EN 62232:2017
(Main)Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
IEC 62232:2017(E) provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: - considers intentionally radiating RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz; - considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; - specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: - product compliance - determination of compliance boundary information for an RBS product before it is placed on the market; - product installation compliance - determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from an RBS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into service; - in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of an RBS installation after the product has been taken into operation; - describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations; - describes how surveyors, with a sufficient level of expertise, establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; - provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value and - provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies given in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [1] This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011 and constitutes a technical revision.
Bestimmung der HF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) in der Nachbarschaft von Funkkommunikations-Basisstationen zur Ermittlung der menschlichen Exposition
Détermination de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine
IEC 62232:2017 donne des méthodes de détermination du champ de radiofréquences (RF) et du débit d'absorption spécifique (DAS) à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication (RBS) dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine. Le présent document: - examine des RBS rayonnant intentionnellement qui transmettent sur une ou plusieurs antennes dans la plage de fréquences de 110 MHz à 100 GHz; - étudie l'impact des sources ambiantes d'exposition RF au moins dans la plage de fréquences de 100 kHz à 300 GHz; - spécifie les méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition RF à utiliser pour les applications d'appréciation de la conformité, à savoir: - conformité du produit: détermination des informations sur la frontière de conformité des produits RBS avant leur commercialisation; - conformité de l'installation du produit: détermination des niveaux d'exposition RF totaux dans les zones accessibles depuis un produit RBS et les autres sources pertinentes avant la mise en service du produit; - appréciation de l'exposition RF sur site: mesure des niveaux d'exposition RF à proximité d'une installation RBS après la mise en service du produit; - décrit plusieurs méthodologies de mesure et de calcul de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences et du DAS avec des recommandations relatives à leur applicabilité pour couvrir tant l'évaluation sur site des RBS installées que les évaluations en laboratoire; - décrit la manière dont un vérificateur ayant des compétences suffisantes établit ses propres procédures d'évaluation, en fonction de ses objectifs d'évaluation; - fournit des recommandations quant à la manière de rendre compte, d'interpréter et de comparer les résultats obtenus à partir de différentes méthodologies d'évaluation et, lorsque l'objectif de l'évaluation l'exige, prendre une décision justifiée en vertu d'une valeur limite donnée; - fournit, à titre informatif, de brèves descriptions d'exemples d'études de cas dans le cadre de la comparaison avec le rapport technique IEC 62669 Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2011, dont elle constitue une révision technique.
Določitev RF poljske jakosti, gostote moči in SAR v okolici radiokomunikacijskih baznih postaj za namene ocenjevanja izpostavljenosti ljudi
Ta dokument podaja metode za določitev radiofrekvenčne (RF) poljske jakosti, gostote moči in specifične hitrosti absorpcije (SAR), v okolici radiokomunikacijskih baznih postaj (RBS) za namene ocenjevanja izpostavljenosti ljudi.
Ta dokument:
a) upošteva namenoma sevajočo radiokomunikacijsko postajo, ki oddaja z eno ali več antenami, ki uporabljajo eno ali več frekvenc v območju od 110 MHz do 100 GHz;
b) upošteva vpliv virov iz okolja na izpostavljenost radijskim frekvencam v frekvenčnem območju vsaj od 100 kHz do 300 GHz;
c) določa metode, ki se uporabljajo za vrednotenje izpostavljenosti radijskim frekvencam za oceno skladnosti, in sicer:
1) skladnosti izdelka – določitev informacij o omejitvi skladnosti za radiokomunikacijsko bazno postajo, preden je dana na trg;
2) skladnosti namestitve izdelka – določitev ravni skupne izpostavljenosti radijskim frekvencam v dostopnih območjih pri radiokomunikacijski bazni postaji in drugih zadevnih virov, preden se izdelek začne uporabljati;
3) ocena izpostavljenosti radijskim frekvencam na kraju samem – merjenje ravni izpostavljenosti radijskim frekvencam na kraju samem v bližini radiokomunikacijske bazne postaje, ko izdelek začne obratovati;
d) opisuje več metodologij za merjenje in izračun radiofrekvenčne poljske jakosti in specifične hitrosti absorpcije z navodili za njihovo uporabo pri obravnavi vrednotenja nameščene radiokomunikacijske bazne postaje na kraju samem in vrednotenj v laboratoriju;
e) opisuje, kako nadzorniki z ustreznim strokovnim znanjem, vzpostavijo svoje posebne postopke vrednotenja, ki so primerni za njihov namen vrednotenja;
f) podaja navodila za poročanje o rezultatih, njihovo razlago in primerjanje rezultatov različnih metodologij vrednotenja ter, če to zahteva namen vrednotenja, navodila za določanje utemeljene odločitve glede mejne vrednosti;
g) vključuje kratek opis informativnih vzorčnih študij primerov, podanih v spremljevalnem tehničnem poročilu IEC TR 62669 [1].
General Information
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 62232:2017 is a standard published by CLC. Its full title is "Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure". This standard covers: IEC 62232:2017(E) provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: - considers intentionally radiating RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz; - considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; - specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: - product compliance - determination of compliance boundary information for an RBS product before it is placed on the market; - product installation compliance - determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from an RBS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into service; - in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of an RBS installation after the product has been taken into operation; - describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations; - describes how surveyors, with a sufficient level of expertise, establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; - provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value and - provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies given in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [1] This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011 and constitutes a technical revision.
IEC 62232:2017(E) provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: - considers intentionally radiating RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz; - considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; - specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: - product compliance - determination of compliance boundary information for an RBS product before it is placed on the market; - product installation compliance - determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from an RBS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into service; - in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of an RBS installation after the product has been taken into operation; - describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations; - describes how surveyors, with a sufficient level of expertise, establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; - provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value and - provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies given in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [1] This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011 and constitutes a technical revision.
EN 62232:2017 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.280 - Radiation protection; 17.240 - Radiation measurements. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 62232:2017 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 50383:2010, EN 50492:2008, EN 50400:2006, EN 50492:2008/A1:2014, EN 50383:2010/AC:2013, EN 50400:2006/A1:2012, EN 50400:2006/AC:2011, EN IEC 62232:2022, EN 50483-2:2009, EN 50483-1:2009, EN 50483-5:2009, EN 50483-4:2009, EN 50483-6:2009, EN 50483-3:2009. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.NRPXQLNDFLMVNLKDetermination of rf field strength, power density and sar in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure17.240Merjenje sevanjaRadiation measurements13.280Varstvo pred sevanjemRadiation protectionICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 62232:2017SIST EN 62232:2019en01-april-2019SIST EN 62232:2019SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 50400:2006/AC:2012SIST EN 50492:2009SIST EN 50492:2009/A1:2014SIST EN 50400:2006/A1:2014SIST EN 50383:2010SIST EN 50383:2010/AC:2013SIST EN 50400:20061DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 62232
December 2017 ICS 13.280; 17.240 Supersedes EN 50383:2010, EN 50400:2006, EN 50492:2008 English Version
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure (IEC 62232:2017)
Détermination des champs de radiofréquences, densité de puissance et du DAS aux environs des stations de base utilisées pour les communications radio dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine (IEC 62232:2017)
Bestimmung der HF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) in der Nachbarschaft von Funkkommunikations-Basisstationen zur Ermittlung der menschlichen Exposition (IEC 62232:2017) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2017-09-27. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels © 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 62232:2017 E SIST EN 62232:2019
The following dates are fixed: • latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2018-06-27 • latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2020-09-27
This document supersedes EN 50400:2006 + AC:2011 + A1:2012, EN 50383:2010 + AC:2013 and EN 50492:2008 + A1:2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62232:2017 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
ISO/IEC 17025 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17025. CISPR 16-4-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 55016-4-2. SIST EN 62232:2019
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1
Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2
Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 62209-1 -
Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures - Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz) EN 62209-1 -
IEC 62209-2 -
Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures - Part 2: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the human body (frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz) EN 62209-2 -
IEC 62479 -
Assessment of the compliance of low power electronic and electrical equipment with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (10 MHz to 300 GHz) EN 62479 -
IEC 62311 -
Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restrictions for electromagnetic fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz) EN 62311 -
IEC 62232 Edition 2.0 2017-08 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
ICS 13.280; 17.240
ISBN 978-2-8322-4635-1
– 2 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 12 INTRODUCTION . 14 1 Scope . 15 2 Normative references . 15 3 Terms and definitions . 16 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 22 4.1 Physical quantities . 22 4.2 Constants . 23 4.3 Abbreviated terms . 23 5 Quick start guide and how to use this document . 24 5.1 Overview. 24 5.2 Quick start guide . 24 5.3 How to use this document . 26 5.4 Worked case studies . 27 6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments . 27 6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 27 6.1.1 General . 27 6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 27 6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 28 6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 28 6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 30 6.1.6 Uncertainty . 32 6.1.7 Reporting . 32 6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 33 6.2.1 General . 33 6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 33 6.2.3 Product installation data collection . 34 6.2.4 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 35 6.2.5 Assessment area selection . 37 6.2.6 Measurements . 39 6.2.7 Computations . 40 6.2.8 Uncertainty . 41 6.2.9 Reporting . 41 6.3 Evaluation processes for in-situ RF exposure assessment . 42 6.3.1 General requirements, source determination and site analysis . 42 6.3.2 Measurement procedures . 44 6.3.3 Uncertainty . 45 6.3.4 Reporting . 45 6.4 Averaging procedures . 46 6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 46 6.4.2 Time averaging . 46 7 Determining the evaluation method . 46 7.1 Overview. 46 7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 46 7.2.1 General . 46 SIST EN 62232:2019
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7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane . 47 7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 49 8 Evaluation methods . 49 8.1 Overview. 49 8.2 Measurement methods . 50 8.2.1 General . 50 8.2.2 RF field strength measurements . 50 8.2.3 SAR measurements . 51 8.3 Computation methods . 52 9 Uncertainty . 53 10 Reporting. 54 10.1 General requirements . 54 10.2 Report format . 54 10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 55 Annex A (informative)
Source environment plane and
guidance on the evaluation method selection . 56 A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 56 A.1.1 General . 56 A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 56 A.1.3 Source regions . 57 A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 63 A.3 Select measurement method . 64 A.3.1 Selection stages . 64 A.3.2 Selecting between field strength and SAR measurement approaches . 64 A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency-selective measurement . 65 A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 66 A.4 Select computation method . 66 A.5 Additional considerations . 68 A.5.1 Simplicity . 68 A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 68 A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 68 Annex B (normative)
Evaluation methods . 69 B.1 Overview. 69 B.2 Evaluation parameters . 69 B.2.1 Overview . 69 B.2.2 Coordinate systems . 69 B.2.3 Reference points . 70 B.2.4 Variables . 70 B.3 Measurement methods . 73 B.3.1 RF field strength measurements . 73 B.3.2 SAR measurements . 104 B.4 Computation methods . 114 B.4.1 Overview and general requirements . 114 B.4.2 Formulas . 115 B.4.3 Basic algorithms . 123 B.4.4 Advanced computation methods . 129 B.5 Extrapolation from the evaluated SAR / RF field strength to the required assessment condition. 150 SIST EN 62232:2019
– 4 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 B.5.1 Extrapolation method . 150 B.5.2 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength using broadband measurements . 151 B.5.3 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength for frequency and code selective measurements . 151 B.5.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 152 B.6 Summation of multiple RF fields . 152 B.6.1 Applicability . 152 B.6.2 Uncorrelated fields . 153 B.6.3 Correlated fields . 153 B.6.4 Ambient fields . 153 Annex C (informative)
Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria. 154 C.1 General . 154 C.2 Class E2 . 154 C.3 Class E10 . 155 C.4 Class E100 . 155 C.5 Class E+ . 157 Annex D (informative)
Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters
with a limit value. 159 D.1 Overview. 159 D.2 Information required to compare evaluated value against limit value . 159 D.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level. 159 D.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process based assessment scheme . 160 Annex E (informative)
Uncertainty . 161 E.1 Background. 161 E.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty . 161 E.3 How to estimate uncertainty . 162 E.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes . 162 E.4.1 General . 162 E.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes . 162 E.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes . 163 E.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities . 166 E.5 Guidance on uncertainty . 168 E.5.1 Overview . 168 E.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels . 169 E.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments . 170 E.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements . 170 E.7.1 General . 170 E.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe . 171 E.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe . 171 E.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe . 173 E.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser . 173 E.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe . 173 E.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe . 173 E.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty . 173 E.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source . 174 E.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time varying signals . 174 E.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source . 174 E.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients . 174 SIST EN 62232:2019
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E.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object . 176 E.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body . 177 E.7.15 Measurement device . 178 E.7.16 Fields out of measurement range . 178 E.7.17 Noise . 179 E.7.18 Integration time . 179 E.7.19 Power chain . 179 E.7.20 Positioning system . 179 E.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT . 179 E.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity . 179 E.7.23 Perturbation by the environment . 179 E.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods . 180 E.8.1 General . 180 E.8.2 System . 180 E.8.3 Technique uncertainties . 181 E.8.4 Environmental uncertainties . 181 E.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements . 182 E.9.1 General . 182 E.9.2 Post-processing . 182 E.9.3 Device holder . 182 E.9.4 Test sample positioning . 183 E.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty . 184 E.9.6 SAR correction / target liquid permittivity and conductivity . 184 E.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements . 184 E.9.8 Liquid temperature . 185 E.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations . 185 E.11 Spatial averaging . 185 E.11.1 General . 185 E.11.2 Small-scale fading variations . 186 E.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 186 E.11.4 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 187 E.11.5 Characterization of environment statistical properties . 187 E.11.6 Characterization of different averaging schemes. 188 E.12 Influence of human body on probe measurements of the electrical field strength . 192 E.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on probe measurements based on the Method of Moments (Surface Equivalence Principle) . 192 E.12.2 Comparison with measurements . 194 E.12.3 Conclusions . 194 Annex F (informative)
Technology-specific guidance . 195 F.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 195 F.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 195 F.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 199 F.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings . 199 F.3.2 Detection algorithms . 199 F.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 200 F.3.4 Integration per service . 202 F.4 Constant power components . 203 SIST EN 62232:2019
– 6 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 F.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 203 F.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 203 F.4.3 OFDM technology . 204 F.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 204 F.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General. 204 F.5.2 Requirements for the code domain analyser . 204 F.5.3 Calibration . 205 F.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 207 F.6.1 General . 207 F.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 207 F.6.3 Channel occupation . 208 F.6.4 Some considerations . 208 F.6.5 Scalability by channel occupation . 209 F.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 209 F.7 LTE measurements for Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) . 209 F.7.1 Overview . 209 F.7.2 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 210 F.7.3 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 213 F.7.4 MIMO multiplexing of LTE base station . 213 F.8 LTE measurements for Time Division Duplexing (TDD) . 214 F.8.1 General . 214 F.8.2 Definitions and transmission modes . 214 F.8.3 TDD frame structure . 215 F.8.4 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 217 F.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated wave-forms . 220 F.9.1 General . 220 F.9.2 Field combining near radio base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries . 221 F.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns . 222 F.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas . 222 F.10 Smart antennas . 223 F.10.1 Overview . 223 F.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach . 223 F.10.3 Statistical conservative approach. 223 F.10.4 Example approaches . 224 F.10.5 Smart antenna (TD-LTE) . 233 F.11 Establishing compliance boundary for systems using dish antennas . 233 F.11.1 General . 233 F.11.2 Overview . 234 F.11.3 Compliance boundary of a dish antenna . 234 Bibliography . 236
Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process . 25 Figure 2 – Example of complex compliance boundary . 28 Figure 3 – Example of circular cylindrical compliance boundaries . 28 Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary . 29 Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary . 29 SIST EN 62232:2019
IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 – 7 –
Figure 6 – Example of dish antenna compliance
boundary (from [11]) . 30 Figure 7 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure . 31 Figure 8 − clowchart describing the product installation evaluation process . 34 Figure 9 – Square-shaped assessment domain boundary (ADB) with size Dad . 39 Figure 10 – Alternative routes to evaluate in-situ RF exposure . 43 Figure 11 – Source-environment plane concept . 48 Figure 12 – Flow chart of the measurement methods . 50 Figure 13 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods . 52 Figure A.1 – Example source-environment plane regions near a radio base station antenna on a tower which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth
(not to scale). 56 Figure A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antenna which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale) . 57 Figure A.3 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend . 58 Figure A.4 – Maximum path difference
for an antenna with largest linear dimension L . 62 Figure B.1 – Cylindrical, cartesian and spherical coordinates relative to the RBS antenna . 70 Figure B.2 – Evaluation locations . 81 Figure B.3 – Relationship of separation of remote radio source and evaluation area to separation of evaluation points . 82 Figure B.4 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology . 84 Figure B.5 – Block diagram of the near-field antenna
measurement system . 85 Figure B.6 – Minimum radius constraint where a denotes the minimum radius of a sphere, centred at the reference point, that will encompass the EUT . 86 Figure B.7 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint . 86 Figure B.8 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology . 90 Figure B.9 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT
measurement system . 91 Figure B.10 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to foot support level and in the vertical plane oriented to offer maximum area in the
direction of the source being evaluated . 97 Figure B.11 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field
strength point height . 97 Figure B.12 – Positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom . 105 Figure B.13 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volume used for whole-body SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms . 111 Figure B.14 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane . 116 Figure B.15 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear arrays, with and without electrical downtilt . 116 Figure B.16 – Leaky feeder geometry . 118 Figure B.17 – Directions for which SAR estimation
expressions are given . 119 Figure B.18 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right) . 124 Figure B.19 – Views illustrating the three valid zones for field
strength computation around an antenna . 125 Figure B.20 – Cylindrical formulas reference results . 128 Figure B.21 – Spherical formulas reference results . 129 Figure B.22 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
geometry and parameters . 131 SIST EN 62232:2019
– 8 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 Figure B.23 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model and
ray tracing validation example . 134 Figure B.24 – Antenna parameters for synthetic model and ray tracing
algorithms validation example . 135 Figure B.25 – Generic 900 MHz RBS antenna with nine dipole radiators . 142 Figure B.26 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positions for full wave
and ray tracing validation . 142 Figure B.27 – Generic 1 800 MHz RBS antenna with five slot radiators . 143 Figure B.28 – RBS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder . 149 Figure B.29 – Time variation over 24 h of the exposure induced by
GSM 1bØ8MM MHz (left) and FM (right) both normalized to mean . 152 Figure C.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a low power BS (G = 5 dBi, f = 2bØ1MM Mezc transmitting with an EIRP of 2 W (class E2) and 10 W (class E10) . 154 Figure C.2 – Minimum installation height as a function of
transmitting power corresponding to class E10 . 155 Figure C.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established according to the far-field formula corresponding to class E100 . 156 Figure C.4 – Minimum installation height as a function of
transmitting power corresponding to class E100 . 156 Figure C.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation
configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (class E100) . 157 Figure C.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established according to the far-field formula corresponding to class E+ . 158 Figure C.7 – Minimum installation height as a function of
transmitting power corresponding to class E+ . 158 Figure E.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes . 164 Figure E.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview . 165 Figure E.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below)
the evaluated value depending on the confidence level
assuming a normal distribution . 169 Figure E.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2) provided from
an example calibration report for an electric field probe . 172 Figure E.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysis
of reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor . 177 Figure E.6 – Positioning device and different positioning errors . 183 Figure E.7 – Physical model of Rayleigh (a) and Rice (b)
small-scale fading variations . 185 Figure E.8 – Example of E field strength variations in line of sight of an antenna operating at 2,2 GHz . 186 Figure E.9 – Error at 95% on average power estimation . 187 Figure E.10 – 343 measurement positions building a cube (centre)
and different templates consisting of a different number of positions . 188 Figure E.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the CUBE. 189 Figure E.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS . 191 Figure E.13 – Simulation arrangement . 193 Figure E.14 – Body influence . 193 Figure E.15 – Simulation arrangement . 194 Figure F.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK . 200 Figure F.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA . 201 Figure F.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal . 204 SIST EN 62232:2019
IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017 – 9 –
Figure F.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames . 207 Figure F.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration
time for IEEE 802.11b standard . 208 Figure F.6 – Channel occupation versus nominal throughput rate for IEEE 802.11b/g standards . 208 Figure F.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot . 209 Figure F.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE downlink . 210 Figure F.9 – Examples of received waves from LTE downlink signals
using a spectrum analyser using zero span mode . 213 Figure F.10 – Frame structure type 2 (for 5 ms switch-p
...
IEC 62232: 2017 (E)는 인간 노출 평가를 위해 무선 통신 기지국 (RBS) 근처에서의 무선 주파수 (RF) 전자기장 세기와 특정 흡수율 (SAR)을 결정하는 방법을 제공합니다. 이 문서는 다음을 고려합니다. 의도적으로 방출되는 하나 이상의 안테나와 110 MHz에서 100 GHz 범위의 하나 이상의 주파수로 송신하는 RBS를 고려합니다; 환경 소스의 RF 노출에 대한 영향을 고려합니다. 적어도 100 kHz에서 300 GHz의 주파수 범위; 규정 준수 평가 응용 분야에서 RF 노출 평가를 위해 사용되는 방법을 지정합니다. 제품 규정 준수 - 시장에 출시되기 전에 RBS 제품의 규정 준수 경계 정보를 결정하는 방법입니다. 제품 설치 준수 - 제품 사용 전에 RBS 제품 및 기타 관련 소스로부터 접근 가능한 영역에서의 총 RF 노출 수준을 결정하는 방법입니다. 현장 RF 노출 평가 - 제품이 가동된 후 RBS 설치 근처의 현장 RF 노출 수준을 측정하는 방법입니다. 설치된 RBS와 실험실 기반 평가 양쪽을 고려하여 RF 전자기장 세기와 SAR 측정 및 계산 방법론을 설명합니다. 또한, 해당 평가 목적에 적합한 자신의 평가 절차를 수립하는 데 충분한 전문 지식을 갖춘 조사자가 어떻게 수행되는지에 대한 안내도 제공합니다. 또한, 서로 다른 평가 방법론의 결과를 보고, 해석 및 비교하는 방법과, 평가 목적에 따라 정당화된 결정을 내리고 제한 값을 대비하는 방법에 대한 안내도 제공합니다. 이 문서는 2011년에 출판된 첫 번째 판을 취소하고 개정된 기술을 구성합니다.
IEC 62232:2017(E) is a document that provides methods for determining radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) near radiocommunication base stations (RBS) in order to evaluate human exposure. The document covers RBS that transmit on one or more antennas using frequencies from 110 MHz to 100 GHz. It also considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range. The document specifies methods for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, such as product compliance, product installation compliance, and in-situ RF exposure assessment. It describes various RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies for both laboratory-based evaluations and evaluations of installed RBS. The document also provides guidance on establishing evaluation procedures, reporting and interpreting results, comparing results from different methodologies, and making justified decisions against limit values. This second edition replaces the first edition published in 2011 and is a technical revision.
IEC 62232:2017(E)は、人間の露出評価のために、無線通信基地局（RBS）の周辺での無線周波数（RF）電界強度と特定吸収率（SAR）を決定するための方法を提供します。この文書では、110 MHzから100 GHzの周波数を使用して1つまたは複数のアンテナで送信する意図的な発信するRBSを考慮しています。また、100 kHzから300 GHzの周波数範囲での周囲源によるRF露出の影響も考慮されています。文書は、製品の規制遵守の評価アプリケーションにおけるRF露出評価のための方法を指定します。具体的には、製品の規制遵守-市場に出荷される前のRBS製品の規制遵守境界情報の決定、製品の設置規制-製品が稼働前にRBS製品と他の関連源からアクセス可能な領域での合計RF露出レベルの決定、現地RF露出評価-製品が稼働した後のRBSインストール周辺での現地RF露出レベルの測定、などが含まれます。精力的なRF電界強度とSARの測定および計算手法に関する説明と、実施される評価目的に適した評価手順を確立するためのガイダンスも提供されます。さらに、さまざまな評価手法からの結果の報告、解釈、比較方法や、制限値に対する正当化された決定を行うためのガイダンスも提供されています。この第2版は、2011年に発行された第1版を取り消し、技術的な改訂となります。
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