EN ISO 14982:2009

Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Test methods and acceptance criteria (ISO 14982:1998)

2012-12-03 EMA: Allocated to WG 1 following Decision 506 taken on 2012-11-27.
2008-08-18 - Flore Vaucelle requests removal of Consultant Nielsen.

Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Maschinen - Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit - Prüfverfahren und Bewertungskriterien (ISO 14982:1998)

Machines agricoles et forestières - Compatibilité électromagnétique - Méthodes d'essai et critères d'acceptation (ISO 14982:1998)

Kmetijski in gozdarski stroji - Elektromagnetna združljivost - Metode preskušanja in merila sprejemljivosti (ISO 14982:1998)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-Feb-2009
• Withdrawal Date: 27-Dec-2009
• ICS: 33.100.01 - Electromagnetic compatibility in general
• ICS: 65.060 - Agricultural machines, implements and equipment
• ICS: 65.060.01 - Agricultural machines and equipment in general
• ICS: 93.030 - External sewage systems
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 144 - Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 144/WG 1 - General safety requirements
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 25-Feb-2009
• Completion Date: 25-Feb-2009
• Directive: 2004/108/EC - Directive 2004/108/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC
• Directive: 2004/108/EU - DIRECTIVE 2004/108/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 December 2004 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Directive: 2014/30/EU - Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (recast)
• Directive: 98/37/EC - Machinery
• Mandate: M/079 - Mandate to CEN and CENELEC for standardization in the field of machines
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Mandate: M/404 - Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for harmonized standard according to the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive 2004/108/EC
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 14982:2009 - Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Test methods and acceptance criteria (ISO 14982:1998)

Relations

• Replaces: EN ISO 14982:1998 - Agricultural and forestry machines - Electromagnetic compatibility - Test methods and acceptance criteria (ISO 14982:1998)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Revised: FprEN ISO 14982-1 - Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 1: General EMC requirements (ISO/FDIS 14982-1:2025)
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023
• Revised: FprEN ISO 14982-2 - Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2: Additional EMC requirements for functional safety (ISO/FDIS 14982-2:2025)
• Effective Date: 09-Sep-2020

Overview

EN ISO 14982:2009 - titled Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Test methods and acceptance criteria - is the European adoption of ISO 14982:1998. Published by CEN in 2009, this standard specifies test methods and acceptance criteria to assess electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of agricultural and forestry machinery and their electrical/electronic sub‑assemblies (ESAs). It provides manufacturers and test laboratories with a harmonized approach for emissions and immunity evaluation and supports conformity with relevant EU Directives.

Key topics and requirements

The standard addresses the following technical topics:

• EMC scope and definitions - common terminology for emissions, immunity and ESAs relevant to agricultural and forestry machinery.
• Testing procedures and general requirements - guidance on test setup, specimen selection and "worst‑case" considerations.
• Radiated and conducted emissions - methods for measuring both broadband and narrowband electromagnetic emissions from machines and ESAs (normative methods in Annexes A–E).
• Immunity testing - requirements and reference limits for machine and ESA immunity to electromagnetic radiation and conducted disturbances.
• Electrostatic discharge (ESD) - test methods and acceptance criteria for ESD events.
• Conducted transients - procedures and reference limits for immunity to transient disturbances on wiring and power circuits.
• Documentation - test reporting format and specimen test report example (informative Annex G).
• Normative and informative annexes - Annexes A–E contain the normative measurement methods and reference limits; Annexes F–H provide guidance, reporting templates and bibliography.

Practical applications and users

EN ISO 14982:2009 is applied where EMC performance and regulatory compliance are required for agricultural and forestry equipment. Primary users include:

• OEMs and equipment manufacturers designing tractors, harvesters, forestry machines and mounted implements.
• Electronic system suppliers / ESAs developing control units, sensors and communication modules for off‑road machinery.
• Test laboratories and EMC engineers performing emissions and immunity testing to machine‑level and sub‑assembly level.
• Regulatory compliance teams and certification bodies using the standard to demonstrate presumption of conformity with relevant EU Directives (e.g., Machinery Directives and the EMC Directive) within its scope.

Related standards and regulatory links

• Harmonized with ISO 14982:1998 (identical text) and mapped to EU legislation: Annexes ZA/ZB/ZC explain relationships to Directive 98/37/EC, 2006/42/EC (Machinery) and 2004/108/EC (EMC Directive).
• ICS classifications: 33.100.01 (Electromagnetic compatibility) and 65.060.01 (Agricultural machines and equipment).

Using EN ISO 14982:2009 helps ensure robust EMC design, predictable field performance, and streamlined compliance for agricultural and forestry machinery in European markets.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 14982:1999
Kmetijski in gozdarski stroji - Elektromagnetna združljivost - Metode preskušanja
in merila sprejemljivosti (ISO 14982:1998)
Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic compatibility - Test methods and
acceptance criteria (ISO 14982:1998)
Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Maschinen - Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit -
Prüfverfahren und Bewertungskriterien (ISO 14982:1998)
Machines agricoles et forestières - Compatibilité électromagnétique - Méthodes d'essai
et critères d'acceptation (ISO 14982:1998)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14982:2009
ICS:
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
65.060.01 Kmetijski stroji in oprema na Agricultural machines and
splošno equipment in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14982
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2009
ICS 33.100.01; 65.060.01 Supersedes EN ISO 14982:1998
English Version
Agricultural and forestry machinery - Electromagnetic
compatibility - Test methods and acceptance criteria (ISO
14982:1998)
Machines agricoles et forestières - Compatibilité
électromagnétique - Méthodes d'essai et critères
d'acceptation (ISO 14982:1998)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 January 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14982:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC .4
Annex ZB (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery .5
Annex ZC (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2004/108/EC on electromagnetic compatibility .6

Foreword
The text of ISO 14982:1998 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23 “Tractors and machinery
for agriculture and forestry” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken
over as EN ISO 14982:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 144 “Tractors and machinery for agriculture
and forestry” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by December 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 14982:1998.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directives.
For relationship with EC Directives, see informative Annex ZA, ZB and ZC, which are integral part of this
document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14982:1998 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 14982:2009 without any modification.
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC
This International Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 98/37/EC on machinery, amended by the New Approach Directive 98/79/EC.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative
clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.1, 5.2, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8 and 7 of this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this
standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirement 1.5.11 limited to EMC
immunity of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within
the scope of this standard."
Annex ZB
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery
This International Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative
clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.1, 5.2, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8 and 7 of this standard, confers, within the limits of the scope of this
standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirement 1.5.11 limited to EMC
immunity of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within
the scope of this standard.
Annex ZC
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2004/108/EC on electromagnetic
compatibility
This International Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2004/108/EC on electromagnetic compatibility.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative
clauses of this standard, confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity
with the relevant protection requirements of Annex I (1) of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within
the scope of this standard.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14982
First edition
1998-07-01
Agricultural and forestry machinery —
Electromagnetic compatibility — Test
methods and acceptance criteria
Machines agricoles et forestières — Compatibilité électromagnétique —
Méthodes d'essai et critères d'acceptation
A
Reference number
ISO 14982:1998(E)
ISO 14982:1998(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions . 2
4 Fulfilment of the requirements . 4
5 Testing . 4
5.1 Procedure . 4
5.2 General requirements for immunity testing . 4
6 Test/measurement methods and reference limits . 5
6.1 Broadband electromagnetic emissions from machines . 5
6.1.1 Method of measurement . 5
6.1.2 Broadband reference limits . 5
6.2 Narrowband electromagnetic emissions from machines . 5
6.2.1 Method of measurement . 5
6.2.2 Narrowband reference limits . 5
6.3 Immunity of machines to electromagnetic radiation . 5
6.3.1 Test method . 5
6.3.2 Machine immunity reference limits . 6
6.4 Broadband electromagnetic emissions radiated from ESA's . 6
6.4.1 Method of measurement . 6
6.4.2 ESA broadband reference limits . 6
©  ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet [e-mail]
Printed in Switzerland
ii
©
ISO ISO 14982:1998(E)
6.5 Narrowband electromagnetic emissions radiated from ESA's . 6
6.5.1 Method of measurement . 6
6.5.2 ESA narrowband reference limits . 6
6.6 Immunity of ESA's to electromagnetic radiation . 6
6.6.1 Test method . 6
6.6.2 ESA immunity reference limits . 7
6.7 Electrostatic discharge . 7
6.7.1 Test method . 7
6.7.2 Reference limits . 7
6.8 Conducted transients . 7
6.8.1 Method of testing . 7
6.8.2 Reference limits . 7
7 Exceptions . 8
8 Test report . 9
Annex A (normative) Reference limits . 10
Annex B (normative) Method of measurement of radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from
machines . 16
Annex C (normative) Method of measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions from
machines . 21
Annex D (normative) Method of measurement of radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from
electrical/electronic sub-assemblies . 24
Annex E (normative) Method of measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions from
electrical/electronic sub-assemblies . 30
Annex F (informative) Guide for "worst case" selection . 33
Annex G (informative) Specimen test report for electromagnetic compatibility . 36
Annex H (informative) Bibliography . 37
iii
©
ISO 14982:1998(E) ISO
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 14982 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for
agriculture and forestry, Subcommittee SC 2, Common tests.
Annexes A to E form an integral part of this International Standard. Annexes F to H are for information only.
iv
©
ISO ISO 14982:1998(E)
Introduction
In the past years more and more electronic devices designed to control, supervise and indicate multiple functions
have been used in agricultural machines and tractors. The electrical and electromagnetic environment in which
these devices work needs to be taken into consideration.
Electrical and high frequency disturbances emerge during the normal operation of many parts of the machine
devices. They are generated within a large frequency range with different electrical characteristics and, by
conduction and/or radiation, can be imparted to other electronic devices and systems of the machine.
Narrowband signals generated by sources of interference inside or outside the agricultural machines and tractors
can also be coupled in electrical and electronic systems where they can influence the normal function of electrical
devices. Sources of narrowband electromagnetic disturbances are, for example, machines with integrated micro-
processors.
The elaboration of this International Standard is based upon the Commission Directive 95/54/EC (31 October 1995)
"Commission Directive 95/54/EC of 31 October 1995 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 72/245/EEC
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States, relating to the suppression of radio interference produced
by spark-ignition engines fitted to motor vehicles and amending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States relating to the type approval of motor vehicles and their trailers". This procedure was
chosen due to the large conformity of the disturbance phenomena in many domains (motor vehicles, tractors, self-
propelled machinery), similar operation and ambient conditions and the possibility of using the same measuring rig
and measuring apparatus. As far as possible, the measuring procedures described in Directive 95/54/EC have been
replaced by equivalent internationally standardized measuring procedures. However, it was not possible to refer to
International Standards for radiated broadband and narrowband electromagnetic disturbances from machines and
for radiated broadband and narrowband electromagnetic disturbances of electrical/electronic sub-assemblies (ESA).
Therefore the necessary procedures are described in detail in annexes B, C, D and E. International standardization
of the measuring procedures for all types of machines would be desirable for the future.
The electrostatic discharge and the conducted transients are considered to be relevant for agricultural machines
and tractors and therefore (in contrast with the Directive 95/54/EC) are included in this International Standard.
Electrostatic discharges are relevant because also control elements can be positioned outside the cabin and
potential differences can emerge at contact. Conducted transients have to be taken into account because
agricultural machines often represent open systems and several machines are combined with one another. Up to
now, however, only conducted transients along supply lines in 12 V- and 24 V-onboard systems have been dealt
with. The manufacturer is therefore responsible for ensuring that the equipment may withstand conducted transients
which may occur at the switching under load and interactions between systems. Internal cabling and networks
should comply with the state of the art. Conducted transients at signal lines have not yet been treated.
This International Standard has been established as a means of achieving conformity with the requirements of the
EMC Directive (89/336/EEC) and the EMC requirements of the Machine Directive (89/392/EEC).
v
©
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD  ISO ISO 14982:1998(E)
Agricultural and forestry machinery — Electromagnetic
compatibility — Test methods and acceptance criteria
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies test methods and acceptance criteria for evaluating the electromagnetic
compatibility of tractors and all kinds of mobile (including hand-held) agricultural machinery, forestry machinery,
landscaping and gardening machinery [referred to hereafter as machine(s)] as supplied by the machine
manufacturer. It is applicable to machines and electrical/electronic sub-assemblies (ESA's) which are manufactured
after the date of publication of this International Standard.
Electrical/electronic components or sub-assemblies intended for fitting in machines are also within the scope of this
standard, except regarding immunity for those parts whose functions are not involved in the direct control and
modification of the state of the functions of the machine.
This International Standard is not applicable to machines directly supplied with low voltage current from public
electrical mains. Exceptions to machines or electrical/electronic systems or ESA's that may not require testing in
accordance with this International Standard are given in clause 7.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 7637-0:1990, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbance by conduction and coupling — Part 0: Definitions and
general.
ISO 7637-1:1990, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbance by conduction and coupling — Part 1: Passenger cars
and light commercial vehicles with nominal 12 V supply voltage — Electrical transient conduction along supply lines
only.
ISO 7637-2:1990, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbance by conduction and coupling — Part 2: Commercial
vehicles with nominal 24 V supply voltage — Electrical transient conduction along supply lines only.
ISO/TR 10605:1994, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbance from electrostatic discharge.
ISO 11451-1:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Vehicle test methods — Part 1: General and definitions.
ISO 11451-2:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Vehicle test methods — Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation source.
ISO 11452-1:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Component test methods — Part 1: General and definitions.
ISO 11452-2:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Component test methods — Part 2: Absorber-lined chamber.
©
ISO
ISO 14982:1998(E)
ISO 11452-3:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Component test methods — Part 3: Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) cell.
ISO 11452-4:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Component test methods — Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI).
ISO 11452-5:1995, Road vehicles — Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy —
Component test methods — Part 5: Stripline.
IEC 50-161:1990, International electrotechnical vocabulary — Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility.
CISPR 12:1990, Limits and methods of measurement of radio interference characteristics of vehicles, motor boats,
and spark-ignited engine-driven devices.
CISPR 16-1:1993, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods — Part 1:
Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
electromagnetic compatibility
ability of a machine or components or a separate technical unit to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment, without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-01-07]
3.2
electromagnetic disturbance
any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade the performance of a machine or component or separate
technical unit
NOTE — An electromagnetic disturbance may be an electromagnetic noise, an unwanted signal or a change in the
propagation medium itself
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-01-05]
3.3
electromagnetic immunity
ability of a machine or component or separate technical unit to perform in the presence of specified electromagnetic
disturbances without degradation of performance
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-01-20]
3.4
electromagnetic environment
totality of electromagnetic phenomena existing at a given location
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-01-01]
3.5
reference limit
limit value with which the production shall conform
3.6
reference antenna
〈frequency range 30 MHz to 80 MHz〉 shortened balanced dipole which is a half-wave resonant dipole at 80 MHz
frequency [see CISPR 16-1:1993]
©
ISO
ISO 14982:1998(E)
3.7
reference antenna
〈frequency range above 80 MHz〉 balanced half wave resonant dipole tuned to the measurement frequency [see
CISPR 16-1:1993]
3.8
broadband emission
emission which has a bandwidth greater than that of a particular measuring apparatus or receiver
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-06-11]
3.9
narrowband emission
emission which has a bandwidth less than that of a particular measuring apparatus or receiver
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-06-13]
3.10
electrical/electronic system
electrical and/or electronic component or set of components intended to be part of a machine, together with any
associated electrical connections
3.11
electrical/electronic sub-assembly
ESA
electrical and/or electronic component or set of components intended to be part of a machine, together with any
associated electrical connections and wiring, which performs one or more specialised functions
3.12
machine type
〈electromagnetic compatibility〉 machines which do not differ in such essential respects as:
 the structural shape;
 the general arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components and the general wiring arrangement;
 the primary material of which the design of the machine consists (for example a steel, aluminium or fibreglass
covering parts)
3.13
ESA type
〈electromagnetic compatibility〉 ESA's which do not differ in such essential respects as:
 the function performed by the ESA;
 the arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components, if applicable;
 the primary material of the casing
3.14
electrostatic discharge
ESD
transfer of electric charge between bodies of different electrostatic potential in proximity or through direct contact
[IEC 50-161:1990, 161-01-22]
3.15
conducted transients
transient voltage or current distributed in the power supply wiring of a machine or component or separate technical
unit via a conductor between the source of the transient and the drain
©
ISO
ISO 14982:1998(E)
4 Fulfilment of the requirements
The requirements of this International Standard shall be met by a machine (and its electrical/electronic installation or
its ESA) operating in accordance with its final purpose. According to the choice of the machine manufacturer, the
following alternatives are possible to demonstrate conformity with this International Standard.
a) The requirements of this International Standard are deemed to be fulfilled for a complete machine when the
requirements identified in clauses 5 and 6, as applicable, are fulfilled. If the machine manufacturer has chosen
this alternative, no routine tests of the electrical/electronic systems or ESA's are required.
b) The requirements of this International Standard are also deemed to be fulfilled if it is confirmed by the machine
manufacturer that all electrical/electronic systems or ESA's are in accordance with this International Standard
and have been installed in conformance with the recommended requirements of the ESA.
c) The requirements of this International Standard are also deemed to be fulfilled when the machine has no such
equipment for which an immunity or interference test is required. In this case no tests are necessary (see
clause 7).
5 Testing
5.1 Procedure
A kind of "type testing" has been chosen as test procedure, in which a type (designated "test specimen" hereafter)
which has been chosen from the series according to certain criteria is tested (see definitions 3.12 and 3.13).
In every test procedure reference limits are determined to which the complete production has to correspond.
Tightened limit values apply for the test specimen (except for the electrostatic discharge and the conducted
transients) which shall be 2 dB (20 %) below the reference limits (at emission) respectively 2 dB (25 %) above the
reference limits (at immunity).
NOTE 1 — This additional margin is used in order to account for the minor differences between the test specimen and the
series-product (equivalence of the test specimen) and the minor differences of different testing laboratories (reproducibility of
results).
If the test specimen fulfils the tightened limit values, it is assumed that all series-products which are represented by
the test specimen comply with the reference limits.
NOTE 2 — This means that the reference limits are taken as basis for a 100 % testing of the production and for an inspection.
Referring to the electrostatic discharge and conducted transients, the reference limits are also valid for the test
specimen.
NOTE 3 — The test procedure for the electrostatic discharge and the conducted transients depend in a less substantial way
from the environmental influences and minor modifications of the test specimen and consequently the additional margin does
not apply.
5.2 General requirements for immunity testing
No disturbances shall occur during testing which may affect the driver's direct control of the machine. The driver's
direct control of the machine is exercised by means of, for example, steering, braking, the ground speed, or engine
speed control. This also concerns movements of parts of the machine and modifications of the state of function
which may generate hazards or mislead others.
©
ISO
ISO 14982:1998(E)
6 Test/measurement methods and reference limits
6.1 Broadband electromagnetic emissions from machines
6.1.1 Method of measurement
The electromagnetic emissions shall be measured using the method described in annex B at either of the defined
antenna distances. The choice is left to the user of this International Standard.
6.1.2 Broadband reference limits
If measurements are made using the method described in annex B using a machine-to-antenna distance of
10 m – 0,2 m, the emission reference limits shall be 34 dB(mV/m) (50 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency
band and 34 dB(mV/m) to 45 dB(mV/m) (50 μV/m to 180 μV/m) in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band; this limit
increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 75 MHz as shown in figure A.1. In the 400 MHz to
1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 45 dB(mV/m) (180 μV/m).
If measurements are made using the method described in annex B using a machine-to-antenna distance of
3 m ± 0,05 m, the emission reference limits shall be 44 dB(mV/m) (160 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency
band and 44 dB(mV/m) to 55 dB(mV/m) (160 μV/m to 562 μV/m) in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band; this limit
increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 75 MHz as shown in figure A.2. In the 400 MHz to
1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 55 dB(mV/m) (562 μV/m).
On the test specimen, the measured values, expressed in dB(mV/m) (μV/m), shall be at least 2 dB (20 %) below the
reference limits.
6.2 Narrowband electromagnetic emissions from machines
6.2.1 Method of measurement
The electromagnetic emission shall be measured using the method described in annex C at either of the defined
antenna distances. The choice is left to the user of this International Standard.
6.2.2 Narrowband reference limits
If measurements are made using the method described in annex C using a machine-to-antenna distance of
10 m – 0,2 m, the emission reference limits shall be 24 dB(mV/m) (16 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency
band and 24 dB(mV/m) to 35 dB(mV/m) (16 μV/m to 56 μV/m) in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band; this limit
increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 75 MHz as shown in figure A.3. In the 400 MHz to
1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 35 dB(mV/m) (56 μV/m).
If measurements are made using the method described in annex C using a machine-to-antenna distance of
3 m – 0,05 m, the emission reference limits shall be 34 dB(mV/m) (50 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency
band and 34 dB(mV/m) to 45 dB(mV/m) (50 μV/m to 180 μV/m) in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band; this limit
increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 75 MHz as shown in figure A.4. In the 400 MHz to
1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 45 dB(mV/m) (180 μV/m).
On the test specimen, the measured values, expressed in dB(mV/m) (μV/m), shall be at least 2 dB (20 %) below the
reference limits.
6.3 Immunity of machines to electromagnetic radiation
6.3.1 Test method
The immunity to electromagnetic radiation of the machine shall be tested according to ISO 11451-1 and
ISO 11451-2. The determination of the reference point(s) and the operating mode(s) shall be machine-specific and
noted in the test report. Immunity testing should be conducted as outlined in ISO 11451-1 except forward power
may be used as the control regardless of the standing wave ratio of the system. The test report shall indicate which
control method was used. The substitution method and the 80 % amplitude modulation (AM) with sinusoidal wave of
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1 kHz (see ISO 11451-1) is determined as test method. Testing shall be done in the frequency band 20 MHz to
1 000 MHz. Polarization may be vertical or horizontal based on worse case conditions and shall be noted in the test
report.
6.3.2 Machine immunity reference limits
The reference limit shall be 24 V/m referring to the root mean square value of the unmodulated signal. The
maximum value of the test signal with modulation shall comply with the maximum value of an unmodulated test
signal. The reference limits, increased by 25 %, apply for the test specimen. The general requirements for immunity
testing determined in 5.2 shall be fulfilled.
6.4 Broadband electromagnetic emissions radiated from ESA's
6.4.1 Method of measurement
The electromagnetic interference shall be measured using the method described in annex D.
6.4.2 ESA broadband reference limits
If measurements are made using the method described in annex D, the emission reference limits shall be
64 dB(mV/m) to 54 dB(mV/m) (1 600 μV/m to 500 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency band; this limit
decreases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 30 MHz, and 54 dB(mV/m) to 65 dB(mV/m) (500 μV/m to
1 800 μV/m) in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band and increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies
above 75 MHz as shown in figure A.5. In the 400 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency band, the limit remains constant at
65 dB(mV/m) (1 800 μV/m).
On the test specimen, the measured values, expressed in dB(mV/m) (μV/m) shall be at least 2 dB (20 %) below the
reference limits.
6.5 Narrowband electromagnetic emissions radiated from ESA's
6.5.1 Method of measurement
The electromagnetic interference shall be measured using the method described in annex E.
6.5.2 ESA narrowband reference limits
If measurements are made using the method described in annex E, the emission reference limits shall be
54 dB(mV/m) to 44 dB(mV/m) (500 μV/m to 160 μV/m) in the 30 MHz to 75 MHz frequency band; this limit decreases
logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 30 MHz, and 44 dB(mV/m) to 55 dB(mV/m) (160 μV/m to 562 μV/m)
in the 75 MHz to 400 MHz frequency band and increases logarithmically (linearly) with frequencies above 75 MHz
as shown in figure A.6. In the 400 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 55 dB(mV/m)
(562 μV/m).
On the test specimen, the measured values, expressed in dB(mV/m) (μV/m) shall be at least 2 dB (20 %) below the
reference limits.
6.6 Immunity of ESA's to electromagnetic radiation
6.6.1 Test method
Any combination of the test methods of ISO 11452-2, ISO 11452-3, ISO 11452-4 or ISO 11452-5 may be used for
the immunity testing of ESA's to electromagnetic energy. The selected test methods shall cover the frequency band
20 MHz to 1 000 MHz. An amplitude modulation (AM) of 80 % together with a sinusoidal wave of 1 kHz (see
ISO 11452-1) shall be used. If the substitution method is determined as the calibration method for the anechoic
chamber test, the forward power may be used as the control regardless of the standing wave ratio of the system. In
the case of ESA's, the substitution method or the closed loop method may be used for the field calibration. The test
report shall indicate which control method was used.
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6.6.2 ESA immunity reference limits
The immunity reference limits shall be as follows:
48 V/m for the stripline testing method (ISO 11452-5);
60 V/m for the TEM cell testing method (ISO 11452-3);
48 mA for the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) testing method (ISO 11452-4); and
24 V/m for the radiated field (absorber lined chamber) testing method (ISO 11452-2) in vertical polarization only.
The reference limits, increased by 25 %, apply for the test specimen. The reference limits apply to the root mean
square value of the unmodulated signal. The maximum value of the test signal with modulation shall comply with the
maximum value of an unmodulated test signal. The ESA shall not exhibit any operational change which is
unacceptable for its application on the machine. See 5.2 for further definition of operational change which is
unacceptable.
6.7 Electrostatic discharge
6.7.1 Test method
The method described in ISO/TR 10605 shall be used as the method of measurement of the machine or on the ESA
in areas where an ESD in standard use is possible (e.g. by touching by the operator).
6.7.2 Reference limits
Test level I (± 4 kV) at functional status class A according to ISO/TR 10605 applies.
6.8 Conducted transients
6.8.1 Method of testing
The method described in ISO 7637-0, ISO 7637-1 and ISO 7637-2 shall be used as method of testing.
6.8.2 Reference limits
Test level I at functional status class A according to ISO 7637-1 and ISO 7637-2 applies. Table 1 shows the field of
1)
application of the different check pulses in the 12 V- and 24 V-onboard system. The function performance status
shall be specified before the testing of every different check pulse.

1)
The emission of transients is under consideration for a revision of ISO 7637-1 and ISO 7637-2. This has to be taken into
account for the future.
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Table 1 — Check pulse in 12 V- and 24 V-onboard system
Reference limit Reference limit
Test
Application
12 V-system 24 V-system
pulse
V V
1)
1 – 25 This test pulse is a simulation of transients due to supply
– 50
disconnection from inductive loads; it applies to a device
under test if, as used in the machine, it remains connected
directly in parallel with an inductive load.
+ 25 + 25 This test pulse is a simulation of transients due to the
sudden interruption of current in an inductor connected in
series with a device under test.
3a – 25 – 35 These test pulses are a simulation of transients, which occur
as a result of the switching processes. The characteristics of
these transients are influenced by distributed capacitance
3b + 25 + 35
and inductance of wiring harness.
4 – 4– 5 This pulse simulates supply voltage reduction caused by
energising the starter-motor circuits of internal combustion
engines (excluding spikes associated with starting).
5 + 26,5 + 70 This test pulse is a simulation of load dump transient
occurring in the event of a discharged battery being
disconnected while the alternator is generating charging
current at the moment of the battery being disconnected with
other loads remaining on the alternator circuit at this
moment. The load dump amplitude depends on the
alternator speed and on the level of the alternator field
excitation at the moment of the battery being disconnected.
The load dump pulse duration depends essentially on the
time constant of the field excitation circuit and on the pulse
amplitude.
1)
Only test pulse 1a according to ISO 7637-2 applies.
7 Exceptions
For the requirements of clauses 5 and 6, the following exceptions are valid.
a) Where a machine or electrical/electronic system or ESA does not include an electronic oscillator with an
operating frequency greater than 9 kHz, testing according to 6.2 and 6.5 is not necessary.
b) Machines which do not have electrical/electronic systems or ESA's involved in the direct control and
modification of the state of function of the machine need not to be tested for immunity according to 6.3, 6.7 and
6.8.
c) ESA's whose functions are not involved in the direct control and modification of the state of function of the
machine need not be tested for immunity according to 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8.
d) If the machine does not possess an interface for the coupling of external electrical/electronic systems, so a
testing of the conducted transients according to 6.8 is not necessary. If the machine is self propelled, a testing
of the conducted transient immunity according to 6.8 is not required.
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e)
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