ASTM E74-12
(Practice)Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are in general use in many industries. Practices E4 has been written to provide a practice for the force verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practices E4 is the use of devices whose force characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E74 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of force measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide the calibration of the instruments and the documents of traceability, and service organizations that use the devices to verify testing machines.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments:
1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and
1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E74 − 12
Standard Practice of
Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the
1
Force Indication of Testing Machines
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE74;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for
2.2 American National Standard:
the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are
4
B46.1Surface Texture
included for the following types of instruments:
1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and
ELASTIC FORCE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
1.1.2 Force-multiplyingsystems,suchasbalancesandsmall
platform scales.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable
3.1 Definitions:
method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances
3.1.1 elastic force-measuring device—a device or system
for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for
consisting of an elastic member combined with a device for
calibrationoftheweightsaregiveninNISTTechnicalNote577,Methods
2
indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the
of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.
magnitude) of deformation of the member under an applied
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
force.
standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as
3.1.2 primary force standard—a deadweight force applied
equivalent when required.
directly without intervening mechanisms such as levers, hy-
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static
draulic multipliers, or the like, whose mass has been deter-
force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic
mined by comparison with reference standards traceable to
or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of
national standards of mass.
calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be
3.1.3 secondary force standard—an instrument or
assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.
mechanism, the calibration of which has been established by
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
comparison with primary force standards.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 calibration equation—a mathematical relationship be-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tweendeflectionandforceestablishedfromthecalibrationdata
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
for use with the instrument in service, sometimes called the
calibration curve.
2. Referenced Documents
3
3.2.2 continuous-reading device—a class of instruments
2.1 ASTM Standards:
whose characteristics permit interpolation of forces between
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
calibrated forces.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Such instruments usually have force-
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE28onMechanical to-deflection relationships that can be fitted to polynominal
Testingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
equations. Departures from the fitted curve are reflected in the
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
uncertainty (8.4).
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published May 2013. Originally
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E74–06. DOI:
3.2.3 deflection—the difference between the reading of an
10.1520/E0074-12.
instrumentunderappliedforceandthereadingwithnoapplied
2
Available from National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
force.
MD 20899.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
the ASTM website. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E74−12
3.2.3.1 Discussion—This definition applies to instruments 6.1.1 The force exerted by a weight in air is calculated as
that have elec
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E74 − 06 E74 − 12
Standard Practice of
Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the
1
Force Indication of Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E74; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are
included for the following types of instruments:
1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and
1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales.
NOTE 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights
for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights
2
for Piston Gages.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as
equivalent when required.
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high
speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for
dynamic or high speed force measurements.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 American National Standard:
4
B46.1 Surface Texture
ELASTIC FORCE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 elastic force-measuring device—a device or system consisting of an elastic member combined with a device for indicating
the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation of the member under an applied force.
3.1.2 primary force standard—a deadweight force applied directly without intervening mechanisms such as levers, hydraulic
multipliers, or the like, whose mass has been determined by comparison with reference standards traceable to national standards
of mass.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved March 1, 2006Dec. 1, 2012. Published March 2006May 2013. Originally approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 20042006 as
E74 – 04.E74 – 06. DOI: 10.1520/E0074-06.10.1520/E0074-12.
2
Available from National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E74 − 12
3.1.3 secondary force standard—an instrument or mechanism, the calibration of which has been established by comparison with
primary force standards.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 calibration equation—a mathematical relationship between deflection and force established from the calibration data for
use with the instrument in service, sometimes called the calibration curve.
3.2.2 continuous-reading device—a class of instruments whose characteristics permit interpolation of forces between calibrated
forces.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Such instruments usually have force-to-deflection relationships that can be fitted to polynominal equations. Departures from the
fitted curve are reflected in the uncertainty (8.4).
3.2.3 deflec
...
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