SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
(Main)Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 établit et définit les termes utilisés dans la technologie de la fabrication additive (FA), qui applique le principe de mise en forme additive et construit ainsi des géométries physiques en 3D par ajout successif de matériau.
Les termes ont été classés par champs d'application spécifiques.
Les nouveaux termes émergeant des futurs travaux de l'ISO/TC 261 seront inclus dans les amendements à venir et les vues d'ensemble de la présente Norme internationale.
Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Terminologija (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Standard ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 določa in opredeljuje izraze v zvezi tehnologijo aditivne proizvodnje, ki uporablja princip aditivnega oblikovanja in tako gradi fizične 3D-geometrije z uspešnim dodajanjem materiala.
Izrazi so razvrščeni glede na področja uporabe.
Novi izrazi iz prihodnjih dejavnosti v okviru standardov ISO/TC 261 in ASTM F42 bodo vključeni v prihajajočih dopolnilih in pregledih tega mednarodnega standarda.
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
01-maj-2017
Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Terminologija (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.25; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology
(ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie
Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015) (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 January 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261 “Additive
manufacturing” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive Manufacturing” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 without
any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52900
First edition
2015-12-15
Additive manufacturing — General
principles — Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2015
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASME International 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.2 Process categories . 2
2.3 Processing: General . 3
2.4 Processing: Data. 6
2.5 Processing: Material . 8
2.6 Applications . 9
2.7 Properties .10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles .12
Annex B (informative) Alphabetical index .17
Bibliography .19
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
This first edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 cancels and replaces ASTM F2792.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.
This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)
technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by
successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in
upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)
2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system
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2.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both
2.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9
multi-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10
single-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories
2.2.1
binder jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)
is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
2.2.3
material extrusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice
2.2.4
material jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.
2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (2.6.1)
2.2.7
vat photopolymerization, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another
printer technology
Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.
2.3.2
build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3
build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.3.4
build envelope, noun
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricated
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5
build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture
between the build and the platform may be required.
2.3.6
build space, noun
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)
2.3.7
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (2.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing
part onto which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10
layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with
the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,
B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the
machine manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[6]
illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),
additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post-processing (2.5.6) machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.
2.3.13
origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[6]
origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin, noun
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up
2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)
Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers
or a powder recycling system.
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
[6]
Part location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters, noun
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.19
production run, noun
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions
2.3.20
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis
(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)
Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22
y-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the
positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then
run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.23
z-axis, noun
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).
Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.
Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[1]
energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)
which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording
x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted
into digital data
Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.
2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box, noun
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting
orientation of the box
2.4.5
machine bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)
2.4.6
master bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
2.4.7
extensible markup language, noun
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
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2.4.8
facet, noun
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or
model
Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL
(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
2.4.9
geometric centre, noun
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.
2.4.10
IGES, noun
initial graphics exchange specification
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
01-maj-2017
$GLWLYQDSURL]YRGQMD6SORãQDQDþHOD7HUPLQRORJLMD ,62$670
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO 52900:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.25; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology
(ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie
Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015) (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 January 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261 “Additive
manufacturing” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive Manufacturing” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 without
any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52900
First edition
2015-12-15
Additive manufacturing — General
principles — Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2015
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASME International 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.2 Process categories . 2
2.3 Processing: General . 3
2.4 Processing: Data. 6
2.5 Processing: Material . 8
2.6 Applications . 9
2.7 Properties .10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles .12
Annex B (informative) Alphabetical index .17
Bibliography .19
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
This first edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 cancels and replaces ASTM F2792.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.
This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)
technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by
successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in
upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)
2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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2.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both
2.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9
multi-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10
single-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories
2.2.1
binder jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)
is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
2.2.3
material extrusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice
2.2.4
material jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.
2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (2.6.1)
2.2.7
vat photopolymerization, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another
printer technology
Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.
2.3.2
build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3
build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.3.4
build envelope, noun
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricated
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5
build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture
between the build and the platform may be required.
2.3.6
build space, noun
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)
2.3.7
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (2.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing
part onto which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10
layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with
the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,
B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the
machine manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[6]
illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),
additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post-processing (2.5.6) machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.
2.3.13
origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[6]
origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin, noun
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up
2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)
Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers
or a powder recycling system.
4 © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
[6]
Part location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters, noun
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.19
production run, noun
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions
2.3.20
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis
(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)
Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22
y-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the
positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then
run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.23
z-axis, noun
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).
Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.
Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[1]
energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)
which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording
x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted
into digital data
Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.
2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box, noun
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting
orientation of the box
2.4.5
machine bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)
2.4.6
master bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
2.4.7
extensible markup language, noun
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
6 © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
2.4.8
facet, noun
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or
model
Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL
(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
2.4.9
geometric centre, noun
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.
2.4.10
IGES, noun
initial graphics exchange specification
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry
annotation information
Note 1 to entry: IGES is the co
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
01-oktober-2016
'WLVNDQMH6SORãQDQDþHOD7HUPLQRORJLMD ,62$670
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 52900
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
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oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52900
First edition
2015-12-15
Additive manufacturing — General
principles — Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2015
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASME International 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.2 Process categories . 2
2.3 Processing: General . 3
2.4 Processing: Data. 6
2.5 Processing: Material . 8
2.6 Applications . 9
2.7 Properties .10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles .12
Annex B (informative) Alphabetical index .17
Bibliography .19
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 52900:2016
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
This first edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 cancels and replaces ASTM F2792.
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Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.
This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)
technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by
successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in
upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)
2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system
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2.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both
2.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9
multi-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10
single-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories
2.2.1
binder jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)
is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
2.2.3
material extrusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice
2.2.4
material jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.
2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)
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2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (2.6.1)
2.2.7
vat photopolymerization, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another
printer technology
Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.
2.3.2
build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3
build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.3.4
build envelope, noun
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricated
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5
build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture
between the build and the platform may be required.
2.3.6
build space, noun
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)
2.3.7
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (2.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing
part onto which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.
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2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10
layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with
the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,
B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the
machine manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[6]
illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),
additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post-processing (2.5.6) machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.
2.3.13
origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[6]
origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin, noun
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up
2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)
Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers
or a powder recycling system.
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2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
[6]
Part location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters, noun
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.19
production run, noun
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions
2.3.20
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis
(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)
Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22
y-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the
positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then
run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.23
z-axis, noun
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).
Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.
Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[1]
energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)
which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
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2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording
x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted
into digital data
Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.
2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box, noun
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting
orientation of the box
2.4.5
machine bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)
2.4.6
master bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
2.4.7
extensible markup language, noun
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
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2.4.8
facet, noun
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or
model
Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL
(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
2.4.9
geometric centre, noun
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.
2.4.10
IGES, noun
initial graphics exchange specification
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry
annotation information
Note 1 to entry: IGES is the common name for a United States National Bureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80–
1978, Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved by ANSI first
[3]
as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100–1996. IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303
STEP (2.4.15) in 2006.
2.4.11
initial build orientation, noun
orientation of the part as it is first placed in the build volume (2.3.8)
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Initial build orientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.12
nesting, participle
situation when parts (2.6.1) are made in one build cycle (2.3.3) and are located such that their bounding
boxes (2.4.3), arbitrarily oriented (2.4.4) or otherwise, will overlap
2.4.13
PDES, noun
Product Data Exchange Specification or Product Data Exchange using STEP (2.4.15)
Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES
Organization, a program of US Product Data Association (USPRO). It was adopted as the basis for and subsequently
[3]
superseded by ISO 10303 STEP (2.4.15).
2.4.14
part reorientation, noun
rotation around the geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) from the specified initial
build orientation (2.4.11) of that part (2.6.1)
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Part reorientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.15
STEP, noun
standard for the exchange of product model data
Note 1 to entry: ISO standard that provides a representation of product information, along with the necessary
[3]
mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. ISO 10303 applies to the representation
of product information, including components and assemblies; the exchange of product data, including storing,
transferring, accessing and archiving.
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2.4.16
STL, noun
file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles
used to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early
STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as “Standard
Triangulation Language” or “Standard Tessalation Language”, though it has never been recognized as an official
standard by any standardization organization.
2.4.17
surface model, noun
mathematical or digital representation of an object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, that
can, but does not necessarily have to, represent a closed volume
2.5 Processing: Material
2.5.1
curing, verb
chemical process which results in the ultimate properties of a finish or other material
2.5.2
feedstock, noun
DEPRECATED: source material
DEPRECATED: starting material
DEPRECATED: base material
DEPRECATED: original material
bulk raw material supplied to the additive manufacturing (2.1.2) building process
Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing building processes, the bulk raw material is typically supplied in
various forms such as liquid, powder, suspensions, filaments, sheets, etc.
2.5.3
fusion, noun
act of uniting two or more units of material into a single unit of material
2.5.4
laser sintering, noun
LS
powder bed fusion (2.2.5) process used to produce objects from powdered materials using one or
more lasers to selectively fuse or melt the particles at the surface, layer (2.3.10) upon layer, in an
enclosed chamber
Note 1 to entry: Most LS machines partially or fully melt the materials they process. The word “sintering” is a
historical term and a misnomer, as the process typically involves full or partial melting, as opposed to traditional
powdered metal sintering using a mould and heat and/or pressure.
2.
...
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