FprCEN/TR 17674
(Main)Bio-based products- Use of stable isotope ratios of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen as tools for verification of the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics of production processes - overview of relevant existing applications
Bio-based products- Use of stable isotope ratios of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen as tools for verification of the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics of production processes - overview of relevant existing applications
The stable isotope ratios of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen can be used to obtain information about the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics of production processes of bio-based products. However, no or limited attention for the use of the elements nitrogen and sulphur is given in this document due to the fact that these applications are not yet available.
This Technical Report provides an overview of existing applications of isotope ratio analysis of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that are relevant to the analysis of bio-based feedstocks, products and production processes
Biobasierte Produkte - Verwendung der Verhältnisse stabiler Isotope von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Stickstoff als Werkzeuge zur Überprüfung der Herkunft von biobasierten Rohstoffen und der Eigenschaften von Produktionsprozessen - Übersicht über relevante bestehende Anwendungen
Produits biosourcés - Utilisation des rapports isotopiques stables du carbone, de l’hydrogène, de l’oxygène et de l’azote comme outils de vérification de l’origine des matières premières biosourcées et des caractéristiques des procédés de production - Vue d’ensemble des applications existantes pertinentes
Bioizdelki - Uporaba stabilnih razmerij izotopov ogljika, vodika, kisika in dušika kot orodij za preverjanje izvora biosurovin in karakteristik proizvodnih procesov - Pregled ustrezne obstoječe uporabe
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17674:2021
01-junij-2021
Bioizdelki - Uporaba stabilnih razmerij izotopov ogljika, vodika, kisika in dušika kot
orodij za preverjanje izvora biosurovin in karakteristik proizvodnih procesov -Pregled ustrezne obstoječe uporabe
Bio-based products- Use of stable isotope ratios of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen as tools for verification of the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics
of production processes - overview of relevant existing applicationsBiobasierte Produkte - Verwendung der Verhältnisse stabiler Isotope von Kohlenstoff,
Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Stickstoff als Werkzeuge zur Überprüfung der Herkunft von
biobasierten Rohstoffen und der Eigenschaften von Produktionsprozessen - Übersicht
über relevante bestehende AnwendungenProduits biosourcés - Utilisation des rapports isotopiques stables du carbone, de
l’hydrogène, de l’oxygène et de l’azote comme outils de vérification de l’origine des
matières premières biosourcées et des caractéristiques des procédés de production -
Vue d’ensemble des applications existantes pertinentesTa slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17674
ICS:
13.020.55 Biološki izdelki Biobased products
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17674:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17674:2021
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL REPORT
FprCEN/TR 17674
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
March 2021
ICS
English Version
Bio-based products- Use of stable isotope ratios of Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen as tools for verification of
the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics of
production processes - overview of relevant existing
applications
Produits biosourcés - Utilisation des rapports Biobasierte Produkte - Verwendung der Verhältnisse
isotopiques stables du carbone, de l'hydrogène, de stabiler Isotope von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff,
l'oxygène et de l'azote comme outils de vérification de Sauerstoff und Stickstoff als Werkzeuge zur
l'origine des matières premières biosourcées et des Überprüfung der Herkunft von biobasierten Rohstoffen
caractéristiques des procédés de production - Vue und der Eigenschaften von Produktionsprozessen -
d'ensemble des applications existantes pertinentes Übersicht über relevante bestehende Anwendungen
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
411.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17674:2021 E
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Contents Page
European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 5
4 Direct isotopic measurements ................................................................................................................... 5
5 Assessment of the authenticity of natural products ........................................................................... 6
6 Overview of feedstock isotopic fingerprint ........................................................................................... 8
6.1 C4 plant ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.2 Other raw materials: C3 plants .................................................................................................................. 9
7 Determination of Biobased content for feedstocks and products .............................................. 10
7.1 Bioplastics ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
7.2 Bio-rubbers .................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.3 Biofuels – Bio-solvents ............................................................................................................................... 14
7.4 Biosurfactants ............................................................................................................................................... 15
7.5 Other bio products ....................................................................................................................................... 18
7.5.1 Biocosmetics .................................................................................................................................................. 18
7.5.2 Bio-Flavours-Foods ..................................................................................................................................... 21
7.5.3 Bio-pesticides ................................................................................................................................................ 21
8 Monitoring industrial process approach ............................................................................................. 22
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
8.2 Synthesis of Isosorbide .............................................................................................................................. 22
8.3 Synthesis of a specific plastic ................................................................................................................... 23
9 Supplementary benefits ............................................................................................................................. 25
9.1 Technical impacts ........................................................................................................................................ 25
9.1.1 Bulk Stable Isotope Analysis .................................................................................................................... 25
9.1.2 Compound Specific Isotope Analysis ..................................................................................................... 25
9.1.3 Approach multi methods ........................................................................................................................... 26
9.2 Sustainability criteria ................................................................................................................................. 27
9.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
9.2.2 Agricultural and social impacts .............................................................................................................. 27
9.2.3 Cosmetic issue ............................................................................................................................................... 27
9.2.4 Religious impact ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
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European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TR 17674:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio-
based products”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.This document is currently submitted to the Vote on TR.
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Introduction
Part of OPEN BIO Deliverable N°3.8 is used as starting point for the description given in this document.
Bio-based products from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper, board
and various chemicals and materials. Over the last decades new bio-based products have emerged in the
market. Some of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products’ benefits in relation
to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also provide additional
product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the development of knowledge and
technologies allowing new transformation processes and product development.Acknowledging the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission issued
Mandate M/492 , resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on bio-based
products other than food, feed and biomass for energy applications.The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products” provide a common basis on the following aspects:
— Common terminology— Bio-based content determination
— Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
— Sustainability aspects
— Declaration tools
It is important to understand what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The term
‘bio-based’ means 'derived from biomass'. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood and
wood products, paper solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, etc.) are products which
are wholly or partly derived from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass contained
in the product by, for instance, its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content.
The bio-based content of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or
sustainability, which may be assessed through LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent
and unambiguous communication within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized
framework for certification and declaration.This European Standard has been developed with the aim to specify the method for the determination of
oxygen content in bio-based products using an elemental analyser. This European Standard provides the
reference test methods for laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of bio-based product
materials and products. It may be also useful for authorities and inspection organizations.
Part of the research leading to this document has been performed under the European Union Seventh
Framework Programme OpenBio (see biobasedeconomy.eu)) A mandate is a standardization task embedded in European trade laws. Mandate M/492 is addressed to the
European Standardization bodies, CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, for the development of horizontal European Standards
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1 Scope
This document provides an overview of existing applications of isotope ratio analysis of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that are relevant to the analysis of bio-based feedstocks, products and
production processes.The stable isotope ratios of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen can be used to obtain information
about the origin of bio-based feedstock and characteristics of production processes of bio-based
products. However, no or limited attention for the use of the elements nitrogen and sulphur is given in
this document due to the fact that these applications are not yet available.2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 16575:2014, Bio-based products - Vocabulary3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 16575:2014 apply.
4 Direct isotopic measurementsAs described previously in Direct Automation OPEN BIO Deliverable N°3.7, isotopic measurements are
performed using an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). In order to test various samples (solids,
liquids), automatic elemental analysers (EA)are connected to isotope ratio mass spectrometer for whole
sample material for Bulk Stable Isotope Analysis (BSIA). This methodology is easy to operate, carries out
fast analyses (few minutes), and has relative low cost enabling multi isotopic determinations. EA-IRMS is
very suitable for regular authenticity controls of pure raw materials. Usually isotopic instruments are
able to give the isotopic values of all organic elements contained in the samples.
Isotopic ratio mass spectrometer can also be connected to chromatography devices (separate methods)
combustion or pyrolysis interface for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA).Two different processes
are available(GC-C/P-IRMS or LC-co-IRMS) depending on the molecules to be investigated. This approach
is extremely appropriate for regular authenticity control of natural mixture samples (flavour, honey, fruit
juice, essential oils…) and is well used in this scheme.Isotopic composition is reported in Delta notation (δ) (in this case the isotopic composition of carbon is
used as an example, other isotopes can be easily replaced in the formula):13 12
R (/C C )sample
13 12
δ( CC/ ) −1 *1 000
13 12
R (/C C )standard
The uncertainty of measurements carried out on modern devices in continuous flow isotope analysis is
good and enough to make difference on the difference origins of targeted compounds.
The uncertainties for BSIA are close to these values (in delta notation) depending on the supplier:
δ13C: ± 0.3 ‰ / δ15N: ± 0.3 ‰ / δ2H: ± 5 ‰ / δ18O: ± 1‰.Performances and precision of the different devices must be verified using references standards.
International reference standards are supplied by different organisations (International Agency of
Atomic Energy, National Bureau of Standards...) and validated by inter-comparison assessments.
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5 Assessment of the authenticity of natural products
During the last decades the measurement of isotope ratios has acquired increasing importance in quality
control, in the authenticity assessment of natural flavours, proof of authenticity of various food products.
Although chemical methods can be used to detect contamination they are limited when looking at the
geographical origin or to bring proof of authenticity. A high precision was developed for methods used to
detect adulteration of natural products and particularly the addition of synthesis molecules. Methods
13 12based on the determination of C/ C ratios were first applied on molecules previously isolated and
measured on offline combustion instruments.The carbon isotopic composition of plants depends on the carbon dioxide assimilation and the fixation of
carbon. Plants can be divided in three classes according to their metabolism assimilation. For most of the
plants (so called C3 plants) the first intermediary molecule elaborated is the phosphoglycerate (molecule
with 3 carbons atoms) and δ C generally range from −20 ‰ to −33 ‰. For the second class (C4 plants)
the first intermediate molecule is a malate (molecule with 4 carbons) and δ C are generally in the range
from −10 ‰ to −12 ‰ .Two plants are mainly representatives in this class: corn and sugar cane. Finally
the third class concern plants which can process with the 2 pathway phosphoglycerate and malate (CAM
plant) and the δ C ranges from −10 ‰ to −24 ‰. In this last category we can find vanilla and pineapple.
Among food flavours, vanilla has been probably the most investigated. Vanillin is the principal flavouring
constituent of vanilla beans an orchid which operates according to the CAM pathway. δ C of vanillin
origin beans is close to −20 ‰ where the δ C of synthesized vanillin are close to −28 ‰ when derived
from wood lignin (C3 plant) and −29 ‰ when derived from guaiacol (J., 1982).The development of a reference method about the detection of C4 plant sugars in honey by Jonathan
White was a significant progress in the struggle of adulteration (WhiteJ.W., 1992). The methodology
13 13C of protein extracted from honey and used as internal standard with δ C of honey. A
compares δdifference in excess of 1 permil in δ C evidences the presence of C4 additional sugar.
In 1990, the involvement of online coupling of high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with IRMS
through combustion interface (HRGC-C-IRMS) has provided access to the analysis of individual
13 12constituents of complex flavouring products by measuring in particularly C/ C ratios (Gleixner, 1998).
For food authenticity assessment, removal of the required extraction steps to isolate pure molecules was
a significant time saving. Several applied methods based on GC-C-IRMS have been developed:
Authenticity of essential oils such as Coriandrum (Franck C., 1995) mandarin oils (Faulhaber S., 1997)
beverages such as whisky (ParkerI.G., 1998) oils such as olive oil (Angerosa F., 1997).
18 2Plant water is always enriched in the heavy isotopes O and H related to the precipitation or
groundwater, and this enrichment depends on plant transpiration as a function of assimilation type (C3,
C4 or CAM plant). It can be assumed that the plant water O enrichment relative to precipitation water
decreases with increasing North latitude (Schmidt H.L., 2001).The development of the online gas chromatography pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HRGC–
2 1P-IRMS) technique used for the quantification of the ratio H/ H allows to acquire new data in the
authenticity of natural flavours assessment of natural origin of the main flavour compounds: Decanal,
2 1linalool, linalyl acetate (Hör K. R. C., 2001). All of these evidences results to the large variations in H/ H
ratios in nature and the wide gap between natural and synthesis origins.2 13
Furthermore the combination of H and C investigation using HRGC-C/P–IRMS has been a significant
improvement in the knowledge of the assessment of natural molecules: citral (Hör K. R. C., 2001) (Trang
T.T.N, 2006) ά and β ionone (Sewenig S., 2005) (Caja M.del M., 2007) Ϫ and β decalactone (Tamura H.,
2005).18 16
The last step has been to associate the pyrolysis interface for the determination of O/ O isotope ratios
2 1 13 12in complement to the others isotope ( H/ H and C/ C) with the aim to deliver a three-dimensional plot.
New applications were demonstrated for the authenticity of natural compounds: linalyl acetate and
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In 2004, the development of Liquid Chromatography coupled to stable carbon Isotope Ratio Mass
Spectrometry via a Chemical Oxidation interface LC-Co-IRMS allowed new applications and perspectives
in the authentication of origin. Twenty two amino acids were separated and the C values determined.
The results were similar to those extracted with chemical process and evaluated using an EA-IRMS
approach (Godin J.P., 2005). Cabanero et al. (Cabanero A.I., 2010) showed a method allowing the
determination of glycerol and ethanol. The results obtained were in good agreement with those
performed using EA-IRMS. Guyon et al. (Guyon F., 2011) improved this method leading the determination
of δ C of glucose, fructose, glycerol and ethanol in the same run for wine authentication check.
The development of laser spectroscopy permits to determine the organic isotope ratios in gases with an
inherent compound–specific. Analytes do not necessarily need to be isolated, separated or trapped.
Keppler et al. (KepplerF., 2010) showed the interest of the determination of C in methane from
anaerobic digesters. A large part of these isotopic methods are regularly undertaken to check the
authenticity of flavours, essential oils and natural products in trading process. For industries involved in
the fields of food, perfumes, essentials oils and cosmetics, stable isotopic approaches are definitely useful
tools in the aim of validating the authenticity of natural products regarding synthesis adulteration, even
if they know that the uncertainty could be quite important due to the variation of plants origins.
During the last decade, stable isotope laboratories involved in authenticity assessment collected lots of
isotopic data related to the different origins of molecules. This work is important and must be continued
to ensure a steady evaluation of the database collected for authenticity validation.
Some isotopic methods have been also recognized as international methods. The list in Table 1 gives some
examples of the official methods elaborated in the naturalness authenticity assessment.
Table 1 — Examples of official methods using stable isotope ratiosOrganization Method reference Title
Fruit and vegetables juices - Determination of the stable
carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) of sugars from fruit juices-
CEN ENV 12140 method using isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Method for determination of stable oxygen isotope ratio
(18O/16O) of water from fruit juices, using isotope ratio mass
CEN ENV 12141 spectrometry
Method for determination of stable hydrogen isotope ratio
(2H/1H) of water from fruit juices, using isotope ratio mass
CEN ENV 12142 spectrometry
AOAC Method 998.12 Detection of C-4 Plant Sugars in Honey by 13C/12C analysis
Methods 981.09 and Detection of addition of beet sugars in fruit juices (13C/12C
AOAC 982.21 analysis)
Carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometric method for
AOAC Method 984.23 detection of corn syrup and cane sugar in maple syrup
Determination of sugar beet derived syrups in frozen
AOAC Method 992.09 concentrated orange juice- δ18O measurements in water
Carbon stable isotope ratio of ethanol derived from fruit
AOAC Method 2004.01 juices and maple syrups
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Organization Method reference Title
Determination by isotope ratio mass spectrometry of
Resolution 13C/12C of wine ethanol or that obtained through the
OIV OENO/7/2001 fermentation of musts, concentrated must or grape sugar
Determination of the carbon isotope ratio 13C/12C of CO in
Resolution sparkling wines method using isotope ratio mass
OIV OENO/7/2005 spectrometry (IRMS)
Association of analytical communities
International Organization of vine and wine
Isotopic analysis used for the assessment of natural product are undertaken to validate (or not) the
authenticity of the target samples. In the field of biobased product, a compound could be biobased, non-
biobased or partly biobased with a known level of biobased content. If the isotopic methodology would
be used as an accepted method, it could bring this assessment of the biobased content with the higher
acceptable uncertainty.6 Overview of feedstock isotopic fingerprint
6.1 C4 plant
Sugar cane and maize have a specific isotopic C fingerprint due to their belonging to the C4
photosynthesis pathway cycle and are among the major feedstock employed.Sugar cane
Rodushkin et al. (Rodushkin I., 2011) present the results of an inter-laboratory program based on the
multi elements and isotopic measurements of several sugar samples with different geographical origins:
USA, Costa Rica, Argentina and Swaziland. The results obtained on these cane sugar samples were:
δ C Values range from −10.5 to −12.6 ‰ .δ C Average −11.70 ‰ SD 0.52 ‰
Two samples have been analysed (see Table 2).
Table 2 - measurement of sugar cane samples from various geographical origins
13 2 18
references plant origin δ C (‰) δ H (‰) δ O (‰)
sugar cane Paraguay −11.71 −3 35
Reunion Island −11.66 11 37
Corn
Several samples of starch have been analysed. They originate from the fields of production feeding the
biobased industry factories (Table 3).---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
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Table 3 - Measurements of corn samples from various geographical origins
13 2 18
references plant origin δ C (‰) δ H δ O (‰)
(‰)
starch corn China −11.66 −28 30
France −11.44 −16 32
Italia −11.81 −19 32
Spain −11.49 −21 32
France −11.42 −2.5 33
Brazil −10.72 −21 29
Brazil −11.02 −25 29
USA −10.82 −17 29
Turkey −11.51 −22 31
δ C Values range from −11.81 to −10.72 ‰ .
δ C Average −11.34 ‰ SD 0.35 ‰
δ C measured on C4 plant origin sample were in good agreement with data published.
6.2 Other raw materials: C3 plantsRodushkin et al. (Rodushkin I., 2011) have reported the results of an inter-laboratory program based on
the multi elements and isotopic measurements of several sugar samples with different geographical
origins: Moldavia, Poland, France, Netherlands, Germany, Hungary and USA. The results obtained on
various cane sugar samples were:δ C Values range from −23.8 to −26.5 ‰ .
δ C Average −24.98 ‰ SD 0.75 ‰
Starch which is a significant raw-material could be originated from various origins. Table 4 presents the
δ C of starch samples from C3 plants.Table 4 - Measurements of starches from various origins
13 2 18
references plant origin δ C (‰) δ H (‰) δ O (‰)
wheat France −26.91 −47 31
Corby −27.00 −43 32
France −27.21 −43 32
pea France −27.38 −40.5 33
potatoes Denmark −28.44 −102 27
France −26.51 −79 35
tapioca Brazil −26.11 −82 29
13 18
δ C measured of C3 starch samples range from −26 to −28 ‰. δ O obtained on C3 and C4 starch plant
origins seem to be in the same isotopic area.---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
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7 Determination of Biobased content for feedstocks and products
7.1 Bioplastics
Current plastics products are composed of biobased synthetic polymers, fossil-based synthetic polymers,
natural polymers and additives that can include biobased materials. “Biobased plastic” refers to plastic
that contains materials wholly or partly of biogenic origin (Plastics - Biobased Content Part 5: declaration
of biobased carbon content, biobased synthetic polymer content and biobased mass content).
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)In 2009 the Coca-Cola Company presented their Plant Bottle® PET packaging innovation made from up
to 30 % biobased, sugar cane renewable materials. The new product encompasses a part of MEG (mono
ethylene glycol) biobased origin in the PET final product.In response, the Coca-Cola Analytical Science Team has developed a novel patent (pending) using an
analytical method to quantify the amount of biobased material in Plant Bottle® PET resin. This new
approach has shown good reproducibility and accuracy, with excellent correlation to the conventional
ASTM 6866 method using radiocarbon analysis. The new method is performed using an elemental
analyser TOC (total organic carbon) connected to a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) detector (TOC-
CRDS). This equipment allows the determination of the delta C value from a sample after combustion.
13 14The correlation between the delta C values and the C measurements connected to the biobased carbon
content were in good accordance allowing the C method to be an efficient alternative method in this
particular industrial process. Rapidity and relatively inexpensive test are also significant advantages of
the alternative stable isotopic approach (Brevet n° WO 2012/174104 Al, 2012).Suzuki et al. presented the ability of δ C method to discriminate between plant
...
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