EN ISO 13138:2012
(Main)Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012)
Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012)
ISO 13138:2012 specifies sampling conventions to define idealized samplers for estimating the deposition of non-volatile, non-hygroscopic, non-fibrous aerosols in five specific loci of the respiratory tract. The five loci consist of the anterior and posterior areas of the nasal passages, the ciliated and non-ciliated parts of the tracheobronchial area, and the alveolar (gas exchange) region.
The conventions are separated into three independent sampling efficiencies defined in terms of thermodynamic diameter characterizing the diffusive (Brownian) motion of sub-micrometre particles and four efficiencies in terms of aerodynamic diameter 0,1 μm characterizing deposition by impaction, interception or gravitational settling. Each conventional curve has been developed as an average of 12 deposition curves corresponding to 12 breathing conditions ranging from sitting to heavy exercise, male vs female, and breathing mode (mouth vs nasal breathing).
Luftbeschaffenheit - Probenahmekonventionen für die Abscheidung luftgetragener Partikel im menschlichen Atmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012)
Diese Internationale Norm legt Probenahmekonventionen zur Definition idealisierter Sammler fest, um die
Abscheidung nicht flüchtiger, nicht hygroskopischer, nicht faserförmiger Aerosole an fünf genau bezeichneten
geometrischen Orten (Loci) des Atemtrakts abschätzen zu können. Bei den fünf Orten handelt es sich um den
vorderen und den hinteren Bereich des Nasengangs, den Cilien tragenden und den nichtciliierten Teil des
tracheobronchialen Bereichs sowie um den Alveolar- (Gasaustausch-)Bereich.
Die Konventionen sind unterteilt in drei unabhängige Probenahmewirkungsgrade für den thermodynamischen
Durchmesser, welche die Diffusionsbewegung (Brownsche Bewegung) von Partikeln im
Submikrometerbereich charakterisieren, und in vier Wirkungsgrade für einen aerodynamischen Durchmesser
von mehr als 0,1 µm, welche die Abscheidung durch Impaktion, Abfangen bzw. schwerkraftbedingte
Absetzung charakterisieren. Jeder Konventionskurve liegt das Mittel aus zwölf Abscheidungskurven für zwölf
verschiedene Atembedingungen zugrunde, die sich vom Sitzen bis zu schwerer körperlicher Anstrengung,
über männlich im Vergleich zu weiblich sowie die Atmungsart (Mundatmung im Vergleich zu nasaler Atmung)
erstrecken.
ANMERKUNG Die Abscheidung wurde nach einem von der Internationalen Kommission für Strahlenschutz
entwickelten Modell (ICRP, Literaturhinweis [3]) berechnet.
Qualité de l'air - Conventions de prélèvement de particules aéroportées en fonction de leur dépôt dans les voies respiratoires humaines (ISO 13138:2012)
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les conventions de prélèvement destinées à définir les dispositifs de
prélèvement idéaux pour estimer le dépôt des aérosols non volatils, non hygroscopiques et non fibreux dans
cinq régions spécifiques des voies respiratoires. Ces cinq régions sont les secteurs antérieurs et postérieurs
des voies nasales, les parties ciliées et non ciliées de la région trachéo-bronchique et la région alvéolaire
(d'échange gazeux).
Les conventions sont différenciées en trois efficacités de prélèvement indépendantes définies en termes
de diamètre thermodynamique caractérisant le mouvement (brownien) de diffusion des particules
sub‑micrométriques et en quatre efficacités en termes de diamètre aérodynamique > 0,1 μm c aractérisant
le dépôt par impact, par interception ou par gravité. Chaque courbe conventionnelle a été développée en
faisant la moyenne de 12 courbes de dépôt correspondant à 12 conditions respiratoires faisant la distinction
entre l'état assis et l'exercice intense, les hommes et les femmes et les différents modes de respiration (par la
bouche ou par les narines).
NOTE Le dépôt est calculé selon un modèle développé par la Commission internationale de radioprotection (ICRP,
Référence [3]).
Kakovost zraka - Dogovorjeno vzorčenje lebdečih delcev, ki se nalagajo v človeškem respiratornem traktu (ISO 13138:2011)
Ta mednarodni standard določa dogovorjeno vzorčenje za opredelitev idealiziranih vzorčevalnikov za ocenjevanje nalaganja nehlapnih, nehigroskopičnih in nevlaknatih aerosolov v petih določenih lokusih dihalnega trakta. Pet lokusov zajema prednja in zadnja območja nosnih hodnikov, cilirane in necilirane dele sapnika in bronhijev ter območje pljučnih mehurčkov (izmenjava plina). Dogovori so razdeljeni v tri samostojne učinkovitosti vzorčenja, določene na ravni termodinamičnega premera, ki označuje difuzno (Brownovo) gibanje delcev, manjših od mikrometra in štiri učinkovitosti, določene na ravni aerodinamičnega premera >0,1 μm, ki označuje nalaganje z impakcijo, prestrezanjem ali posedanjem zaradi gravitacije. Dogovorjene krivulje so bile razvite kot povprečje 12 krivulj nalaganja, ki ustrezajo 12 dihalnim pogojem, od sedenja do naporne vadbe, glede na ženski ali moški spol in način dihanja (ustno ali nosno dihanje).
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2012
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Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human
respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012)
Luftbeschaffenheit - Probenahmekonventionen für die Abscheidung luftgetragener
Partikel im menschlichen Atmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012)
Qualité de l'air - Conventions de prélèvement de particules aéroportées en fonction de
leur dépôt dans les voies respiratoires humaines (ISO 13138:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13138:2012
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 13138
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2012
ICS 13.040.01
English Version
Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle
deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012)
Qualité de l'air - Conventions de prélèvement de particules Luftbeschaffenheit - Probenahmekonventionen für die
aéroportées en fonction de leur dépôt dans les voies Abscheidung luftgetragener Partikel im menschlichen
respiratoires humaines (ISO 13138:2012) Atmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 January 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13138:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 13138:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146 "Air quality" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and
biological agents” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by July 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13138:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 13138:2012 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13138
First edition
2012-01-15
Air quality — Sampling conventions for
airborne particle deposition in the human
respiratory system
Qualité de l’air — Conventions de prélèvement de particules
aéroportées en fonction de leur dépôt dans les voies respiratoires
humaines
Reference number
ISO 13138:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
ISO 13138:2012(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
ISO 13138:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Rationale for the early penetration conventions (EN 481 and ISO 7708) . 4
4.3 Need for particle deposition conventions . 4
4.4 Intended application . 4
5 Assumptions and approximations . 4
6 Deposition sampling conventions . 5
Annex A (informative) Deposition variation and its correction .10
Bibliography .16
ISO 13138:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13138 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace
atmospheres.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
ISO 13138:2012(E)
Introduction
Aerosols comprise disperse systems of particles, liquid or solid, inorganic or organic, anthropogenic or natural
in origin. They are found in all working and living environments, indoors or outdoors. The range of aerosol types
is vast. Many can be hazardous to humans when exposure occurs by inhalation, leading to a wide range of
diseases, depending on where inhaled particles are deposited in the respiratory tract. Many specific diseases
such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis (including coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis
and asbestosis), and lung cancer are all known to be associated with aerosol exposures by inhalation. Protection
of workers and the general public therefore requires meaningful standards by which such exposures may be
regulated. The emergence of such standards goes back to the beginning of the 1900s, and has accelerated
in the decades running up to the publication of this International Standard with increasing awareness of the
associations between exposures and disease, along with better understanding of the nature of aerosols and
exposures to them. Even very early on, the particle-size role in the penetration of particles into, and deposition
within, the respiratory tract has been acknowledged. Based on a large body of research that has been conducted
since 1960 and before, understanding of the role of particle size in the distribution of and deposition of particles
in the various regions of the respiratory tract has led to the stipulation of particle size-selective curves that
provide guidelines for the performance of sampling instruments, of the type widely used by occupational and
environmental hygienists, that may be used to measure exposures in a way that is directly relevant to any of
the health effects of interest.
The original conventions, based on experimental data from carefully controlled inhalation studies with human
volunteers, were expressed as curves describing penetration to the region of interest as a function of particle
size, latterly (since the 1960s) in terms of the metric known as particle aerodynamic diameter in the size range
extending from 0,5 μm to 100 μm. These conventions led to the emergence of samplers for collecting the inhalable,
thoracic, and respirable mass fractions of ambient airborne particles, in both working and living environments,
although the conventions are not restricted solely to mass sampling. The conventions were deliberately set
up conservatively in view of the large inter- and intra-person variation and with full acknowledgement that the
actual deposition of particles (and hence true exposure) differs from penetration, e.g. to or within the alveolar
region of the lung and other scenarios, especially when there are particularly fine aerosols. From the outset,
therefore, it was to be expected that correlations between disease and exposure might be somewhat limited.
However, such an approach readily paved the way for aerosol scientists to develop reasonably simple samplers
or monitors whose performance could adequately match the conventions of interest.
With the current availability of large amounts of information on aerosol particle deposition in the human
respiratory tract, with ongoing development of more advanced and truly representative sampling instruments,
and with research into health-effect determinants such as deposited particle surface area (as opposed to
mass), the establishment of conventions that allow for more direct estimations of actual deposition is now
justified. This International Standard provides conventions for samplers intended to represent fractions of
inhaled aerosol particles actually depositing in specific areas of the respiratory system. The particle size range
is extended below 0,1 μm where deposition is dominated by diffusion (Brownian motion).
Whether these new conventions will in fact lead to significantly improved correlation between exposure and
disease is, at the time of publication, still an open question. Nonetheless, deposition is likely to be a more
relevant potentially causative factor than one that includes exhaled particles that do not interact with the
body. Whereas the earlier conventions have already been adopted in many legal schemes for determining
compliance with exposure levels deemed safe, the newer conventions are expected to be applied initially in
forthcoming health effects research. Eventually, however, it is possible that compliance standards themselves
will be revised if suitable samplers come into use, and correlation between exposure measurements and health
effects are in fact found to be significantly improved.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13138:2012(E)
Air quality — Sampling conventions for airborne particle
deposition in the human respiratory system
IMPORTANT — The el
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