prEN ISO/ASTM 52948
(Main)Additive manufacturing for metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Imperfections classification in PBF parts (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Additive manufacturing for metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Imperfections classification in PBF parts (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
This document specifies a classification of the imperfections likely to be generated during an additive manufacturing operation by PBF-LB (laser beam powder bed fusion) or PBF-EB (electron beam powder bed fusion) for metal parts. This document also indicates the most probable causes of the formation of imperfections and gives some illustrations taken from feedback.
NOTE This classification applies to both PBF-LB and PBF-EB processes and can be extended to other additive manufacturing processes.
Additive Fertigung für Metalle - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Bewertung - Klassifizierung von Fehlern in PBF-Teilen (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais et évaluations non destructifs - Classification des imperfections dans les pièces PBF (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Dodajalna izdelava kovinskih izdelkov - Neporušitveno preskušanje in vrednotenje - Razvrstitev nepravilnosti v izdelkih, izdelanih s spajanjem prahu na podlagi (PBF) (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2023
Aditivna proizvodnja kovinskih izdelkov - Neporušitveno preskušanje in
vrednotenje - Razvrstitev nepravilnosti v delih, izdelanih s spajanjem prahu v
postelji (PBF) (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Additive manufacturing for metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation -
Imperfections classification in PBF parts (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Additive Fertigung für Metalle - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Bewertung - Klassifizierung
von Fehlern in PBF-Teilen (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais et évaluations non destructifs - Classification des
imperfections dans les pièces PBF (ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52948
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2023-10-02 2023-12-25
Additive manufacturing for metals — Non-destructive
testing and evaluation — Imperfections classification in
PBF parts
Fabrication additive de métaux — Essais et évaluations non destructifs — Classification des imperfections
dans les pièces PBF
ICS: 25.030; 19.100
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
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NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
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NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
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PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Additive manufacturing for metals — Non-destructive
testing and evaluation — Imperfections classification in
PBF parts
Fabrication additive de métaux — Essais et évaluations non destructifs — Classification des imperfections
dans les pièces PBF
ICS: 25.030; 19.100
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
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be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
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or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
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NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
Published in Switzerland
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
ii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Classification of imperfections . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Designation . 4
4.3 Detailed classification of imperfections occurring in additive manufacturing . 5
4.3.1 General . 5
4.3.2 Cracks . 5
4.3.3 Porosity . . . 5
4.3.4 Inclusions . 5
4.3.5 Lack of fusion . 5
4.3.6 Shape imperfections and dimensional imperfections . 5
4.3.7 Other imperfections . 5
Annex A (informative) Illustration of imperfections and associated visual and
metallographic controls .21
Annex B (informative) Imperfections deriving from issues related to the process or to
the equipment .33
Annex C (informative) Powder imperfections.37
Annex D (informative) Imperfections appearing at subsequent production steps.38
Bibliography .39
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with ASTM
Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement between
ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive
manufacturing, and in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
Introduction
Metal laser powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) using a laser beam (PBF-LB) or an
electron beam (PBF-EB) is in full development. It consists of depositing layers of powder on a tray and
fusing each layer with a laser or electron beam. It is thus possible to produce parts of great geometric
complexity.
The control of this process is the subject of numerous studies to attain the best possible quality. It
is essential to supplement the approaches addressed by these studies with a standard describing
observable imperfections to serve as a basis for non-destructive testing (NDT).
Knowledge of the imperfections generated by the manufacturing process and their standardised
classification are preliminary and essential steps in defining and applying acceptance.
v
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
Additive manufacturing for metals — Non-destructive
testing and evaluation — Imperfections classification in
PBF parts
1 Scope
This document specifies the classification of imperfections likely to be generated during an additive
manufacturing process by PBF-LB (laser beam powder bed fusion) or PBF-EB (electron beam powder
bed fusion) for metallic parts.
This document also indicates the most probable causes of the formation of imperfections and includes
illustrations.
This can be extended to other additive manufacturing process categories as long as no other related
standard exists.
Acceptance criteria for imperfections are not included in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the version cited applies. For
undated references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 3252, Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO 3252, ISO/ASTM 52900 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardisation at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
contour
one or a set of scan trajectories following the edges of the layer
Note 1 to entry: Among scanning strategies, it is very common to use one or more contours, which consist of
paths that follow the edges of the layer.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52948:2023(E)
Key
1 weld bead
2 core scanning strategy
3 geom
...
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