SIST EN 14531-1:2005
(Main)Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping distances, slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms
Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping distances, slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms
This document specifies a general algorithm to be used in any type of vehicle application. It enables the calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, force calculations, immobilization braking.
Typical examples of calculations for freight wagon, coach and locomotive are given in Parts 2 to 6 of this European Standard.
NOTE This document does not specify the performance requirements which can be found in the different standards specified in Clause 2.
This document enables the verification that the design respects the requirements according to the railway application type.
Bahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Grundlagen
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt ein allgemeines Berechnungsverfahren, das für alle Fahrzeugtypen gilt. Es ermöglicht die Berechnung der verschiedenen leistungsbezogenen Aspekte: Anhalte- oder Verzögerungswege, umgewandelte Energie, Berechnungen von Kräften, Feststellbremsungen.
Typische Berechnungsbeispiele für Güterwagen, Reisezugwagen und Lokomotiven werden in den Teilen 2 bis 6 dieser Normenreihe behandelt.
ANMERKUNG Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt nicht die Leistungsanforderungen, die in den verschiedenen in Abschnitt 2 angegebenen Normen angegeben sind.
Diese Europäische Norm ermöglicht den Nachweis, dass die Auslegung und Konstruktion die für das jeweilige Schienenfahrzeug spezifischen Anforderungen berücksichtigt.
Applications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arret, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1: Algorithmes généraux
La présente Norme européenne spécifie un algorithme général a utiliser pour les applications a tout type de véhicule. Il permet de calculer les différents aspects des performances : distances d'arret ou de ralentissement, énergie dissipée, calcul des efforts, freinage d'immobilisation.
Des exemples typiques pour les wagons de fret, les voitures, les locomotives sont indiqués dans les Parties 2 a 6 de la présente Norme européenne.
NOTE La présente Norme européenne ne spécifie pas les exigences de performances que l'on peut trouver dans les différentes Normes indiquées a l'Article 2.
La présente Norme européenne permet de vérifier que la conception respecte les exigences en fonction du type d'application ferroviaire.
Železniške naprave – Metode za izračune zavornih poti, poti za kontrolo hitrosti in zavarovanj stoječih vozil – 1. del: Splošni algoritmi
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Bahnanwendungen -
Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: GrundlagenApplications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arret, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1: Algorithmes générauxRailway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping distances, slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms45.020Železniška tehnika na splošnoRailway engineering in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14531-1:2005SIST EN 14531-1:2005en01-julij-2005SIST EN 14531-1:2005SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14531-1April 2005ICS 45.060.01English versionRailway applications - Methods for calculation of stoppingdistances, slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1:General algorithmsApplications ferroviaires - Freinage - Méthodes de calculdes distances d'arrêt et de ralentissement - Méthodes decalcul du freinage d'immobilisation - Partie 1: AlgorithmesgénérauxBahnanwendungen - Bremsen - Verfahren zur Berechnungder Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege - Verfahren zurBerechnung der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: GrundlagenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 March 2005.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14531-1:2005: ESIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.5 Introduction.6 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references.7 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations.7 3.1 Terms and definitions.7 3.2 Symbols and indices.7 4 General algorithms.10 4.1 General algorithm to calculate stopping and slowing distances.10 4.2 General algorithm to calculate immobilisation brake.10 5 Stopping and slowing distances calculation.10 5.1 General.10 5.2 General characteristics.10 5.2.1 Train formation.10 5.2.2 Vehicle and train characteristics.11 5.3 Brake characteristics.14 5.3.1 Characteristics of a tread brake or a disc brake equipment type.14 5.3.2 Characteristics of the other brake equipment types.26 5.3.3 Response time of each brake equipment type.33 5.3.4 Blending rules.34 5.4 Initialisation and operating characteristics.35 5.4.1 Average gradient of the track.35 5.4.2 Initial speed.36 5.4.3 Available coefficient of adhesion.36 5.4.4 Level of the brake demand.36 5.4.5 Quantity of each brake equipment type available.36 5.5 Mean braking force for each brake system.36 5.5.1 General.36 5.5.2 Tread brake force.36 5.5.3 Disc brake force.39 5.6 Sharing/proportioning of the brake forces, achieved forces.40 5.7 Trailer or motor axle braking forces.40 5.8 Total braking forces.40 5.8.1 Summation of external braking forces.40 5.8.2 Total braking force.40 5.9 Decelerations.40 5.9.1 Decelerations supplied by each different braking force.40 5.9.2 Equivalent deceleration.40 5.10 Free run time.41 5.11 Distance calculations.41 5.11.1 Equivalent free run distance.41 5.11.2 Braking distance.41 5.11.3 Stopping distance.42 5.12 Other calculations.42 5.12.1 Lambda.42 5.12.2 Braked mass.42 5.12.3 Total energy.43 SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 3 5.12.4 Average power.43 5.12.5 Braking time.43 5.12.6 Stopping time.43 5.12.7 Braking ratio.44 5.12.8 Energy dissipated by each type of brake.44 5.12.9 Energy per unit area dissipated by each type of brake.45 5.12.10 Average power and maximum power for each type of brake.45 5.12.11 Average power flux for each type of brake.45 5.12.12 Required adhesion level for each type of brake.46 6 Immobilisation brake calculation.46 6.1 General characteristics.46 6.1.1 Axle characteristics.46 6.1.2 Characteristics of immobilisation brakes acting directly on the rails.46 6.2 Characteristics of the immobilization brake equipment.46 6.2.1 Coefficient of friction of the pads and blocks.46 6.2.2 Characteristics of the hand brake acting on tread.47 6.2.3 Characteristics of the hand brake acting on disc.50 6.2.4 Characteristics of a brake equipment acting on disc.55 6.2.5 Characteristics of a tread brake unit.56 6.2.6 Characteristics of a permanent magnetic track brake.57 6.3 Train and operating characteristics.57 6.4 Immobilization force provided by each equipment type.57 6.4.1 Hand brake equipment acting on tread.57 6.4.2 Hand brake equipment acting on disc.58 6.4.3 Cylinder brake equipment acting on disc.60 6.4.4 Cylinder brake equipment acting on tread.61 6.4.5 Permanent magnetic track brake equipment.61 6.5 Immobilization force of the train.62 6.6 External forces.62 6.6.1 Downhill force on the train.62 6.6.2 Wind force on the train.62 6.6.3 Rolling resistance.62 6.6.4 Summation of the external forces.63 6.7 Final results.63 6.7.1 Immobilization safety factor.63 6.7.2 Coefficient of adhesion demanded by each braked axle.63 6.7.3 Maximum gradient permitted.63 6.8 Other calculations.64 6.8.1 Braked mass of the immobilisation braking.64 6.8.2 Haulage condition.64 Annex A (normative)
General algorithm to calculate stopping and slowing distances.65 Annex B (normative)
General algorithm to calculate immobilization braking.68 Annex C (informative)
Examples of calculations for stopping and slowing distances.70 C.1 Example calculations for rolling resistance for wagons with bogies.70 C.1.1 Example 1 Open hopper wagon E7.70 C.1.2 Example 2 Covered wagon G10.70 C.1.3 Example 3 Covered wagon G50.70 C.1.4 Example 4 Flat wagon R18.70 C.2 Example calculations for tread brake force with rigging.70 C.2.1 Application to conventional two axle wagon equipped with mechanical empty-load device with UIC Bg block from 100 km/h.70 C.2.2 Application to conventional two axle wagon equipped with a pneumatic empty-load device with UIC Bg block from 100 km/h.71 C.2.3 Application to conventional two bogie wagon equipped with pneumatic empty-load device with UIC Bgu blocks from 100 km/h.72 C.3 Tread brake force with cylinder.73 SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 4 C.3.1 Application to conventional two bogie wagon equipped with a tread brake with cylinders.73 C.4 Disc brake force.74 C.4.1 Application to disc braked vehicle with one cylinder per disc.74 C.4.2 Application to disc braked wagon with one cylinder for two discs.75 C.5 Decelerations.76 C.5.1 Deceleration provided by the tread brake (a = FB/Mdyn = FB,a ×
×
×
× na/Mst).76 C.5.2 Deceleration provided by the disc brake (a = FB/Mdyn = FB,a ×
×
×
× na/Mst).76 C.6 Distance calculations.76 C.6.1 Example 1.76 C.6.2 Example 2.77 C.6.3 Example 3.77 C.6.4 Example 4.77 C.7 Examples of other calculations.77 C.7.1 Example 1.77 C.7.2 Example 2.79 C.7.3 Example 3.81 C.7.4 Example 4.82 Annex D (informative)
Examples of calculations for immobilization braking.85 D.1 Examples of immobilization calculations for hand brake equipment acting on tread.85 D.1.1 General.85 D.1.2 Gearing output force.85 D.1.3 Application force on the blocks.85 D.1.4 Immobilization force provided to the axle.86 D.2 Examples of immobilization calculations for hand brake equipment acting on disc.86 D.2.1 General.86 D.2.2 Gearing output force per cylinder.86 D.2.3 Force provided by each cylinder.86 D.2.4 Application force on pads of one cylinder.87 D.2.5 Immobilization force provided to the axle.87 D.3 Cylinder brake equipment acting on disc.87 D.3.1 General.87 D.3.2 Application force on pads.88 D.3.3 Immobilization force per disc.88 D.3.4 Immobilization force provided to the axle.88 D.4 Cylinder brake equipment acting on tread.89 D.4.1 General.89 D.4.2 Immobilization force provided to the axle.89 D.5 Permanent magnetic track brake equipment.89 D.5.1 General.89 D.5.2 Immobilization force provided to the bogie.89 D.6 External forces and final results.89 D.6.1 General.89 D.6.2 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which is braked on only one bogies with a hand brake equipment acting on tread.90 D.6.3 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which is braked on only one bogie with a hand brake equipment acting on disc.90 D.6.4 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which is braked with a cylinder brake equipment acting on a disc.91 D.6.5 Example based on case of cylinder brake equipment acting on tread.91 ANNEX ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 96/48.93 Annex ZB (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2001/16.94 Bibliography.95 SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 5
Foreword This European Standard (EN 14531-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2005. This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 96/48 and Directive 2001/16. For relationship with EU Directives, see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this European Standard. This European Standard is one part of the European Standard as listed below: EN 14531, Railway applications – Methods for calculation of stopping, slowing distances and immobilization braking Part 1: General algorithms Part 2: Application to single freight wagon Part 3: Application to mass transit (LRV's and D- and E- MU's) Part 4: Application to single passengers coach Part 5: Application to locomotive Part 6: Application to high speed trains According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 6 Introduction This European Standard is aimed at enabling the railway industries and operators to work with a common calculation method. It describes the fundamental algorithms and calculations for the design of brake equipment for railway vehicles. This European Standard should be considered as a technical document which gives the physical basis for the brake calculations. It will also help the user to understand the UIC 544-1 leaflet through completion of the requirements in the UIC 544-1 leaflet. This European Standard gives examples of freight wagon applications considered as the highest priority. It is applicable for all vehicle types. If necessary, additional application examples will be added as separate parts to the European Standard. SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a general algorithm to be used in any type of vehicle application. It enables the calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, force calculations, immobilization braking. Typical examples of calculations for freight wagon, coach and locomotive are given in Parts 2 to 6 of this European Standard. NOTE This European Standard does not specify the performance requirements which can be found in the different standards specified in Clause 2. This European Standard enables the verification that the design respects the requirements according to the railway application type. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13452-1:2003, Railway applications — Braking — Mass transit brake systems — Part 1: Performance requirements EN 13452-2:2004, Railway applications — Braking — Mass transit brake systems — Part 2: Methods of test EN 14198:2004, Railway applications — Braking — Requirements for the brake system of trains hauled by a locomotive EN 14478, Railway applications — Braking — Generic vocabulary 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 13452-1:2004,
EN 14198:2003 and EN 14478:2004 apply. NOTE If there are inconsistencies between this European Standard and the definitions given in EN 14478, then the definitions given in EN 14478 take precedence. 3.2 Symbols and indices For the purposes of this European Standard, the general symbols given in Table 1 and indices given in Table 2 apply. NOTE Specific symbols are defined in the relevant clauses. SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 8 Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Term Dimensions A area m2 a deceleration m/s2 B braked mass (see UIC 544-1) kg D wheel diameter m d diameter m F force N FB braking force N Fg downhill force on the train N f0 available coefficient of adhesion
g acceleration due to gravity m/s2 I rotational inertia kg · m2 i rigging ratio, calliper ratio
m mass kg n quantity
P power W p pressure Pa R wheel radius m r radius m s distance m t time s v speed m/s W energy J WS energy per square unit J/m2 η efficiency
coefficient of rotating mass
λ brake percentage
µ friction coefficient
SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 9
Table 2 — General indices
Symbol Term Dimensions AMG attraction force for a magnetic brake
a axle
BEC braking force for an eddy current brake
BED electro-dynamic braking force
BFR fluid retarder
BMG braking force for a magnetic brake
b block or pad
bog bogie
C cylinder
disc disc
dyn dynamic
e, 2 final
eq equivalent
ext
external
H hand brake
int internal
m average, mean
max maximal
min minimal
mot motor
M_unsp unsprung mass
MG magnetic brake
park parking, immobilization
R reaction
Ra rolling resistance
rot rotational
R1 return spring
R2 regulator
st static
tot
total
tra trailer
veh vehicle
SIST EN 14531-1:2005
EN 14531-1:2005 (E) 10 Table 2 – (concluded) w wheel
weig weighing
wind wind
0, 1 initial
NOTE In this European Standard, the wheelset is simply named "axle". 4 General algorithms 4.1 General algorithm to calculate stopping and slowing distances This algorithm is presented in Annex A. The content of each part and the corresponding calculations are explained in Clause 5. This algorithm can be used either with mean values or with instantaneous values of, for example force or retardation which are integrated step by step. 4.2 General algorithm to calculate immobilisation brake This algorithm is presented in Annex B. The content of each part and the corresponding calculations are explained in Clause 6. 5 Stopping and slowing distances calculation 5.1 General All the values which are used shall be justified, for example, by tests, calculations, or engineer's estimations, in accordance with the appropriate standards, for example EN 13452-2. 5.2 General characteristics 5.2.1 Train formation The parameters to define train formation are: quantity of motor axles; quantity of trailer axles; quantity of braked axles for each brake equipment type. In the cases of single wagon, coach or locomotive, the
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