EN ISO 10082:1999

Plastics - Phenolic resins - Classification and test methods (ISO 10082:1999)

Kunststoffe - Phenolharze - Klassifizierung und Prüfverfahren (ISO 10082:1999)

Diese Norm gibt einen Überblick der verschiedenen Phenolharztypen, die bei der Produktion hitzehärtender Kunststoffe eingesetzt werden sowie eine Zusammen- fassung erhältlicher Prüfverfahren. Die in dieser Norm in Abschnitt 3 fest- gelegten Begriffe dienen dazu, die notwendigen Beschreibungen des chemischen Aufbaus, des physikalischen Zustandes und des Kondensations- bzw. Poly- kondensationsgrades von Phenolharzen sind.

Plastiques - Résines phénoliques - Classification et méthodes d'essai (ISO 10082:1999)

La présente Norme internationale passe en revue les divers types de résines phénoliques utilisés dans la fabrication des plastiques thermodurcissables et donne un résumé des méthodes d'essai disponibles.L'article 3 définit des termes se rapportant à la structure chimique des résines phénoliques, leur état physique et leur degré de condensation ou de polycondensation.L'article 4 donne un résumé des méthodes d'essai. Ces méthodes sont applicables à la détermination des propriétés qui sont généralement significatives dans le domaine technique pour la production, les procédés de fabrication et l'emploi des résines phénoliques décrites dans l'article 3. L'utilisateur pourra sélectionner à partir des méthodes celles qui sont les mieux adaptées à l'emploi souhaité. Seule l'utilisation de la (des) norme(s) complète(s) correspondante(s) permet d'appliquer cette méthode.

Polimerni materiali - Fenolne smole - Razvrstitev in preskusne metode (ISO 10082:1999)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Dec-1999
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Jun-2000
• ICS: 01.040.83 - Rubber and plastics industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 83.080.10 - Thermosetting materials
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 249 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 249 - Plastics
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 15-Dec-1999
• Completion Date: 15-Dec-1999
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 10082:2000 - Plastics - Phenolic resins - Classification and test methods (ISO 10082:1999)

Relations

• Replaces: EN ISO 10082:1995 - Plastics - Phenolic resins - Definitions and test methods (ISO 10082:1991)
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Overview

EN ISO 10082:1999 - Plastics - Phenolic resins - Classification and test methods provides a structured overview of phenolic resins used in thermosetting plastics and a consolidated list of standardized test methods. Prepared by ISO/TC 61 (Plastics), this second edition (1999) defines classification terms (chemical structure, physical form, degree of condensation) and summarizes relevant test standards to support production, processing and quality control of phenolic resins.

Key Topics

• Classification of phenolic resins
  • Definitions of unmodified resins (novolaks - two‑step, non‑self‑curing; resols - one‑step, self‑curing), modified phenolic resins and phenolic addition resins.
  • Basis for classification by raw materials (phenols, aldehydes), physical form (liquid, powder, pellets, dispersions), catalysts/hardeners, and degree of condensation (A‑, B‑ and C‑stages).
• Degree of condensation (A/B/C stages) - important for processing and curing behavior.
• Catalysts and hardeners - acid and basic catalysts, formaldehyde‑releasing hardeners (e.g., hexamethylenetetramine), resol or isocyanate hardeners.
• Summary of test methods (Clause 4) - catalogues ISO methods applicable to phenolic resins, including but not limited to:
  • Viscosity tests (ISO 2555, ISO 3219, ISO 12058)
  • Gel time and reactivity (ISO 9396, ISO 8987)
  • Free formaldehyde and residual phenol (ISO 9397, ISO 8974; related ISO 11402)
  • Hexamethylenetetramine content (ISO 8988)
  • Flow distance and melting behaviour (ISO 8619, ISO 3146)
  • Thermal analysis (DSC - ISO 11409) and pseudo‑adiabatic cure behaviour (ISO 9771)
  • Physical tests: density, ash, water content, electrical conductivity, chromatographic separations

Applications

EN ISO 10082:1999 is practical for:

• Resin manufacturers - to classify product grades, specify storage and handling (resol vs novolak), and choose appropriate hardeners/catalysts.
• Quality control laboratories - to select standardized test methods for viscosity, gel time, residual phenol, free formaldehyde, hexamine content and cure behavior.
• Formulators and compounders - choosing resin forms (liquid, powder, pellets) and predicting processing behavior (A/B/C stages).
• End users in adhesives, coatings, molding compounds, composites and electrical/thermal applications who need consistent, standards‑based specifications.

Related standards

• Normative reference: ISO 472:1999 (Plastics - Vocabulary).
• The standard lists multiple ISO test methods (see clause 4) such as ISO 8618, ISO 9396, ISO 9397, ISO 11409, ISO 8988 and others that should be used when performing specific tests.

EN ISO 10082:1999 is a practical reference for ensuring consistent classification and testing of phenolic resins across manufacturing, quality assurance and product development workflows.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2000
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 10082:1999
Polimerni materiali - Fenolne smole - Razvrstitev in preskusne metode (ISO
10082:1999)
Plastics - Phenolic resins - Classification and test methods (ISO 10082:1999)
Kunststoffe - Phenolharze - Klassifizierung und Prüfverfahren (ISO 10082:1999)
Plastiques - Résines phénoliques - Classification et méthodes d'essai (ISO 10082:1999)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10082:1999
ICS:
01.040.83 Gumarska industrija in Rubber and plastics
industrija polimernih industries (Vocabularies)
materialov (Slovarji)
83.080.10 Duromeri Thermosetting materials
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10082
Second edition
1999-12-15
Plastics — Phenolic resins — Classification
and test methods
Plastiques — Résines phénoliques — Classification et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
ISO 10082:1999(E)
©
ISO 1999
ISO 10082:1999(E)
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ii © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved

ISO 10082:1999(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative reference .1
3 Basis of classification of phenolic resins .1
3.1 General.1
3.2 Raw materials.2
3.3 Types of phenolic resin.2
3.4 Forms of commercial product.3
3.5 Degree of condensation.3
3.6 Catalysts and hardeners .3
4 Test methods.4
4.1 Numerical list .4
4.2 Alphabetical list .5
4.3 Description of test methods .6
© ISO 1999 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 10082:1999(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10082 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee
SC 12, Thermosetting materials.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10082:1991) and ISO/TR 8244:1988, which have
been technically revised.
iv © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10082:1999(E)
Plastics — Phenolic resins — Classification and test
methods
1 Scope
This International Standard gives an overview of the different types of phenolic resin used in the manufacture of
thermosetting plastics and a summary of available test methods.
Clause 3 defines terms relating to the chemical structure of phenolic resins, their physical state and their degree of
condensation or polycondensation.
Clause 4 gives a summary of test methods. These methods apply to the determination of properties which are
relevant to the production, processing and use of phenolic resins as described in clause 3. The user should select
from the tests those that are appropriate for a particular application. For a given method, only the standard(s) listed
may be used.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, this publication do
not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
ISO 472:1999, Plastics — Vocabulary.
3 Basis of classification of phenolic resins
This clause defines terms relating to the chemical structure of phenolic resins, their physical state and their degree
of condensation or polycondensation for classification purposes in the manufacturing and processing of the resins.
The definitions apply to all fields of application of phenolic resins in plastics (see also related definitions in
ISO 472).
3.1 General
3.1.1 The term "phenolic resins" as used in this International Standard refers to
a) synthetic resins or modified products obtained by condensation of phenol with aldehydes, particularly
formaldehyde;
b) products of the addition of phenols to unsaturated compounds (for example acetylene, terpenes and natural
1�
resins) .
1� Strictly speaking, these resins are not what are normally regarded as resins for the production of plastics. They are used
particularly in certain surface coatings.
© ISO 1999 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 10082:1999(E)
NOTE Resins in which the original properties are so changed by the modification that they resemble more closely those of
the modifying medium are not regarded as phenolic resins.
3.1.2 Phenolic resins may be classified in a number of ways, such as by
a) the type of raw material (see 3.2);
b) the type of resin produced (see 3.3);
c) the type of modification (see 3.3.2);
d) the physical form of the commercial product (see 3.4);
e) the degree of condensation (see 3.5);
f) thetypeof catalystused(see 3.6.1);
g) the type of hardener used (see 3.6.2).
3.2 Raw materials
3.2.1 Phenols
Besides unsubstituted phenol, derivatives of phenol are used for the manufacture of phenolic resins. These include
cresols, xylenols and other alkylphenols (for example p-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol and p-tert-nonylphenol),
arylphenols (for example phenylphenol and naphthols) and divalent phenols (such as resorcinol and bisphenol A).
3.2.2 Aldehydes
The most important aldehyde component is formaldehyde, which is used in various forms, including aqueous
solution and solid paraformaldehyde, and also as compounds which give rise to formaldehyde. Other aldehydes
(for example acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde and furfural) are employed to a more limited extent, as also are
ketones.
3.3 Types of phenolic resin
3.3.1 Unmodified phenolic resins
Unmodified phenolic resins are produced by condensation reactions of phenols with an aldehyde. Depending on
factors such as the volume and molar ratio of the raw materials, the reaction conditions and the catalysts
employed, two different classes of product are obtained: novolaks and resols.
3.3.1.1 Novolaks (two-step)
Novolaks are non-self-curing, soluble, fusible phenolic resins that remain stable when stored. The phenol nuclei are
linked primarily by methylene bridges. Novolaks can be made to react further and crosslink by the addition of
hardeners (see 3.6.2); heating is also usually necessary.
See also novolak in ISO 472.
3.3.1.2 Resols (one-step)
Resols are soluble, fusible phenolic resins which, in contrast to novolaks, contain methylol groups and methylene-
ether and sometimes also methylene-amine bridges. Resols are self-curing: they crosslink to give insoluble
products when heated and/or mixed with catalysts, without addition of further reaction components. Resols are
perishable and can be stored for a limited time only.
See also resol in ISO 472.
2 © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved

ISO 10082:1999(E)
3.3.2 Modified phenolic resins
Phenolic resins can be modified by chemical reaction of the methylol or the phenolic hydroxyl groups and/or by
physical dispersion in the modifying agent. Such modified phenolic resins can be either self-curing or non-self-
curing, depending on their structure.
3.3.3 Phenolic addition resins
Phenolic resins can also be produced without condensation with formaldehyde by reaction of phenol with
unsaturated hydrocarbons. Examples of these are phenol/acetylene and phenol/terpene resins, which are not
always self-curing.
3.4 Forms of commercial product
Phenolic resins are manufactured and used in various forms, such as
a) liquids;
b) solids, as pelletized, flake, granular or finely powdered products;
c) solutions or dispersions in water and/or organic solvents.
A so-called "aqueous solution" (it is not a real aqueous solution) is one that has a water content of more than
5% (m/m) and an organic-solvent content of less than 5 % (m/m) (free phenol is not counted as organic solvent).
A solvent-containing phenolic resin solution is one that has more than 5 % (m/m) of organic solvents.
3.5 Degree of condensation
Phenolic resins can be crosslinked by the use of heat and/or hardeners and/or catalysts. They pass through the
following transitional stages of condensation:
� A-stage: starting state (resol or novolak); liquid or fusible, and soluble in alcohol and acetone;
� B-stage: intermediate state (resitol); infusible, but still mouldable with heat and capable of swelling in alcohol or
acetone;
� C-stage; final state (resite); infusible, and insoluble in alcohol or acetone.
See also A-stage, B-stage, C-stage, resite and resitol in ISO 472.
3.6 Catalysts and hardeners
3.6.1 Catalysts
Catalysts accelerate the crosslinking reaction. Both acid and basic compounds are suitable for this purpose.
3.6.2 Hardeners (crosslinking agents)
Formaldehyde, or compounds that release formaldehyde, for example hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine), can be
used as hardeners. Resols and isocyanates can also be used as hardeners. Hardeners are generally added only to
non-self-curing phenolic resins and cure by chemical reaction (three-dimensional crosslinking).
© ISO 1999 – All rights reserved 3

ISO 10082:1999(E)
4 Test methods
4.1 Numerical list
ISO 60:1977, Plastics — Determination of apparent density of material that can be poured from a specified funnel.
ISO 565:1990, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of
openings.
ISO 760:1978, Determination of water — Karl Fischer method (General method).
ISO 2555:1989, Plastics — Resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions — Determination of apparent
viscosity by the Brookfield Test method.
ISO 2811-1:1997, Paints and varnishes — Determination of density — Part 1: Pyknometer method.
2)
ISO 3146:— , Plastics — Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-
crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods.
ISO 3219:1993, Plastics — Polymers/resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions — Determination of
viscosity using a rotational viscometer with defined shear rate.
ISO 3451-1:1997, Plastics — Determination of ash — Part 1: General methods.
ISO 3675:1998, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Laboratory determination of density —
Hydrometer method.
ISO 4610:1977, Plastics — Vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins — Sieve analysis using air-jet sieve
apparatus.
ISO 8618:1995, Plastics — Liquid phenolic resins — Conventional determination of non-volatile matter.
ISO 8619:1995, Plastics — Phenolic resin powder — Determination of flow distance on a heated glass plate.
3)
ISO 8974: — , Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of residual phenol content by gas chromatography.
ISO 8975:1989, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of pH.
ISO 8987:1995, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of reactivity on a B-transformation test plate.
ISO 8988:1995, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of hexamethylenetetramine content — Kjeldahl
method and perchloric acid method.
ISO 8989:1995, Plastics — Liquid phenolic resins — Determination of water miscibility.
ISO 9020:1994, Binders for paints and varnishes — Determination of free-formaldehyde content of amino resins —
Sodium sulfite titrimetric method.
ISO 9396:1997, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of the gel time of resols under specific conditions
using automatic apparatus.
ISO 9397:1995, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of free-formaldehyde content — Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride method.
2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 3146:1985)
3) To be published. (Revision of ISO 8974:1997)
4 © ISO 1999 – All rights reserved

ISO 10082:1999(E)
ISO 9771:1995, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of the pseudo-adiabatic temperature rise of liquid
resols when cured under acid conditions.
ISO 9944:1990, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of electrical conductivity of resin extracts.
ISO 11401:1993, Plastics — Phenolic resins — Separation by liquid chromatograph
...