ISO/TR 14618:1996
(Main)Middle atmosphere — Global model at altitudes between 30 km and 120 km, and wind model at altitudes above 30 km
Middle atmosphere — Global model at altitudes between 30 km and 120 km, and wind model at altitudes above 30 km
Establishes a global model monthly mean of temperature, pressure, density and wind. These data can be used as a function of geopotential/geometric height. The zone has a latitudinal coverage from 80° S to 80° N, extending from altitudes between 30 km and 120 km. Serves as basis for the design and operation of aircraft and space vehicles.
Atmosphère moyenne — Modèle global aux altitudes comprises entre 30 km et 120 km, et modèle de vent aux altitudes supérieures à 30 km
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL IS0
TR 14618
REPORT
First edition
1996-03-o 1
Middle atmosphere - Global model at
altitudes between 30 km and 120 km, and
wind model at altitudes above 30 km
Atmosphere moyenne - Mod&/e global aux altitudes comprises entre
30 km et 120 km, et mod&/e de vent aux altitudes sup&ieures B 30 km
Reference number
ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
Page
Contents
1
.........................................................................
Section 1 General
1
........................................................................................
1.1 Scope
2
................................................................
Section 2 Global model
2
..............................................................................
2.1 Introduction
2
..............................................
2.2 Basic assumptions and formulas
79
..................................................................
Section 3 Wind model
79
3.1 Introduction .
.................................................. 79
3.2 List of symbols and constants
............................. 79
3.3 Data sources and methods of computation
........... 80
3.4 Tables for the wind model of the middle atmosphere.
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
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@ IS0 ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters or electrotechnical standardization.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International
Standards. In exceptional circumstances a technical committee may
propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following
types:
- type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the
publication of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts;
- type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or
where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate
possibility of an agreement on an International Standard;
- type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different
kind from that which is normally published as an International
Standard ( “state of the art ”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three
years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into
International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily
have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
ISOnR 14618, which is a Technical Report of type 2, was prepared by
Technical Committee ISOnC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, sub-
committee SC 6, Standard atmosphere.
. . .
III
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E) @ IS0
Introduction
Since the publication of the last IS0 standard atmosphere (IS0 2533:1975,
numerous new ground-based and satellite
Standard atmosphere),
measurements have become available. This large influx of new data
makes it possible to encompass the entire globe from the ground to the
upper thermosphere and to provide information on the seasonal and
latitude variability of the thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere for
altitudes between 30 km and 120 km.
distribution allows the calculation
The detailed information on parameters
of mean wind at the middle atmosphere.
This Technical Report is based on COSPAR International Reference
Atmosphere, 1986 (CIRA-86) which is the most extensive work analysing
numerous satellite and ground-based measurements of the middle
atmosphere.
iv
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
TECHNICAL REPORT @ IS0
Middle atmosphere - Global model at altitudes between
30 km and 120 km, and wind model at altitudes above
30 km
Section 1: General
1.1 Scope
This Technical Report establishes a zonal monthly mean of temperature, pressure, density and zonal wind. These
data can be used as a function of geopotentiaI/geometric height and has a latitudinal coverage from 80° S to 80” N,
extending from altitudes between 30 km and 120 km.
This Technical Report was developed to serve as a mean basis for the design and operation of vehicles and
provides additional information for general scientific purposes.
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E) @ IS0
Section 2: Global model
2.1 Introduction
The global model described in this section accurately reproduces most of the characteristic features of the middle
atmosphere, as shown by a series of investigations.
2.2 Basic assumptions and formulas
2.2.1 List of symbols and constants
Symbols and constants used in this section are defined below. Any deviations from this notation are described in
the text.
T temperature in kelvins
pressure in pascals
P
density in kilograms per cubic metre
P
h geometric height in metres
H geopotential height in geopotential metres (m ’)
latitude in degrees
e
acceleration of gravity in metres per second squared
it
earth ’s radius in metres
air molar mass in kilograms per mole
M
NA = 602,257 x 10z4 Avogadro constant, based on the value of the nuclide l*C, (atomic mass = 12,000) as
adopted in 1961 by the Conference of the International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry as the
basic mass unity
R ’=
8 314,32 J l K- 1 l kmol-l universal gas constant
s= 1 IO,4 K
Sutherland ’s empirical coefficients in the equation for dynamic
1,458 x 1 O-6 kg . m-l . s-l . K-l/*
P
S=
viscosity
CT = 0,365 x 1 Oeg m effective collision diameter of an air molecule
k=CP
= I,4 adiabatic index, the ratio of the specific heat of air at constant pressure to its specific heat at
Cl/
constant volume
2.2.2 Static atmosphere and the perfect gas law
The atmosphere is subject to gravity when static to the earth. The air static equilibrium conditions are determined
by a static atmosphere equation which relates air pressure p, density p and free fall acceleration g as follows:
-dp = pgdh
The perfect gas law determines air pressure, density and temperature relation as follows:
pR ’T
(2)
P=M
2.2.3 Geopotential/geometric height relation
The geometric height or altitude of an element is its distance above the reference sea level ellipsoid.
The geopo tential height of that element can be considered to be its geometric height plus (or minus) a correction
depending upon latitude and height, which allows the dynamical equations to be applied more simply without
2
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
having to make additional allowance for varying values of the gravitational acceleration and centrifugal force due to
the earth ’s rotation about its axis. Thus use of geopotential height enables a single standard value of gravitational
acceleration to be used.
Geopotential height H# of a unit mass, at a given latitude (I, relative to the reference geopotential at the earth ’s
surface h, at the same latitude, varies with geometric height h and with the altitude dependent acceleration of
gravity g+ (h) for that latitude in accordance with the following integral equation
H4 = ‘i g+ (h)dh (3)
ho
The determination of a function of h permits the perfect integration of equation (3) and thus leads to a numerical
value of H+ for specified values of h. The extreme differences of He for a given value of h as determined by various
sophisticated methods are very small compared with the uncertainties of the atmospheric properties. Thus, the
geopotentiaI/geometric height relation may be obtained with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of this Technical
Report by using the simplified method given below.
The analytical relationship for He as a function of h is calculated by replacing g+ (h) with a specialized form of the
inverse-square law prior to the integration of equation (3). The resulting relationship is:
reh ge
=-.-
H@(h)
(4)
r$+h G
where
He is the geopotential height at latitude $I in geopotential meters (m ’) as a function of geometric height h;
G = 9,806 65 m* l s-* (m ’)-I, which implicitly defines one standard geopotential meter;
g+ is the sea-level value of the acceleration of gravity at latitude $, (m l s-*);
I- + is the effective earth ’s radius for latitude +, (m).
For any latitude $, the value of r+ is generally not equal to the earth ’s radius for that latitude, but rather is a quantity
calculated to meet certain boundary conditions, such that the relationships (3) and (4) retain a high degree of validity
over an extended range of heights at all of the latitudes given in table 1.
Table 1 - Values of r4 and g+ employed in the calculation of geopotential height various latitudes
v ge
e
m m - s-*
0" 6334984
9,780 36
IO0 6336267 9,781 91
20" 6339971 9,786 38
3o" 6345653 9,793 24
40" 6352638 9,801 67
50" 6360083 9,810 65
60" 6367 103 9,819 11
70" 6372821
9,826 01
80' 6376562 9,830 51
90" 6377862 9,832 08
2.2.4 Atmospheric composition and air molecular weight
The earth ’s atmosphere is a mixture of gas, water vapour and a certain quantity of aerosol. Under certain
conditions the quantities of water vapour, carbon dioxide and ozone (as well as some additional substances of
insignificant volume) may vary. The water vapour content undergoes the greatest variation. Its concentration near
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ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
the surface may reach 4 % but is negligible at altitudes higher than 30 km. Dry clean air composition up to an
altitude of 94 km remains practically constant and corresponds to that given in table 2. In table 2 the air molecular
weight MC is determined from the perfect gas law [equation (2)] using the adopted standard values of pressure,
temperature, density and the universal gas constant at mean sea level.
The air molecular weight M, remains a constant value up to a height of 94 km. From heights of 94 000 m to
97 500 m the air molecular weight diminishes from MC to 28,850 kg . kmol-l in accordance with the equation
M=28,82+0,158{1-7,5x10-* (h-94000)2}1’2 -2,479x1O-4 (97 000-h)1’2 (5)
The subsequent diminishing of air molecular weight up to a height of 120 km is determined by a linear function of
height where the vertical molecular weight gradient is
aM
- = 0,000 1511 kg. kmol-’ . m-’
ah
Table 2 - Dry clean air composition
Content of volume Molecular mass, A-4
Gas
% kg. kmol-l
Nitrogen (N,) 78,084 28,013 4
Oxygen (0,) 20,947 6 31,998 8
Argon (Ar,) 0,934 39,948
Carbon dioxide (CO,) 0,031 4 44,009 95
1,818x10-3 20,183
Neon (Ne)
Helium (He) 524,O~lO~ 4,002 6
Krypton (Kr) 114,0x10-6 83,80
Xenon (Xe) 8,7 x IO* 131,30
Hydrogen (H2) 50,o x IO-6 2,015 94
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) 5o,ox1o-6* 44,012 8
Methane (CH,) 0,2 x IO-3 16,043 03
Ozone (0,) in summer up to 7,0 x 1 o** 47,998 2
in winter up to 2,0 x 1 o** 47,998 2
Sulphur dioxide (SO,) uptoO,l x1o-3* 64,062 8
Nitrogen dioxide (NO,) up to 2,0 x 1 o-6* 46,005 5
Iodine ( 12) up to 1 ,o x 1 oa* 253,808 8
Air 100 28,964420**
* The content of the gas may undergo significant variations from time to time or from place to place.
** This value is obtained from the perfect gas law.
2.2.5 Data basis
This Technical Report presents primary thermodynamic parameter tabulations as functions of latitude and time of
year for altitudes from 30 km to 120 km. To obtain the global time-space data coverage, the various empirical and
theoretical models of middle atmosphere were analysed and compiled. COSPAR International Reference
Atmosphere, 1986 (CIRA-86), which is the most extensive compilation of recent models based on numerous
satellite and ground-based measurements of the middle atmosphere, has been taken as the basic model.
The tabulated functions have a vertical resolution of 2 km and a latitude resolution of 10 degrees. The values at
intermediate points may be found by linear interpolation.
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0 IS0 ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
The values conform to the main natural laws. The density, pressure and temperature relation is described by the
perfect gas law [equation (Z)] taking into account the mean molecular weight variation with height. As shown by a
series of investigations, the new model accurately reproduces most of the characteristic features of the
atmosphere such as the general structure of the tropopause, stratopause and mesopause.
2.2.6 Additional thermodynamic relations
The thermodynamic relations that can be used in aerospace practical applications are-given below.
2.2.6.1 Air particles concentration
The number of air particles per unit volume yt is given by the equation
NAP
n =-= 7,243 611x10** p (6)
T
R ’T
2.2.6.2 Mean air-particle speed
The mean air-particle speed V is defined as the arithmetic average of air-particle speeds obtained from Maxwell ’s
distribution of molecular speeds in the monatomic perfect gas under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions
disregarding any exterior force, hence
(7)
2.2.6.3 Mean free path of air particles
An air particle between two successive collisions moves uniformly along a straight line, passing a certain average
distance Z called a mean free path of air particles. Taking into account the distribution of colliding particles’ relative
speeds, the mean free path is defined by the expression
R’
I= .T=2,332 376~10-~ r (8)
&NAO* P P
2.2.6.4 Air-particles collision frequency
The air-particle collision frequency w is the mean air-particle speed divided by the mean free path of air particles at
the same altitude, i.e. o = - ’ . Hence, taking into account equations (7) and (8),
1
v*
.p=6,238 629x10- “p
(9)
T TM
II- Al-
2.2.6.5 Speed of sound
The speed of sound a is given by the expression
a= kRT “* = 20,046 796 fi (10)
( 1
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lSO/TR 14618:1996(E) @ IS0
(See 3.1.)
2.2.6.6 Dynamic viscosity
The dynamic viscosity p is defined as the value of internal friction between two neighboring air layers moving at
different speeds. The following equation is based on the kinetic theory, while the constants, however, are derived
from experiments.
312
PT
p--s--
(11)
T+S
where ps and S are Sutherland ’s empirical coefficients (see 3.1). Equation (11) is invalid for very high or very low
temperatures and under conditions occurring at altitudes above 90 km.
2.2.6.7 Kinematic viscosity
The kinematic viscosity v is defined as the ratio of the air dynamic viscosity to the air density, i.e.
P
v =-
P
The limits for use of this equation are similar to those for the dynamic viscosity equation (1 I).
2.2.6.8 Therm.aI conductivity
The thermal co,nductivity A is calculated from the following empirical formula:
a - - 2,648 151 x 1 O-3 - T3 ’*
(13)
T + 245,4 + 1 0-12'T 1
where A, is expressed in watts per square metre kelvin.
2.2.7 Tables for the global model of the middle atmosphere
Tables 3 to 5 contain zonal mean temperature, pressure and density as a function of latitude from 80” S to 80° N
with 1 O” steps, time of year and geometric/geopotential height with a vertical resolution of 2 km.
and 5, a one-digit number under the
In tables 4 heading “Exponent” (preceded by the letter “E” and a plus or
following the row indicates the power
minus sign) of ten by which all values in that row should be multiplied.
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@ IS0 ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
- Zonal mean temperature in terms of geometric height - January
Table 3.la)
Geo-
Zonal mean temperature, K, at latitude
metric
reight,
IO" N 20' N 30' N 40" N 50' N 60" N 70" N 80" N
km 80" S 70" S 60" S 50's 40" S 30'S 20'S IO" S 0'
120 391.0 390.2 389.5 388.7 386.9 384.8 383.2 381.2 379.1 376.9 374.7 372.6 371.0 369.3 367.7 368.0 366.2
118 356.8 357.4 358.3 358.7 357.4 354.7 352.1 349.0 346.3 344.2 342.7 341.5 340.4 338.4 335.7 334.4 331.3
116 328.3 329.3 330.5 330.8 328.9 325.1 321.1 316.8 313.3 311.2 310.3 310.0 309.8 308.3 305.4 303.5 299.8
114 310.5 310.7 309.5 306.6 302.6 296.7 290.2 284.3 279.8 277.4 276.9 277.8 279.3 280.0 279.3 277.3 275.7
112 301.9 299.2 293.9 286.7 278.9 270.0 261.3 253.9 248.2 245.2 244.7 246.7 250.4 254.2 256.9 257.7 258.0
110 293.6 288.1 279.2 268.5 257.8 246.9 237.1 228.8 222.7 219.3 218.9 221.6 226.9 233.2 238.9 242.6 244.8
108 278.9 271.7 261.3 250.4 239.1 228.7 219.6 212.1 206.5 203.2 202.7 205.7 211.1 218.0 224.9 230.4 233.4
106 258.0 251.1 241.6 232.2 222.8 214.4 207.4 201.7 197.5 194.9 194.5 197.0 201.6 208.0 214.8 220.5 224.0
104 234.2 229.0 222.1 215.0 208.5 203.2 198.6 195.4 192.5 190.6 190.4 192.0 196.0 201.3 207.3 212.4 216.1
102 210.7 207.7 203.7 199.9 196.6 194.2 192.2 191.0 189.4 188.2 187.9 189.0 192.1 196.4 201.5 206.2 209.6
100 189.1 188.3 187.3 186.8 186.8 187.3 187.7 188.3 187.7 187.0 186.7 187.2 189.7 193.2 197.6 201.8 204.8
98 170.8 172.1 173.9 176.2 179.1 182.3 185.1 186.5 187.1 186.6 186.3 186.6 188.4 191.6 195.4 199.5 202.3
96 157.1 159.8 163.7 168.5 174.0 179.3 183.7 186.1 187.1 186.7 186.4 186.8 188.5 191.5 195.2 199.0 201.7
94 148.6 152.0 157.5 164.4 171.7 178.6 183.8 186.8 187.6 187.5 187.1 188.0 189.9 193.4 197.3 200.8 203.2
92 144.4 148.4 155.0 163.2 171.8 179.5 185.1 187.9 188.7 188.7 188.7 190.2 192.8 196.8 200.9 204.4 206.9
90 143.0 147.5 154.8 164.0 173.3 181.5 187.2 189.7 190.5 190.7 191.3 193.5 196.7 201.4 205.7 209.2 211.6
88 143.0 148.1 155.7 165.4 175.5 184.1 189.8 192.1 192.9 193.6 194.7 197.7 201.8 206.3 210.7 214.0 216.3
86 145.4 150.5 158.1 168.1 178.6 187.4 192.9 194.9 195.9 197.0 198.6 202.1 206.6 211.3 215.6 218.5 220.5
84 151.4 155.7 162.6 172.2 182.7 191.6 196.5 198.2 199.2 200.3 202.2 205.9 210.5 215.7 219.6 221.8 223.5
82 160.7 163.8 169.0 177.7 187.6 196.3 200.7 201.7 202.5 203.5 205.2 209.0 213.5 219.0 222.4 223.6 225.1
80 171.7 173.6 176.9 184.0 192.8 200.7 204.6 204.8 205.5 206.3 207.7 211.4 215.8 221.4 224.3 224.6 225.9
78 183.2 183.9 185.8 190.9 197.9 204.4 207.8 207.4 208.0 208.5 209.8 213.5 217.6 222.8 225.5 225.1 226.2
76 194.6 194.5 195.1 198.0 202.5 207.2 210.0 209.6 210.2 210.5 211.6 215.0 218.8 223.6 226.1 225.4 226.6
74 205.6 205.0 204.5 205.1 206.6 209.5 211.5 211.6 212.1 212.3 213.0 216.2 219.6 224.0 226.5 225.8 227.1
72 216.3 215.2 213.9 212.2 210.7 211.4 213.1 214.1 214.5 214.4 214.7 217.5 220.2 224.6 227.1 226.3 227.9
70 226.3 224.8 222.7 219.0 215.1 214.2 215.8 217.8 218.3 217.7 217.5 219.5 221.2 225.0 227.7 227.3 229.3
68 235.7 233.5 230.6 225.6 220.4 218.4 220.6 223.2 224.1 223.0 222.1 222.3 223.0 225.3 228.3 228.9 231.5
66 244.3 241.5 237.9 232.1 226.5 224.2 226.9 230.0 231.3 229.6 227.8 225.9 225.2 225.8 229.1 231.2 234.5
64 252.3 249.0 245.1 239.0 233.3 231.0 234.0 237.8 238.8 236.6 233.5 229.8 227.3 226.7 230.3 234.2 238.4
62 259.8 256.2 252.1 246.1 240.5 238.1 241.2 245.6 246.2 243.6 239.0 234.0 229.5 228.2 232.3 237.9 242.8
60 266.7 262.9 258.7 252.8 247.4 245.0 247.7 252.6 252.8 250.2 244.5 238.7 232.5 230.7 235.0 241.9 247.2
58 273.1 269.0 264.7 258.7 253.4 251.0 253.0 257.9 258.6 256.0 250.2 243.8 236.8 234.4 238.2 245.7 251.3
56 278.7 274.4 269.9 263.9 258.; 256.2 257.4 261.7 263.0 260.9 255.7 249.2 242.2 239.1 242.1 249.1 254.4
54 283.2 278.9 274.1 268.5 263.5 261.1 261.3 264.7 265.9 264.6 260.6 254.6 248.3 244.4 246.4 252.2 256.1
52 286.6 282.3 277.4 272.5 268.0 265.4 264.8 266.9 267.5 266.9 264.5 259.6 254.4 249.6 250.6 254.5 256.3
50 288.5 284.4 279.7 275.4 271.4 268.7 267.4 267.8 267.8 267.9 267.0 263.4 259.2 253.5 253.5 255.5 255.4
48 288.7 285.1 280.9 276.7 273.3 270.4 268.6 267.2 266.9 267.4 267.8 265.3 261.6 255.3 254.1 254.8 253.7
46 287.3 284.3 280.7 276.5 273.4 270.3 268.1 265.3 265.0 265.7 266.9 265.2 261.5 255.1 253.1 253.0 251.9
44 284.6 282.1 278:9 274.8 271.8 268.3 265.6 262.5 262.4 263.0 264.4 263.1 259.2 253.3 25 ’1.4 251.1 250.3
42 280.8 278.6 275.5 271.7 268.5 264.8 261.4 259.0 259.2 259.5 260.6 259.2 255.0 250.3 249.4 249.1 248.8
40 276.2 274.1 271.2 267.6 264.1 260.2 256.5 254.9 255.2 255.2 255.8 254.0 250.0 246.4 246.5 246.7 246.9
38 270.9 269.1 266.2 262.7 259.0 255.1 251.7 250.2 250.6 250.3 250.3 248.0 244.8 242.0 242.6 243.3 243.8
36 264.9 263.5 260.9 257.4 253.5 249.6 246.7 245.0 245.3 244.9 244.6 242.0 239.7 237.5 238.0 238.8 239.3
34 258.5 257.4 255.3 251.8 247.7 243.9 241.3 239.5 239.6 239.3 238.9 236.7 235.2 233.4 233.4 233.6 233.5
32 251.6 250.9 249.5 246.3 241.9 238.0 235.2 233.7 233.5 233.7 233.4 232.4 231.2 229.7 229.0 227.8 226.6
30 244.5 244.1 243.7 240.7 236.1 232.0 228.9 227.8 227.2 228.0 228.1 228.5 227.5 226.2 224.7 221.7 219.1
7
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Table 3.lb) - Zonal mean temperature in terms of geopotential height - January
Geo-
Zonal mean temperature, K, at latitude
boten-
tial
Ieight,
10"N 20"N 30°N 40"N 50"N 60°N 70"N 80"N
km 80°S 70°S 60's 50's 40'S 30'S 20'S loos o"
120 420.4 420.1 420.0 420.3 420.8 422.1 423.1 423.5 422.7 420.2 416.4 411.7 407.3 403.5 401.0 399.4 398.6
118 389.7 389.9 390.7 391.0 391.1 391.2 390.8 389.9 388.4 385.9 382.7 379.0 375.5 372.1 369.3 367.7 365.0
116 354.5 356.1 358.3 360.3 360.6 359.6 358.5 356.6 354.3 351.9 349.3 346.6 343.8 340.1 335.7 333.0 328.9
114 325.9 328.2 330.0 331.0 331.0 329.0 325.9 322.6 319.6 317.3 315.6 313.9 312.0 309.1 305.2 300.7 297.6
112 309.0‘ 309.2 308.2 306.2 303.5 299.1 294.1 289.3 285.3 282.6 281.2 280.6 280.4 279.5 277.6 274.8 272.9
110 300.8 297.7 292.3 285.7 278.9 271.3 263.8 257.2 251.9 248.6 247.4 248.1 250.4 252.9 254.8 255.3 255.5
108 291.6 285.6 276.6 267.2 257.1 247.2 238.3 230.6 224.6 220.9 219.8 221.8 226.0 231.3 236.4 240.2 242.0
106 274.3 267.6 258.0 248.1 237.8 228.3 219.8 212.6 207.1 203.7 202.9 205.4 210.2 216.5 222.9 228.1 231.0
104 251.5 245.7 237.7 229.3 221.0 213.7 207.1 201.9 197.6 194.9 194.4 196.5 201.0 206.9 213.2 218.2 221.8
102 227.1 223.1 217.6 212.0 206.7 202.3 198.2 195.2 192.4 190.5 190.2 191.6 195.3 200.2 205.8 210.5 214.0
100 203.3 201.5 199.1 196.8 194.7 193.2 191.7 190.7 189.2 188.1 187.8 188.7 191.6 195.6 200.3 204.6 207.8
98 182.0 182.5 183.1 183.8 185.0 186.3 187.5 187.7 187.7 186.9 186.7 187.3 189.3 192.6 196.7 200.9 203.8
96 165.0 167.1 170.1 173.7 177.7 181.5 184.8 186.4 187.1 186.6 186.3 186.6 188.3 191.4 195.1 199.0 201.8
94 153.1 156.1 161.0 166.9 173.2 179.1 183.6 186.3 187.1 186.9 186.3 187.0 188.6 192.0 195.8 199.4 201.9
92 146.3 150.1 156.2 163.7 171.5 178.7 184.0 186.9 187.8 187.7 187.4 188.5 190.6 194.4 198.5 202.1 204.7
90 143.5 147.8 154.8 163.3 172.2 180.0 185.6 188.3 189.1 189.1 189.3 191.1 194.0 198.4 202.8 206.5 209.0
88 142.7 147.7 155.0 164.4 174.0 182.2 187.9 190.3 191.1 191.4 192.2 194.8 198.7 203.2 207.8 211.4 213.9
86 143.9 149.0 156.6 166.5 176.6 185.2 190.7 192.9 193.7 194.6 196.0 199.3 203.7 208.5 213.1 216.4 218.6
84 148.2 152.8 160.1 169.8 180.2 188.9 194.0 196.0 196.9 198.0 199.9 203.6 208.2 213.5 217.7 220.4 222.4
82 156.3 159.9 165.7 174.7 184.8 193.5 198.1 199.4 200.3 201.5 203.4 207.2 211.9 217.4 221.2 222.9 224.5
80 167.1 169.3 173.1 180.8 190.0 198.3 202.4 202.9 203.7 204.6 206.2 210.1 214.6 220.4 223.6 224.3 225.6
78 178.8 179.7 181.9 187.7 195.5 202.5 206.2 206.0 206.6 207.2 208.7 212.5 216.7 222.3 225.1 224.9 226.1
76 190.4 190.4 191.2 194.9 200.4 205.9 208.9 208.4 209.0 209.4 210.7 214.2 218.3 223.3 225.9 225.3 226.5
74 201.8 201.3 200.8 202.1 204.7 208.5 210.7 210.5 211.0 211.4 212.3 215.6 219.3 223.8 226.3 225.6 226.9
72 212.9 211.8 210.5 209.4 208.9 210.5 212.2 212.8 213.1 213.2 213.7 216.9 219.9 224.4 226.9 226.1 227.6
70 223.4 221.8 219.7 216.4 213.3 212.8 214.3 215.8 216.2 215.9 216.0 218.5 220.7 224.8 227.5 226.9 228.8
68 233.2 231.0 228.2 223.3 218.3 216.4 218.3 220.5 221.2 220.4 219.9 221.1 222.2 225.2 228.1 228.3 230.8
66 242.1 239.3 235.8 229.9 224.2 221.8 224.2 226.9 228.1 226.6 225.3 224.4 224.4 225.6 228.8 230.5 233.7
64 250.4 247.1 243.1 236.8 230.9 228.4 231.2 234.5 235.7 233.7 231.3 228.3 226.6 226.4 22g.g 233.3 237.4
62 258.1 254.5 250.3 244.0 238.2 235.6 238.6 242.6 243.4 240.9 237.0 232.5 228.8 227.7 231.7 237.0 241.7
60 265.3 261.4 257.2 251.0 245.4 242.8 245.6 250.2 250.5 247.8 242.6 237.1 231.5 229.9 234.3 241.0 246.3
58 271.9 267.8 263.4 257.3 251.8 249.2 251.4 256.2 256.7 254.1 248.3 242.2 235.4 233.4 237.4 244.9 250.5
56 277.8 273.4 268.9 262.7 257.3 254.8 256.1 260.6 261.7 259.4 254.1 247.6 240.7 237.9 241.2 248.5 254.0
54 282.6 278.2 273.3 267.6 262.3 259.8 260.2 263.9 265.2 263.6 259.3 253.2 246.8 243.2 245.6 251.7 256.0
52 286.2 281.8 276.9 271.8 267.0 264.4 264.0 266.4 267.2 266.4 263.6 258.4 253.1 248.6 249.9 254.2 256.4
50 288.3 284.1 279.4 274.9 270.8 268.1 266.9 267.7 267.8 267.8 266.5 262.7 258.4 252.9 253.2 255.5 255.6
48 288.7 285.1 280.8 276.6 273.1 270.2 268.5 267.5 267.2 267.7 267.7 265.1 261.3 255.1 254.2 254.9 254.0
46 287.5 284.5 280.8 276.6 273.5 270.4 268.4 265.8 265.5 266.2 267.2 265.4 261.7 255.3 253.3 253.2 252.1
44 284.9 282.4 279.2 275.1 272.2 268.8 266.2 263.1 263.0 263.7 265.0 263.6 259.7 253.7 251.6 251.3 250.4
42 281.2 279.0 276.0 272.2 269.1 265.4 262.2 259.7 259.9 260.2 261.4 260.0 255.7 250.8 249.6 249.3 249.0
40 276.6 274.5 271.7 268.2 264.8 260.9 257.3 255.7 256.0 256.0 256.7 254.9 250.7 246.9 246.8 246.9 247.1
38 271.2 269.5 266.7 263.3 259.7 255.8 252.4 251.0 251.4 251.1 251.2 248.9 245.4 242.5 243.0 243.5 244.0
36 265.3 263.9 261.3 257.9 254.1 250.3 247.5 245.8 246.1 245.7 245.4 242.7 240.3 238.0 238.4 239.1 239.6
34 258.8 257.7 255.7 252.3 248.3 244.6 242.0 240.3 240.4 240.1 239.6 237.3 235.6 233.7 233.7 233.9 233.8
32 251.9 251.2 249.9 246.7 242.4 238.6 235.9 234.4 234.2 234.4 234.1 232.8 231.6 230.0 22g.3 228.1 226.9
30 244.7 244.4 244.0 241.1 236.6 232.6 229.5 228.4 227.9 228.6 228.7 228.8 227.0 226.4 224.9 221.9 219.4
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14618:1996(E)
Table 3.2a) - Zonal mean temperature in terms of geometric height - February
Geo-
Zonal mean temperature, K, at latitude
netric
eight,
10"N 20°N 30"N 40"N 50"N 60°N 70"N 80°N
80°S 70°S 60'S 50'S 40"s 30'S 20'S 10's o"
km
120 391.0 391.3 390.6 389.7 389.3 387.2 386.3 384.9 383.5 381.7 380:8 379.5 377.9 376.6 376.2 375.9 375.4
118 357.0 358.6 359.4 359.6 359.5 357.0 355.0 352.6 350.7 349.2 349.0 348.7 347.6 346.0 344.4 342.6 340.8
116 327.6 329.8 331.0 331.2 330.5 326.9 323.5 320.0 317.5 316.0 316.5 317.3 317.1 315.9 314.1 311.7 309.3
114 308.4 308.4 307.6 306.4 302.2 297.7 292.3 286.9 283.5 282.3 282.2 284.7 286.7 287.9 287.7 285.9 283.9
112 295.9 293.5 289.4 284.3 276.7 269.3 261.8 255.0 250.8 249.2 249.4 253.0 257.3 261.5 264.4 265.3 265.1
110 284.2 279.6 272.4 264.3 254.0 244.7 236.3 228.9 224.3 222.3 222.6 226.9 232.8 239.4 245.1 248.5 250.0
108 267.3 262.1 254.4 244.8 235.1 225.7 217.6 211.4 206.9 205.4 206.0 209.7 215.2 222.4 228.8 233.7 236.8
106 247.2 242.2 235.3 227.0 219.1 211.7 205.6 201.0 197.6 196.4 196.7 199.6 204.1 210.3 216.3 221.2 224.6
104 226.0 222.2 217.1 211.2 205.6 201.1 197.3 194.6 192.6 191.5 191.8 193.3 196.7 201.2 206.6 211.0 214.0
102 205.6 203.4 200.6 197.4 194.6 192.8 191.3 190.4 189.4 188.6 188.6 189.1 191.3 194.4 198.7 202.4 205.0
100 187.6 186.9 186.5 185.9 186.0 186.7 187.4 187.8 187.7 187.1 186.8 186.6 187.7 189.7 192.9 195.8 197.9
98 172.7 173.6 175.0 177.0 179.7 182.4 185.2 186.6 187.2 186.4 185.8 185.3 185.5 187.1 188.9 191.1 192.8
96 161.4 163.6 166.7 170.8 175.6 180.1 184.2 186.4 187.2 186.5 185.8 185.2 185.1 186.3 187.4 189.1 190.5
94 153.6 156.6 161.3 167.5 173.5 179.4 184.1 186.8 187.5 187.2 186.5 186.2 186.8 187.3 189.0 190.7 191.6
92 149.0 152.6 158.4 166.9 173.2 180.1 185.1 187.6 188.3 188.2 188.0 188.4 190.1 190.5 192.9 194.9 196.0
90 147.6 151.6 158.0 168.2 174.9 182.4 187.3 189.7 190.3 190.4 190.8 191.8 193.2 195.2 198.4 200.7 201.9
88 149.5 153.3 159.8 170.5 178.7 186.3 191.1 193.2 193.9 194.1 194.9 196.3 195.5 201.0 204.6 206.5 207.8
86 154.3 157.6 163.6 173.9 183.7 191.3 195.5 197.3 198.2 198.6 199.5 201.1 200.8 207.0 210.5 212.1 213.0
84 161.7 164.0 168.9 178.5 189.0 196.3 199.5 200.9 201.6 202.5 203.5 205.2 213.9 212.1 215.6 216.5 217.0
82 170.8 172.1 175.2 184.1 194.0 200.6 202.8 203.5 204.1 205.2 206.6 208.3 231.3 216.1 219.6 219.8 219.8
80 180.2 180.6 182.3 189.9 198.4 204.1 205.3 205.4 205.8 207.2 209.1 210.8 241.3 219.0 222.5 222.2 221.9
78 188.9 188.9 189.6 195.6 202.3 206.6 207.1 206.6 207.2 208.7 211.1 213.0 236.1 221.3 224.7 224.0 223.8
76 197.2 196.9 197.1 201.1 205.7 208.7 208.9 208.1 208.5 210.3 212.8 214.9 224.1 223.0 226.4 225.6 225.7
74 205.7 205.0 204.9 206.7 209.1 210.6 211.1 210.4 210.5 211.9 214.3 216.7 217.2 224.3 227.9 227.1 227.6
72 214.4 213.1 212.5 212.1 212.4 213.0 213.9 213.7 213.6 214.0 215.9 218.3 218.4 225.2 229.4 229.0 230.2
70 223.2 221.2 219.8 217.4 216.0 216.1 217.7 217.9 217.6 217.1 218.1 220.0 222.5 226.2 230.7 231.3 233.6
68 231.9 229.1 226.5 222.5 220.0 220.4 222.4 222.8 222.5 22
...
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