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other than
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
cavernous limestones and basalts where circulation cannot be
development.
maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
than the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those
pre-packed screen may be used.
obtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotary
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If
plug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the discharge
however, drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friable
end of the pipe.
sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude
3.2.11 grout shoe—a drillable plug containing a check valve use of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drilling
positioned within the lowermost section of a casing column. methods should be considered.
Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the annular 4.1.1 Theapplicationofdirect-rotarydrillingtogeoenviron-
space between the casing and the borehole wall or another mental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ or
casing. pore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent
D5783 − 95 (2006)
drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. core barrel. Drill rods conduct drilling fluid to the bit or core
Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling method barrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do not
are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated
contribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the drill-
formations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The
rod column.All threaded connections should be in good repair
method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations.
and not leak significantly at the internal fluid pressure required
Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method in-
for drilling. Drill rods should be made up securely by wrench
clude the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creation
tightening at the threaded joint(s) at all times to prevent rod
of the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter the
damage.
natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.
NOTE 6—Drill rods usually require lubricants on the threads to allow
NOTE 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
easy unthreading of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants have organic
borehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was
or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminants
performed.
if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that have
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
components of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants on
chemicalanalysesofsamplesshouldbeconsideredanddocumentedwhen
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or
using direct-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentation
porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a
should be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, or
filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with
other devices used near the drilling axis.
isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the
movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides the material cutting
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
capability.Therefore, a core barrel can also be used to advance
D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
the hole.
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
NOTE 7—The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficient
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
diameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as the
made only after consideration of the overall quality of the
screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremie
installation, including the quality of materials that will contact
pipe. It should be noted that if bottom-discharge bits are used in loose
sampled water or gas.
cohesionless materials, jetting or erosion of test intervals could occur.The
borehole opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler,
NOTE 4—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
oreasyinsertionofapipewithaninsidediameterlargeenoughforplacing
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to
completion materials adjacent to the screened intake and riser of a
deter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.
monitoring device. Core barrels may also be used to advance the hole.
Coring bits are selected to provide the hole diameter or core diameter
5. Apparatus
required. Coring of rock should be performed in accordance with Practice
5.1 Direct-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanical
D2113. The user is referred to Test Method D1586, Practice D1587, and
Practice D3550 for techniques and soil-sampling equipment to be used in
components and the drilling fluid.
sampling unconsolidated materials. Consult the DCDMA technical
5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct-rotary
manualandpublishedmaterialsofAPIformatchingsetsofnestedcasings
drilling system include the drill rig with derrick, rotary table
and rods if nested casings must be used
...
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