SIST ISO 11800:2003
(Main)Information and documentation -- Requirements for binding materials and methods used in the manufacture of books
Information and documentation -- Requirements for binding materials and methods used in the manufacture of books
This International Standard specifies manufacturing methods and materials that will result in durable hard cover and soft cover binding for books manufactured in commercial quantities. It does not apply to hand bookbinding, individual casing or binding of archival matter. Nor does it apply to fine binding which does not serve its normal purpose of primarily protecting a book block (such as sculptural art formed around book-like material).
This International Standard has two normative annexes and one annex with a set of guidelines, each specifying the requirements for its special category of binding.
Category A binding (annex A) is intended
— for books of permanent retention;
— for books produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods, e.g. reference works;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having lasting aesthetic value. Category B binding (annex B) is intended
— for books and periodicals in soft cover and of permanent retention;
— for books and periodicals produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having aesthetic value.
Guidelines that specify recommended manufacturing methods and materials for soft cover and hard cover adhesive-bound books are given in annex C. Annex D contains information regarding the fields of application suggested for category A and B bindings and for adhesive-bound books.
Information et documentation -- Prescriptions pour les matériaux et méthodes de reliure utilisés dans la fabrication des livres
La présente Norme internationale prescrit les méthodes de fabrication et les matériaux pour la production de livres durables ŕ couverture souple ou rigide réalisée en quantité industrielle. Elle ne s'applique pas ŕ la reliure main, ŕ l'emboîtage individuel ou ŕ la reliure de produits d'archives. Elle ne s'applique pas non plus ŕ la reliure d'art, dont l'objectif principal n'est pas en premier lieu la protection d'un corps d'ouvrage (telle que l'art sculptural autour d'un faux-livre).
La présente Norme internationale comporte deux annexes normatives et une annexe informative, chacune spécifiant les prescriptions s'appliquant ŕ chaque catégorie de reliure.
La reliure de la catégorie A (annexe A) concerne
— les livres pour une conservation permanente;
— les livres fabriqués en vue d'un usage intensif sur une longue période, par exemple les ouvrages de référence;
— les ouvrages de valeur demandant une protection de longue durée;
— les ouvrages de valeur esthétique durable.
La reliure de la catégorie B (annexe B) concerne
— les livres et périodiques ŕ couverture souple pour une conservation permanente;
— les livres et périodiques réalisés en vue d'un usage intensif et pour des périodes prolongées;
— les ouvrages de valeur demandant une protection de longue durée;
— les ouvrages de valeur esthétique.
Les lignes directrices spécifiant les méthodes et les matériaux préconisés pour la reliure collée des ouvrages cartonnés et ŕ couverture souple se trouvent dans l'annexe C. L'annexe D rassemble des éléments d'information relatifs aux champs d'application recommandés pour les reliures de catégories A et B et pour la reliure collée.
Informatika in dokumentacija - Zahteve za kakovost materialov za izdelavo knjižnih platnic in postopke dela pri izdelavi knjig
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11800
First edition
1998-04-15
Information and documentation —
Requirements for binding materials and
methods used in the manufacture of books
Information et documentation — Prescriptions pour les matériaux
et méthodes de reliure utilisés dans la fabrication des livres
A
Reference number
ISO 11800:1998(E)
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ISO 11800:1998(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions. 2
4 Principles . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
6 Statement of compliance . 6
Annexes
A Category A binding — Sewn hard cover binding . 7
B Category B binding — Sewn soft cover binding . 12
C Guidelines for the production of soft cover and hard cover adhesive-bound books . 17
D Recommendations concerning fields of application . 21
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 11800 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documen-
tation, Subcommittee SC 10, Physical keeping of documents.
Annexes A and B form an integral part of this International Standard. Annexes C and D are for information only.
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ISO 11800:1998(E) ISO
Introduction
The usability and durability of books held in libraries and archives is a matter of natural concern to the public.
Private book buyers and readers have a similar interest in such lasting qualities of the books they purchase. Books,
in principle, should remain in good physical condition for as long as their contents are worth preserving. They should
be manufactured to meet the requirements of their intended use.
Industrialized manufacturing methods, unfortunately, have not improved the quality of the average book. An
increasing percentage of recently produced books tend to fall apart prematurely. Tests in library laboratories and
simple observation show that some of the core problems lie in the binding materials and binding methods. Libraries
and archives around the world are concerned about the consequences. It is envisaged that, more and more,
recently acquired books will either fall apart before they are withdrawn from the collection for textual reasons, or
they will have to be replaced or rebound. In either case, library and archival systems worldwide are likely to face
enormous expenses in the future if the quality of the average book is not improved. This, for many public, academic
and special libraries, could be an incentive to become more selective in their acquisitions and to buy fewer new
titles.
This International Standard addresses publishers and book manufacturers. It also addresses acquisition librarians
and archivists with a view to informing library and archival staff about the good physical properties they should
expect in the books they acquire for public use. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide a means of
specifying manufacturing methods and binding materials to be used for the production and making of quality books.
Good quality book bindings should be capable of withstanding ordinary use for a satisfactory period of time without
significant breakdown of the binding structure. The properties of a durable book explicitly include the permanency of
all the component parts, including its paper, the secure attachment of its leaves together, preferably by sewing, to
form the book block, the secure attachment of the book block to its protective cover, and the resistance of the cover
to the effects of abrasion, soiling and exposure to light. The concept of durability includes the attribute of flexibility,
i.e. the ability of a book to open well without stress under normal reading conditions.
For heavy wear, long-term keeping and eventually rebinding of the book block, adhesive binding is not considered
by this International Standard to be as recommendable as sewn binding. For that reason, adhesive binding is not an
integral part of this International Standard. Yet adhesive-bound books can be manufactured to meet such simple
requirements as the secure attachment of their leaves together to form the book block, the secure attachment of the
book block to its protective cover and some resistance of both paper and cover materials to the effects of wear and
deterioration. Guidelines for the manufacture of well-produced adhesive-bound books, therefore, are included as an
annex to this International Standard. The requirements for adhesive binding include the minimum requirements for
acceptable bookbinding under circumstances mentioned in the scope of this International Standard, described in
clause C.1 of annex C, and further explained in annex D. For the sake of expediency, the numbering scheme
applied in annexes A and B of this International Standard is repeated in the Guidelines for adhesive-bound books in
annex C.
Of concern regarding both sewn and adhesive binding are those methods and materials that affect the ease with
which a volume can be rebound or repaired. With this in view, and to ensure that books will open easily when in
use, this International Standard also includes minimum requirements for the size of the inner margins which must be
respected during the imposition of the text matter.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
Information and documentation — Requirements for binding
materials and methods used in the manufacture of books
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies manufacturing methods and materials that will result in durable hard cover and
soft cover binding for books manufactured in commercial quantities. It does not apply to hand bookbinding,
individual casing or binding of archival matter. Nor does it apply to fine binding which does not serve its normal
purpose of primarily protecting a book block (such as sculptural art formed around book-like material).
This International Standard has two normative annexes and one annex with a set of guidelines, each specifying the
requirements for its special category of binding.
Category A binding (annex A) is intended
— for books of permanent retention;
— for books produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods, e.g. reference works;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having lasting aesthetic value.
Category B binding (annex B) is intended
— for books and periodicals in soft cover and of permanent retention;
— for books and periodicals produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having aesthetic value.
Guidelines that specify recommended manufacturing methods and materials for soft cover and hard cover
adhesive-bound books are given in annex C. Annex D contains information regarding the fields of application
suggested for category A and B bindings and for adhesive-bound books.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 302:1981, Pulps — Determination of Kappa number.
ISO 534:1988, Paper and board — Determination of thickness and apparent bulk density or apparent sheet density.
ISO 536:1995,
Paper and board — Determination of grammage.
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ISO 11800:1998(E) ISO
ISO 2758:1983, Paper — Determination of bursting strength.
ISO 2835:1974, Prints and printing inks — Assessment of light fastness.
ISO 4046:1978, Paper, board, pulp and related terms — Vocabulary.
1)
ISO 5081:1977, Textiles — Woven fabrics — Determination of breaking strength and elongation (Strip method) .
ISO 5127-2:1983, Documentation and information — Vocabulary — Part 2: Traditional documents.
ISO 5626:1993, Paper — Determination of folding endurance.
ISO 6588:1981, Paper, board and pulps — Determination of pH of aqueous extracts.
ISO 9665:1993, Adhesives — Animal glues — Methods for sampling and testing.
ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence.
2)
ANSI L29.1-1977 (R1984), Fabrics for Book Covers .
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
adhesive binding
type of binding, hard cover or soft cover, in which the signatures are milled and the separate sheets glued together
by means of an adhesive
3.2
adhesive line
width of adhesive applied to a material prior to attaching it to another material
3.3
alkaline buffered paper
paper with a pH equal to or higher than 7,0, and containing a compound (e.g. calcium carbonate) at a level sufficient
to neutralize acid generated from degradation of the paper, from adjacent materials, or from atmospheric pollution
3.4
animal glue
natural glue prepared by adding glycerine to high-quality hide glue
3.5
bind
to fasten sheets together and to attach them to protective covers, which may be made of a variety of materials, e.g.
paper, board, cloth
3.6
binder’s board
2
rigid, solid board, made from a base stock of paper pulp, and of a grammage of 225 g/m or more
1) ASTM D 5035-90, Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Force) is technically identical to
ISO 5081.
2) May be obtained from ANSI at the address: 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA.
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
3.7
bursting strength
maximum uniformly distributed pressure, applied at right angles to its surface, that a test piece will stand before it
breaks under the conditions defined in the standard test methods
3.8
casing-in
process of applying adhesive to the outermost endpapers of a book block and fitting the book block into its case
3.9
cross-link
setting up of chemical links between the molecular chains of polymers, resulting in embrittlement of the object
3.10
endpaper
folded sheet of paper attached to the book block, the outer sheet to face the inner side of its board; adhesive is
applied to the outer page of each endsheet when the book block is cased in
3.11
EVA hot-melt (Ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer)
thermoplastic adhesive made of ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer, with fast-setting qualities but low resistance to
environmental factors and ageing
3.12
folding endurance
logarithm (to the base of 10) of the number of double folds required to cause rupture in a strip of paper 15 mm wide
tested under applied standard stress conditions
3.13
forwarding
steps in binding that take place after sewing and prior to a book being cased in; usually it includes rounding, backing
and lining the spine and it may include tipping-in the endpapers
3.14
gluing-off
process of applying adhesive to the spine of the book block after sewing
3.15
hard cover book
book bound in a rigid material, usually binder's board, made either from sewn leaves or as an adhesive binding from
sheets glued together
3.16
hot-melt adhesive
family of polymer adhesives often applied in commercial publisher's bindings to non-standard sewn or adhesive
book blocks
NOTE — The term is often used to mean EVA hot-melt, cf. 3.11.
3.17
inner margin
unprinted space between the printed area of a page and the centrefold of the signature
3.18
insert
sheets or signatures, usually with illustrations, printed separately from the text and sewn or pasted into the book
block during binding
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ISO 11800:1998(E) ISO
3.19
lining
materials (cloth and paper) adhered to the spine of the book block or the spine of the case
3.20
machine direction
direction in a paper or a board corresponding to the direction of travel of the web on the paper or board machine
NOTE — Machine direction is often but not necessarily always identical with "grain direction", the direction in which the
majority of fibres lie in a sheet of machine-produced paper or board.
3.21
milling
process of preparing the book block for adhesive binding by milling the binding edge
3.22
nipping
applying pressure to the book block after sewing and gluing-off the back to reduce swelling caused by the thread
3.23
notching
cutting grooves across the spine of the book block prior to the gluing process in the production of adhesive
bindings, in order to increase the area of adhesion
3.24
overhang
protrusion of some leaves over others in an untrimmed book block or of the squares over a trimmed book block
3.25
permanent paper
paper which during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments will undergo little or no
changes in properties that affect use
3.26
PUR-melt (Polyurethane)
melt-adhesive for binding purposes made from polyurethane and produced by emulsion polymerization
NOTE — PUR-melt differs from traditional hot-melt by having improved ageing qualities and resistance to environmental
factors, as well as having better adhesive qualities, in particular on coated stock. It differs from PVAc by having faster setting.
3.27
PVAc (Polyvinyl acetate emulsion)
synthetic vinyl resin adhesive, polyvinyl acetate emulsion, produced from its monomer by emulsion polymerization
NOTE — PVAc is characterized by strong adhesive qualities and resistance to environmental factors and ageing, but has
rather slow setting qualities. It differs from melt adhesives, in particular from PUR-melt, by demanding less costly binding
machinery.
3.28
rounding and backing
shaping of a book block by a special machine (or by hand) after trimming and before lining
NOTE — Rounding results in the characteristic convex spine and concave fore-edge of a hard cover book. Backing causes
the sewn edges of the signatures to fan out, producing a hinge for the cover boards to turn against after the book is bound.
3.29
signature
printed sheet folded to form one section of a book
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
NOTE — Signatures are trimmed or cut on all three open edges after the book block has been sewn. In adhesive binding, the
fourth (spine) edge is also cut. A signature typically has 8 or 16 leaves (16 or 32 pages), although any multiple of 2 leaves is
possible.
3.30
soft cover book
book bound in flexible material, usually paper or light board, that can be made either from sewn leaves or as an
adhesive binding from sheets glued together
3.31
spine inlay
strip of paper or board used to stiffen the spine of the case of a binding
3.32
squares
board edges that extend beyond the book block at the head, tail and fore-edges of a book
3.33
super
coarse cloth glued to the back of the book block, forming the first lining of a case-bound book
NOTE — The denser the weave of the cloth, the stronger the case attachment. Super is often termed "mull" after the most
commonly used cloth material.
3.34
tensile strength
maximum tensile force that a test piece will stand before it breaks under the conditions defined in the standard test
methods
The definitions applied in this International Standard comply with those of ISO 4046, ISO 5127-2 and ISO 5626.
They have been augmented by specialized binding terms applied in ANSI/NISO Z39.66-1989: Durable Hard-Cover
Binding for Books.
4 Principles
As a consequence of their broad scope, the requirements in this International Standard are as brief and general as
possible. They do not prescribe specific binding equipment or trade-mark materials. Instead they are a description
of some single, but crucial, stages in the binding of books that should be closely observed if the finished volumes
are to remain in good shape and be useful for years, decades or longer.
By intent, this International Standard realistically takes into account what can be efficiently produced at reasonable
cost in a modern book production facility. For this reason it restricts itself to only such methods, techniques and
kinds of material which are considered worldwide as a generally acceptable minimum.
Wherever possible, the requirements are stated in exact figures relating to testing methods well-known in book
production plants and binderies all over the world. Any reference to board and paper is expressed in terms used by
the producers or suppliers of such materials. Any specified treatment applied to cover materials is stated in terms
generally known by manufacturers of such materials.
5 Required characteristics
The requirements for the binding materials and manufacturing methods for hard cover and soft cover books are
listed in two normative annexes A and B. Also appended is a set of guidelines in annex C, containing
recommendations for the production of soft cover and hard cover adhesive-bound books. The three annexes
identify three different categories of binding materials and manufacturing methods.
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ISO 11800:1998(E) ISO
In order to facilitate comparison between requirements/recommendations for different binding types, a uniform
clause numbering structure has been adopted for all three annexes. As a consequence, a number of headings in
annexes A and B do not indicate any specific recommendation for category C binding.
6 Statement of compliance
All book manufacturers and book binders are encouraged to use and promote the use of a statement of compliance
with ISO 11800 on each binding that meets the requirements of this International Standard.
Compliance with this International Standard can be claimed only by adopting one of the two text lines which indicate
compliance with the full requirements in either annex A (for category A binding) or annex B (for category B binding).
The text line shall be set in a single line in Helvetica or a similar sans-serif form of type in one line as follows:
Category A: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. A
Category B: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. B
The text line to be adopted shall be either stamped or printed in the lower right corner on the outside back board or
cover of the book, and shall have a minimum height of 2 mm and maximum height of 4 mm.
Books produced in accordance with the guidelines in annex C may make known such compliance by the following
statement in the colophon:
"This book has been produced in accordance with the guidelines for adhesive-bound books in ISO 11800,
annex C".
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Category A binding — Sewn hard cover binding
A.1 Fields of application
Category A binding is intended for books exposed to heavy use over prolonged periods, for lasting protection of
valuable books and for other hard cover books of which the binding is a significant part. e.g. bibliophile issues. (See
annex D.)
A.2 Book block requirements
A.2.1 Paper
All paper used for the book block, including flyleaves, endpapers, spine inlays and paper for inserts, shall meet in
full the specifications of ISO 9706. Differences in grammage and flexibility between the paper used for the book
block and paper for inserts shall be as slight as possible. The machine direction of all paper used for the book block,
including paper for inserts, shall run parallel to the binding edge.
NOTE — According to normative annex A of ISO 9706:1994, use of a symbol and a statement of compliance as described in
that annex is encouraged for books printed on paper meeting the requirements of ISO 9706.
A.2.2 Signatures
The book block shall be gathered from one or more signatures which shall all retain their folding edge. A folded
signature shall not exceed 2,5 mm in thickness and shall be well pressed. If the imposition plan results in an odd-
sized signature, i.e. a signature with a number of pages different from the others, this signature shall be placed
between full-sized signatures.
A.2.3 Size of book block
For convenience of use and to avoid undue strain on the binding structure, the thickness of the book block shall not
exceed 64 mm.
A.2.4 Margins
The text shall be imposed so that the inner margin measures at least 14 mm on both sides of the fold of the
signature. For page sizes wider than 144 mm, each inner margin shall measure at least 1/9 of the page width.
A.3 Binding methods
A.3.1 Endpapers
Endpapers shall be formed from single sheets of paper folded in half. Endpapers shall be attached to the front and
back signatures either by sewing or by tipping-in. If tipping-in is used, the fold of each endpaper shall line up with
the fold of the signature with a tolerance of 1,5 mm. The adhesive line shall then be straight and not exceed 5 mm in
width.
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ISO 11800:1998(E) ISO
A.3.2 Method of leaf attachment
The book block shall be made by sewing through the folds of the signatures. Signatures shall have as many stitches
as the machine can employ, except for a distance of 10 mm from the head and 13 mm from the tail, which shall be
left without stitches. The distance between stitches (discernible by measuring the spacing along the innermost fold
of a signature) shall not be more than 25 mm.
A.3.3 Inserts
Inserts of 4 leaves (8 pages) or more shall be sewn in as signatures.
A.3.4 Fold-outs
Fold-outs, e.g. maps, larger than four times the size of the book format shall be contained in a book pocket.
A.3.5 Nipping and trimming
The book block shall be well nipped to eliminate excess swelling, and be trimmed as squarely and slightly as
possible. In cases where the book block is meant to be untrimmed, an overhang of 2 mm - 3 mm is allowed.
A.3.6 Gluing-off the spine
The spine of the book block shall receive a coating of adhesive or glue, prior to rounding and backing. The adhesive
shall thoroughly coat the spine and penetrate no further through the sewing holes than to the innermost leaf. The
adhesive shall be applied at the proper consistency so that it does not seep unevenly between signatures. At no
point shall the adhesive penetrate between the signatures to a depth of more than 1,0 mm.
A.3.7 Rounding and backing
Book blocks shall be evenly rounded and backed to form a smooth, convex spine and a concave fore-edge; they
shall be backed to form shoulders that are symmetrical, uniform from head to tail, and nearly equal in size to the
specified board thickness. Rounding and backing is not required for book blocks less than 13 mm thick.
A.3.8 Back lining
The lining shall be carried out either during the spine-gluing operation or during the casing-in operation. The lining
material shall be evenly and securely attached to the spine. The lining material shall be mull or another cloth. Paper
may only be used as a second lining on mull. The application of cloth or mull shall extend at least 20 mm onto the
endpaper. The machine direction of the paper and the thread of the warp shall run parallel to the spine.
A.4 Case construction
A.4.1 Boards
The boards shall be cut with their machine direction running parallel to the spine of the book. The boards shall be
correctly positioned on the cover material to ensure the correct spine and joint width for the case. To be correct, the
joint width shall equal the thickness of the board together with three times the thickness of the cover material.
The boards shall form squares having a head and tail overhang of between 1,5 mm and 2,0 mm for book blocks up
to 38 mm thick, and a maximum of 2,5 mm for book blocks more than 38 mm thick, and a fore-edge overhang of
between 2,0 mm and 2,5 mm for book blocks up to 38 mm thick, and a maximum of 3,0 mm for book blocks thicker
than 38 mm. See also A.3.5.
A.4.2 Spine inlay
A spine inlay shall be used to reinforce the spine of the case. The inlay shall be cut squarely and the machine
direction of the paper or board used shall run parallel to the spine of the book. The width of the inlay shall be equal
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
to the width of the spine plus twice the thickness of the board ± 5 %, and its height shall be equal to the height of the
cover boards.
A.4.3 Casing-in
The spine of the book block shall be positioned firmly in the spine of the case and the joints shall be tightly adhered.
A.4.4 Absence of warping
The components of the case (cover material, boards, paper liner, casing-in adhesive, and adhered endpapers) shall
form a completed book-cover structure that is free of warping. The component materials shall be applied with their
machine direction or warp-thread direction running parallel to the spine of the book block.
A.4.5 Turn-in
The cover material shall fold over the boards on all three open sides and be firmly attached, extending between
15 mm and 20 mm onto the inner boards and underneath the paste-downs.
A.4.6 Dust jacket
If a dust jacket is employed, its fold around both boards or covers shall not be less than 1/3 the width of the cover.
A.4.7 Book pocket
If a book pocket is employed, it shall be firmly attached to the inner back board, and comply with all of the relevant
material requirements of A.2.1 and A.5.
A.4.8 Labels
If labels are employed, they shall be firmly and securely fixed to the cover material or endpaper, using either
polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion or animal glue.
A.5 Material specifications
A.5.1 Adhesives or glue
Adhesives or glue used for all processes shall be capable of forming a permanent bond between the surfaces to be
joined.
The adhesives employed shall be either an emulsion copolymer of internally plasticized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc),
that will not cross-link on long-term ageing at normal indoor temperatures (20 °C - 30 °C), or high-grade animal
glue, of an interval between 390 and 530 grams Bloom, measured according to ISO 9665. Polyurethane adhesive
(PUR-melt), ethylene vinyl acetate adhesive (EVA hot-melt), or similar hot-melt adhesives shall not be used.
The adhesive force shall be such that bonded materials cannot be separated without damage, neither before nor
after the following sequence of exposures:
a) 72 h exposure to 54 °C ± 3 °C, and
b) 72 h exposure to – 6 °C ± 3 °C, and
c) 6 h exposure to 24 °C ± 6 °C,
except by specialist methods.
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A.5.2 Cloth
All cloth materials employed shall perform adequately with respect to their strength, flexibility and other properties
required by this International Standard. The tensile strength of each cloth shall be determined by the strip method
described in ISO 5081.
A.5.3 Boards
Board material shall have a pH-value of not less than 5,5 and not more than 10,0 as tested by ISO 6588. With board
material of a pH-value less than 7,0, acid migration from the boards to the book block shall be prevented by alkaline
2 2
buffered endpapers of a minimum grammage of 120 g/m and a maximum grammage of 160 g/m . The grammage
shall be determined as described in ISO 536.
3 3
All board material shall have a density in the range of 0,8 g/cm - 1,0 g/cm , measured as apparent sheet density
according to ISO 534. The minimum board thickness given in Table A.1 shall be used.
Table A.1 — Minimum board thicknesses for Category A books
Minimum b
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 11800:2003
01-marec-2003
Informatika in dokumentacija - Zahteve za kakovost materialov za izdelavo knjižnih
platnic in postopke dela pri izdelavi knjig
Information and documentation -- Requirements for binding materials and methods used
in the manufacture of books
Information et documentation -- Prescriptions pour les matériaux et méthodes de reliure
utilisés dans la fabrication des livres
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11800:1998
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
37.100.10 Reprodukcijska oprema Reproduction equipment
SIST ISO 11800:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 11800:2003
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SIST ISO 11800:2003
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11800
First edition
1998-04-15
Information and documentation —
Requirements for binding materials and
methods used in the manufacture of books
Information et documentation — Prescriptions pour les matériaux
et méthodes de reliure utilisés dans la fabrication des livres
A
Reference number
ISO 11800:1998(E)
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SIST ISO 11800:2003
ISO 11800:1998(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions. 2
4 Principles . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
6 Statement of compliance . 6
Annexes
A Category A binding — Sewn hard cover binding . 7
B Category B binding — Sewn soft cover binding . 12
C Guidelines for the production of soft cover and hard cover adhesive-bound books . 17
D Recommendations concerning fields of application . 21
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 11800 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documen-
tation, Subcommittee SC 10, Physical keeping of documents.
Annexes A and B form an integral part of this International Standard. Annexes C and D are for information only.
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Introduction
The usability and durability of books held in libraries and archives is a matter of natural concern to the public.
Private book buyers and readers have a similar interest in such lasting qualities of the books they purchase. Books,
in principle, should remain in good physical condition for as long as their contents are worth preserving. They should
be manufactured to meet the requirements of their intended use.
Industrialized manufacturing methods, unfortunately, have not improved the quality of the average book. An
increasing percentage of recently produced books tend to fall apart prematurely. Tests in library laboratories and
simple observation show that some of the core problems lie in the binding materials and binding methods. Libraries
and archives around the world are concerned about the consequences. It is envisaged that, more and more,
recently acquired books will either fall apart before they are withdrawn from the collection for textual reasons, or
they will have to be replaced or rebound. In either case, library and archival systems worldwide are likely to face
enormous expenses in the future if the quality of the average book is not improved. This, for many public, academic
and special libraries, could be an incentive to become more selective in their acquisitions and to buy fewer new
titles.
This International Standard addresses publishers and book manufacturers. It also addresses acquisition librarians
and archivists with a view to informing library and archival staff about the good physical properties they should
expect in the books they acquire for public use. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide a means of
specifying manufacturing methods and binding materials to be used for the production and making of quality books.
Good quality book bindings should be capable of withstanding ordinary use for a satisfactory period of time without
significant breakdown of the binding structure. The properties of a durable book explicitly include the permanency of
all the component parts, including its paper, the secure attachment of its leaves together, preferably by sewing, to
form the book block, the secure attachment of the book block to its protective cover, and the resistance of the cover
to the effects of abrasion, soiling and exposure to light. The concept of durability includes the attribute of flexibility,
i.e. the ability of a book to open well without stress under normal reading conditions.
For heavy wear, long-term keeping and eventually rebinding of the book block, adhesive binding is not considered
by this International Standard to be as recommendable as sewn binding. For that reason, adhesive binding is not an
integral part of this International Standard. Yet adhesive-bound books can be manufactured to meet such simple
requirements as the secure attachment of their leaves together to form the book block, the secure attachment of the
book block to its protective cover and some resistance of both paper and cover materials to the effects of wear and
deterioration. Guidelines for the manufacture of well-produced adhesive-bound books, therefore, are included as an
annex to this International Standard. The requirements for adhesive binding include the minimum requirements for
acceptable bookbinding under circumstances mentioned in the scope of this International Standard, described in
clause C.1 of annex C, and further explained in annex D. For the sake of expediency, the numbering scheme
applied in annexes A and B of this International Standard is repeated in the Guidelines for adhesive-bound books in
annex C.
Of concern regarding both sewn and adhesive binding are those methods and materials that affect the ease with
which a volume can be rebound or repaired. With this in view, and to ensure that books will open easily when in
use, this International Standard also includes minimum requirements for the size of the inner margins which must be
respected during the imposition of the text matter.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 11800:1998(E)
Information and documentation — Requirements for binding
materials and methods used in the manufacture of books
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies manufacturing methods and materials that will result in durable hard cover and
soft cover binding for books manufactured in commercial quantities. It does not apply to hand bookbinding,
individual casing or binding of archival matter. Nor does it apply to fine binding which does not serve its normal
purpose of primarily protecting a book block (such as sculptural art formed around book-like material).
This International Standard has two normative annexes and one annex with a set of guidelines, each specifying the
requirements for its special category of binding.
Category A binding (annex A) is intended
— for books of permanent retention;
— for books produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods, e.g. reference works;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having lasting aesthetic value.
Category B binding (annex B) is intended
— for books and periodicals in soft cover and of permanent retention;
— for books and periodicals produced with a view to heavy use over prolonged periods;
— for valuable volumes requiring lasting protection;
— for items having aesthetic value.
Guidelines that specify recommended manufacturing methods and materials for soft cover and hard cover
adhesive-bound books are given in annex C. Annex D contains information regarding the fields of application
suggested for category A and B bindings and for adhesive-bound books.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 302:1981, Pulps — Determination of Kappa number.
ISO 534:1988, Paper and board — Determination of thickness and apparent bulk density or apparent sheet density.
ISO 536:1995,
Paper and board — Determination of grammage.
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ISO 2758:1983, Paper — Determination of bursting strength.
ISO 2835:1974, Prints and printing inks — Assessment of light fastness.
ISO 4046:1978, Paper, board, pulp and related terms — Vocabulary.
1)
ISO 5081:1977, Textiles — Woven fabrics — Determination of breaking strength and elongation (Strip method) .
ISO 5127-2:1983, Documentation and information — Vocabulary — Part 2: Traditional documents.
ISO 5626:1993, Paper — Determination of folding endurance.
ISO 6588:1981, Paper, board and pulps — Determination of pH of aqueous extracts.
ISO 9665:1993, Adhesives — Animal glues — Methods for sampling and testing.
ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence.
2)
ANSI L29.1-1977 (R1984), Fabrics for Book Covers .
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
adhesive binding
type of binding, hard cover or soft cover, in which the signatures are milled and the separate sheets glued together
by means of an adhesive
3.2
adhesive line
width of adhesive applied to a material prior to attaching it to another material
3.3
alkaline buffered paper
paper with a pH equal to or higher than 7,0, and containing a compound (e.g. calcium carbonate) at a level sufficient
to neutralize acid generated from degradation of the paper, from adjacent materials, or from atmospheric pollution
3.4
animal glue
natural glue prepared by adding glycerine to high-quality hide glue
3.5
bind
to fasten sheets together and to attach them to protective covers, which may be made of a variety of materials, e.g.
paper, board, cloth
3.6
binder’s board
2
rigid, solid board, made from a base stock of paper pulp, and of a grammage of 225 g/m or more
1) ASTM D 5035-90, Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Force) is technically identical to
ISO 5081.
2) May be obtained from ANSI at the address: 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA.
2
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3.7
bursting strength
maximum uniformly distributed pressure, applied at right angles to its surface, that a test piece will stand before it
breaks under the conditions defined in the standard test methods
3.8
casing-in
process of applying adhesive to the outermost endpapers of a book block and fitting the book block into its case
3.9
cross-link
setting up of chemical links between the molecular chains of polymers, resulting in embrittlement of the object
3.10
endpaper
folded sheet of paper attached to the book block, the outer sheet to face the inner side of its board; adhesive is
applied to the outer page of each endsheet when the book block is cased in
3.11
EVA hot-melt (Ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer)
thermoplastic adhesive made of ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer, with fast-setting qualities but low resistance to
environmental factors and ageing
3.12
folding endurance
logarithm (to the base of 10) of the number of double folds required to cause rupture in a strip of paper 15 mm wide
tested under applied standard stress conditions
3.13
forwarding
steps in binding that take place after sewing and prior to a book being cased in; usually it includes rounding, backing
and lining the spine and it may include tipping-in the endpapers
3.14
gluing-off
process of applying adhesive to the spine of the book block after sewing
3.15
hard cover book
book bound in a rigid material, usually binder's board, made either from sewn leaves or as an adhesive binding from
sheets glued together
3.16
hot-melt adhesive
family of polymer adhesives often applied in commercial publisher's bindings to non-standard sewn or adhesive
book blocks
NOTE — The term is often used to mean EVA hot-melt, cf. 3.11.
3.17
inner margin
unprinted space between the printed area of a page and the centrefold of the signature
3.18
insert
sheets or signatures, usually with illustrations, printed separately from the text and sewn or pasted into the book
block during binding
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3.19
lining
materials (cloth and paper) adhered to the spine of the book block or the spine of the case
3.20
machine direction
direction in a paper or a board corresponding to the direction of travel of the web on the paper or board machine
NOTE — Machine direction is often but not necessarily always identical with "grain direction", the direction in which the
majority of fibres lie in a sheet of machine-produced paper or board.
3.21
milling
process of preparing the book block for adhesive binding by milling the binding edge
3.22
nipping
applying pressure to the book block after sewing and gluing-off the back to reduce swelling caused by the thread
3.23
notching
cutting grooves across the spine of the book block prior to the gluing process in the production of adhesive
bindings, in order to increase the area of adhesion
3.24
overhang
protrusion of some leaves over others in an untrimmed book block or of the squares over a trimmed book block
3.25
permanent paper
paper which during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments will undergo little or no
changes in properties that affect use
3.26
PUR-melt (Polyurethane)
melt-adhesive for binding purposes made from polyurethane and produced by emulsion polymerization
NOTE — PUR-melt differs from traditional hot-melt by having improved ageing qualities and resistance to environmental
factors, as well as having better adhesive qualities, in particular on coated stock. It differs from PVAc by having faster setting.
3.27
PVAc (Polyvinyl acetate emulsion)
synthetic vinyl resin adhesive, polyvinyl acetate emulsion, produced from its monomer by emulsion polymerization
NOTE — PVAc is characterized by strong adhesive qualities and resistance to environmental factors and ageing, but has
rather slow setting qualities. It differs from melt adhesives, in particular from PUR-melt, by demanding less costly binding
machinery.
3.28
rounding and backing
shaping of a book block by a special machine (or by hand) after trimming and before lining
NOTE — Rounding results in the characteristic convex spine and concave fore-edge of a hard cover book. Backing causes
the sewn edges of the signatures to fan out, producing a hinge for the cover boards to turn against after the book is bound.
3.29
signature
printed sheet folded to form one section of a book
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NOTE — Signatures are trimmed or cut on all three open edges after the book block has been sewn. In adhesive binding, the
fourth (spine) edge is also cut. A signature typically has 8 or 16 leaves (16 or 32 pages), although any multiple of 2 leaves is
possible.
3.30
soft cover book
book bound in flexible material, usually paper or light board, that can be made either from sewn leaves or as an
adhesive binding from sheets glued together
3.31
spine inlay
strip of paper or board used to stiffen the spine of the case of a binding
3.32
squares
board edges that extend beyond the book block at the head, tail and fore-edges of a book
3.33
super
coarse cloth glued to the back of the book block, forming the first lining of a case-bound book
NOTE — The denser the weave of the cloth, the stronger the case attachment. Super is often termed "mull" after the most
commonly used cloth material.
3.34
tensile strength
maximum tensile force that a test piece will stand before it breaks under the conditions defined in the standard test
methods
The definitions applied in this International Standard comply with those of ISO 4046, ISO 5127-2 and ISO 5626.
They have been augmented by specialized binding terms applied in ANSI/NISO Z39.66-1989: Durable Hard-Cover
Binding for Books.
4 Principles
As a consequence of their broad scope, the requirements in this International Standard are as brief and general as
possible. They do not prescribe specific binding equipment or trade-mark materials. Instead they are a description
of some single, but crucial, stages in the binding of books that should be closely observed if the finished volumes
are to remain in good shape and be useful for years, decades or longer.
By intent, this International Standard realistically takes into account what can be efficiently produced at reasonable
cost in a modern book production facility. For this reason it restricts itself to only such methods, techniques and
kinds of material which are considered worldwide as a generally acceptable minimum.
Wherever possible, the requirements are stated in exact figures relating to testing methods well-known in book
production plants and binderies all over the world. Any reference to board and paper is expressed in terms used by
the producers or suppliers of such materials. Any specified treatment applied to cover materials is stated in terms
generally known by manufacturers of such materials.
5 Required characteristics
The requirements for the binding materials and manufacturing methods for hard cover and soft cover books are
listed in two normative annexes A and B. Also appended is a set of guidelines in annex C, containing
recommendations for the production of soft cover and hard cover adhesive-bound books. The three annexes
identify three different categories of binding materials and manufacturing methods.
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In order to facilitate comparison between requirements/recommendations for different binding types, a uniform
clause numbering structure has been adopted for all three annexes. As a consequence, a number of headings in
annexes A and B do not indicate any specific recommendation for category C binding.
6 Statement of compliance
All book manufacturers and book binders are encouraged to use and promote the use of a statement of compliance
with ISO 11800 on each binding that meets the requirements of this International Standard.
Compliance with this International Standard can be claimed only by adopting one of the two text lines which indicate
compliance with the full requirements in either annex A (for category A binding) or annex B (for category B binding).
The text line shall be set in a single line in Helvetica or a similar sans-serif form of type in one line as follows:
Category A: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. A
Category B: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. B
The text line to be adopted shall be either stamped or printed in the lower right corner on the outside back board or
cover of the book, and shall have a minimum height of 2 mm and maximum height of 4 mm.
Books produced in accordance with the guidelines in annex C may make known such compliance by the following
statement in the colophon:
"This book has been produced in accordance with the guidelines for adhesive-bound books in ISO 11800,
annex C".
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Annex A
(normative)
Category A binding — Sewn hard cover binding
A.1 Fields of application
Category A binding is intended for books exposed to heavy use over prolonged periods, for lasting protection of
valuable books and for other hard cover books of which the binding is a significant part. e.g. bibliophile issues. (See
annex D.)
A.2 Book block requirements
A.2.1 Paper
All paper used for the book block, including flyleaves, endpapers, spine inlays and paper for inserts, shall meet in
full the specifications of ISO 9706. Differences in grammage and flexibility between the paper used for the book
block and paper for inserts shall be as slight as possible. The machine direction of all paper used for the book block,
including paper for inserts, shall run parallel to the binding edge.
NOTE — According to normative annex A of ISO 9706:1994, use of a symbol and a statement of compliance as described in
that annex is encouraged for books printed on paper meeting the requirements of ISO 9706.
A.2.2 Signatures
The book block shall be gathered from one or more signatures which shall all retain their folding edge. A folded
signature shall not exceed 2,5 mm in thickness and shall be well pressed. If the imposition plan results in an odd-
sized signature, i.e. a signature with a number of pages different from the others, this signature shall be placed
between full-sized signatures.
A.2.3 Size of book block
For convenience of use and to avoid undue strain on the binding structure, the thickness of the book block shall not
exceed 64 mm.
A.2.4 Margins
The text shall be imposed so that the inner margin measures at least 14 mm on both sides of the fold of the
signature. For page sizes wider than 144 mm, each inner margin shall measure at least 1/9 of the page width.
A.3 Binding methods
A.3.1 Endpapers
Endpapers shall be formed from single sheets of paper folded in half. Endpapers shall be attached to the front and
back signatures either by sewing or by tipping-in. If tipping-in is used, the fold of each endpaper shall line up with
the fold of the signature with a tolerance of 1,5 mm. The adhesive line shall then be straight and not exceed 5 mm in
width.
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A.3.2 Method of leaf attachment
The book block shall be made by sewing through the folds of the signatures. Signatures shall have as many stitches
as the machine can employ, except for a distance of 10 mm from the head and 13 mm from the tail, which shall be
left without stitches. The distance between stitches (discernible by measuring the spacing along the innermost fold
of a signature) shall not be more than 25 mm.
A.3.3 Inserts
Inserts of 4 leaves (8 pages) or more shall be sewn in as signatures.
A.3.4 Fold-outs
Fold-outs, e.g. maps, larger than four times the size of the book format shall be contained in a book pocket.
A.3.5 Nipping and trimming
The book block shall be well nipped to eliminate excess swelling, and be trimmed as squarely and slightly as
possible. In cases where the book block is meant to be untrimmed, an overhang of 2 mm - 3 mm is allowed.
A.3.6 Gluing-off the spine
The spine of the book block shall receive a coating of adhesive or glue, prior to rounding and backing. The adhesive
shall thoroughly coat the spine and penetrate no further through the sewing holes than to the innermost leaf. The
adhesive shall be applied at the proper consistency so that it does not seep unevenly between signatures. At no
point shall the adhesive penetrate between the signatures to a depth of more than 1,0 mm.
A.3.7 Rounding and backing
Book blocks shall be evenly rounded and backed to form a smooth, convex spine and a concave fore-edge; they
shall be backed to form shoulders that are symmetrical, uniform from head to tail, and nearly equal in size to the
specified board thickness. Rounding and backing is not required for book blocks less than 13 mm thick.
A.3.8 Back lining
The lining shall be carried out either during the spine-gluing operation or during the casing-in operation. The lining
material shall be evenly and securely attached to the spine. The lining material shall be mull or another cloth. Paper
may only be used as a second lining on mull. The application of cloth or mull shall extend at least 20 mm onto the
endpaper. The machine direction of the paper and the thread of the warp shall run parallel to the spine.
A.4 Case construction
A.4.1 Boards
The boards shall be cut with their machine direction running parallel to the spine of the book. The boards shall be
correctly positioned on the cover material to ensure the correct spine and joint width for the case. To be correct, the
joint width shall equal the thickness of the board together with three times the thickness of the cover material.
The boards shall form squares having a head and tail overhang of between 1,5 mm and 2,0 mm for book blocks up
to 38 mm thick, and a maximum of 2,5 mm for book blocks more than 38 mm thick, and a fore-edge overhang of
between 2,0 mm and 2,5 mm for book blocks up to 38 mm thick, and a maximum of 3,0 mm for book blocks thicker
than 38 mm. See also A.3.5.
A.4.2 Spine inlay
A spine inlay shall be used to reinforce the spine of the case. The inlay shall be cut squarely and the machine
direction of the paper or board used shall run parallel to the spine of the book. The width of the inlay shall be equal
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to the width of the spine plus twice the thickness of the board ± 5 %, and its height shall be equal to the height of the
cover boards.
A.4.3 Casing-in
The spine of the book block shall be positioned firmly in the spine of the case and the joints shall be tightly adhered.
A.4.4 Absence of warping
The components of the case (cover material, boards, paper liner, casing-in adhesive, and adhered endpapers) shall
form a completed book-cover structure that is free of warping. The component materials shall be applied with their
machine direction or warp-thread direction running parallel to the spine of the book block.
A.4.5 Turn-in
The cover material shall fold over the boards on all three open sides and be firmly attached, extending between
15 mm and 20 mm onto the inner boards and underneath the paste-downs.
A.4.6 Dust jacket
If a dust jacket is employed, its fold around both boards or covers shall not be less than 1/3 the width of the cover.
A.4.7 Book pocket
If a book pocket is employed, it shall be firmly attached to the inner back board, and comply with all of the relevant
material requirements of A.2.1 and A.5.
A.4.8 Labels
If labels are employed, they shall be firmly and securely fixed to the cover material or endpaper, using either
polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion or animal glue.
A.5 Material specifications
A.5.1 Adhesives or glue
Adhesives or glue used for all processes shall be capable of forming a permanent bond between the surfaces to be
joined.
The adhesives employed shall be either an emulsion copolymer of internally plasticized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc),
that will not cross-link on long-term ageing at normal indoor temperatures (20 °C - 30 °C), or high-grade animal
glue, of an interval between 390 and 530 grams Bloom, measured according to ISO 9665. Polyurethane adhesive
(PUR-melt), ethylene vinyl acetate adhesive (EVA hot-melt), or similar hot-melt adhesives shall not be used.
The adhesive force shall be such that bonded materials cannot be separated without damage, neither before nor
after the following sequence of exposures:
a) 72 h exposure to 5
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 11800
Première édition
1998-04-15
Information et documentation —
Prescriptions pour les matériaux et
méthodes de reliure utilisés dans la
fabrication des livres
Information and documentation — Requirements for binding materials and
methods used in the manufacture of books
A
Numéro de référence
ISO 11800:1998(F)
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ISO 11800:1998(F)
Sommaire
Page
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 2
3 Définitions. 2
4 Principes . 6
5 Caractéristiques requises . 6
6 Déclaration de conformité . 6
Annexes
A Reliure de catégorie A — Reliure cousue en cahiers avec couverture rigide . 8
B Reliure de catégorie B — Reliure cousue en cahiers avec couverture souple (brochure) . 14
C Lignes directrices pour la réalisation de reliures collées à couverture souple ou rigide . 19
D Recommandations concernant les champs d’application . 24
© ISO 1998
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque
forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
Organisation internationale de normalisation
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Suisse
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Imprimé en Suisse
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Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comité membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour
vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités
membres votants.
La Norme internationale ISO 11800 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 46, Information et
documentation, sous-comité SC 10, Archivage matériel des documents.
Les annexes A et B font partie intégrante de la présente Norme internationale. Les annexes C et D sont données
uniquement à titre d’information.
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Introduction
L’usage et la conservation des livres contenus dans les bibliothèques et les archives sont, par leur nature même, un
sujet d’intérêt pour le public. Les particuliers, acheteurs de livres ou lecteurs, ont un intérêt similaire dans la qualité
de durée des livres qu’ils acquièrent. En principe, les livres devraient demeurer en bonne condition physique tant
que leur contenu mérite d’être préservé. Ils devraient être fabriqués de façon à répondre à l’usage auquel ils sont
destinés.
Les méthodes industrielles de fabrication n’ont malheureusement pas amélioré la qualité moyenne du livre. Un
pourcentage de plus en plus important de livres fabriqués récemment ont tendance à se détériorer de façon
prématurée. Des essais effectués dans les laboratoires des bibliothèques et des observations simples ont montré
que le coeur du problème se situe dans les matériaux de reliure et dans les méthodes de reliure. Les bibliothèques
et les archives à l’échelle mondiale se trouvent préoccupées des conséquences de cet état de fait. On considère
que de plus en plus d’ouvrages récemment acquis se détérioreront avant d’être retirés de la collection pour des
raisons textuelles ou devront être remplacés ou une nouvelle fois reliés. Dans ces conditions, les bibliothèques et
les archives seront appelées dans l’avenir à d’énormes dépenses, et ce à l’échelle internationale, si la qualité
moyenne du livre n’est pas améliorée. Cela risque d'encourager les bibliothèques publiques, académiques ou
spécialisées, à être plus sélectives dans leurs acquisitions et d’acheter moins de titres nouveaux.
La présente Norme internationale concerne les éditeurs et les relieurs. Elle concerne également les bibliothécaires
et les archivistes chargés de l’acquisition des ouvrages et de l'information de leur personnel quant aux propriétés
physiques adéquates qu’ils attendent des livres acquis pour l’usage du public. Le but de la présente Norme
internationale est de fournir un moyen de préciser les méthodes de fabrication et les matériaux de reliure devant
être utilisés dans la fabrication de livres de qualité.
Les reliures de bonne qualité devraient être capables de soutenir un usage courant pour une durée de temps
satisfaisante sans rupture de leurs structures. Les propriétés d’un livre durable incluent explicitement la
permanence de ses composants, y compris le papier, le solide assemblage de ses feuilles, de préférence par
couture, pour former le bloc, l’adhésion du bloc à sa couverture de protection, et la résistance de la couverture aux
effets du frottement, de la salissure et de l’exposition à la lumière. Le concept de durabilité inclut la flexibilité, c’est-
à-dire la possibilité pour le livre de bien s’ouvrir sans tension, dans des conditions de lecture normale.
Pour un usage intensif, une conservation à long terme ou un renouvellement éventuel de la reliure, la reliure
recommandée par la présente Norme internationale est la reliure cousue plutôt que la reliure sans couture. Pour
cette raison, la reliure collée n'est intégrée qu'à titre informatif dans la présente Norme internationale. Cependant,
des livres peuvent être réalisés en reliure collée quand les seules conditions à atteindre sont le bon assemblage
des feuilles pour former le corps d'ouvrage, l'adhésion correcte du corps d'ouvrage à sa couverture, et une certaine
résistance du papier et des matériaux de couverture à l'usage et à la détérioration. Par conséquent, les lignes
directrices pour la réalisation correcte de reliures collées ne sont incorporées qu'en annexe à la présente Norme
internationale. Les prescriptions concernant la reliure collée incluent les prescriptions minimales requises pour une
reliure acceptable dans les conditions mentionnées dans le domaine d'application de la présente Norme
internationale, décrites dans l'article C.1 de l'annexe C et détaillées dans l'annexe D. Pour plus de commodité, la
numérotation adoptée dans les annexes A et B est reprise pour les lignes directrices figurant dans l’annexe C.
Avec cette préoccupation, tant pour les reliures cousues que pour les reliures collées, il ne faut pas perdre de vue
la facilité avec laquelle un ouvrage pourra être relié à nouveau ou réparé. Afin d’atteindre ces qualités et de
s’assurer que les livres s’ouvriront facilement à l’usage, la présente Norme internationale inclut aussi des
prescriptions minimales pour les dimensions des marges intérieures, qui doivent être respectées lors de la
composition du texte.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO ISO 11800:1998(F)
Information et documentation — Prescriptions pour les matériaux
et méthodes de reliure utilisés dans la fabrication des livres
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale prescrit les méthodes de fabrication et les matériaux pour la production de livres
durables à couverture souple ou rigide réalisée en quantité industrielle. Elle ne s’applique pas à la reliure main, à
l’emboîtage individuel ou à la reliure de produits d’archives. Elle ne s’applique pas non plus à la reliure d’art, dont
l’objectif principal n’est pas en premier lieu la protection d’un corps d'ouvrage (telle que l’art sculptural autour d’un
faux-livre).
La présente Norme internationale comporte deux annexes normatives et une annexe informative, chacune
spécifiant les prescriptions s’appliquant à chaque catégorie de reliure.
La reliure de la catégorie A (annexe A) concerne
— les livres pour une conservation permanente;
— les livres fabriqués en vue d’un usage intensif sur une longue période, par exemple les ouvrages de référence;
— les ouvrages de valeur demandant une protection de longue durée;
— les ouvrages de valeur esthétique durable.
La reliure de la catégorie B (annexe B) concerne
— les livres et périodiques à couverture souple pour une conservation permanente;
— les livres et périodiques réalisés en vue d’un usage intensif et pour des périodes prolongées;
— les ouvrages de valeur demandant une protection de longue durée;
— les ouvrages de valeur esthétique.
Les lignes directrices spécifiant les méthodes et les matériaux préconisés pour la reliure collée des ouvrages
cartonnés et à couverture souple se trouvent dans l'annexe C. L'annexe D rassemble des éléments d'information
relatifs aux champs d'application recommandés pour les reliures de catégories A et B et pour la reliure collée.
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ISO 11800:1998(F) ISO
2 Références normatives
Les normes suivantes contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui en est faite, constituent des
dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées
étaient en vigueur. Toute norme est sujette à révision et les parties prenantes des accords fondés sur la présente
Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des normes
indiquées ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur
à un moment donné.
ISO 302:1981, Pâtes — Détermination de l'indice Kappa.
ISO 534:1988, Papier et carton — Détermination de l’épaisseur et de la masse volumique des feuilles uniques ou
des feuilles en liasses.
ISO 536:1995, Papier et carton — Détermination du grammage.
ISO 2758:1983, Papier — Détermination de la résistance à l’éclatement.
ISO 2835:1974, Impressions et encres d'imprimerie — Évaluation de la résistance à la lumière.
ISO 4046:1978, Papier, carton, pâtes et termes connexes — Vocabulaire.
ISO 5081:1977, Textiles — Tissus — Détermination de la force de rupture et de l'allongement de rupture (Méthode
1)
sur bande) .
ISO 5127-2:1983, Documentation et information — Vocabulaire — Partie 2: Documents de type traditionnel.
ISO 5626:1993, Papier — Détermination de la résistance au pliage.
ISO 6588:1981, Papier, carton et pâtes — Détermination du pH des extraits aqueux.
ISO 9665:1993, Adhésifs — Colles d'origine animale — Méthodes d’échantillonnage et d'essai.
ISO 9706:1994, Information et documentation — Papier pour documents — Prescriptions pour la permanence.
2)
ANSI L29.1-1977 (R1984), Fabrics for Book Covers .
3 Définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente Norme internationale, les définitions suivantes s'appliquent.
3.1
reliure collée
type de reliure à couverture cartonnée ou souple, dans laquelle les cahiers sont fraisés et les feuilles individuelles
collées ensemble au moyen d’un produit adhésif
3.2
ligne adhésive
largeur de la colle appliquée à un matériau avant de le coller à un autre
1) La norme ASTM D 5035-90, Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Force), est
techniquement identique à l’ISO 5081.
2) Peut être obtenue auprès de l’ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA.
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ISO ISO 11800:1998(F)
3.3
papier tamponné alcalin
papier avec un pH égal ou supérieur à 7,0, contenant un composant (par exemple du carbonate de calcium) dans
une quantité suffisante pour neutraliser l’acide généré par le vieillissement du papier, par les matériaux voisins ou
par la pollution atmosphérique
3.4
colle animale
colle naturelle préparée par addition de glycérine à une colle de haute qualité fabriquée à partir de déchets
d’abattoirs
3.5
relier
assembler des feuilles et leur ajouter des couvertures de protection qui peuvent être faites de matériaux variés, par
exemple papier, carton ou tissu
3.6
carton de reliure
2
carton solide, rigide, fabriqué à partir de pâte à papier, et d’un grammage > 225 g/m
3.7
résistance à l'éclatement
pression maximum uniformément distribuée, appliquée perpendiculairement à la surface d’une feuille, et que cette
feuille peut supporter avant de rompre dans les conditions définies par les méthodes d'essai normalisées
3.8
emboîtage
procédé qui consiste à appliquer de la colle aux feuilles de garde extérieures d’un corps d'ouvrage et à le fixer dans
sa couverture
3.9
liaison croisée
création de liens chimiques entre des chaînes moléculaires de polymères, aboutissant à un phénomène
d'effritement
3.10
feuille de garde
feuille de papier pliée attachée au corps d'ouvrage, la face externe du premier feuillet faisant face à l’intérieur du
carton. La colle est appliquée sur cette face extérieure lors de l’emboîtage
3.11
EVA hot-melt (acétate d’éthyle vinylique copolymère)
colle thermoplastique ayant des qualités de prise rapide mais une faible résistance aux facteurs d’environnement et
au vieillissement
3.12
résistance au pliage
logarithme décimal du nombre de doubles-plis nécessaires pour provoquer la rupture d’une bande de papier de
15 mm de largeur essayée dans des conditions de tension normalisées
3.13
préparation
étapes de reliure qui suivent la couture jusqu’au moment de l’emboîtage. La préparation comprend généralement
l’arrondissure, l’endossure et la pose de mousseline sur le dos et peut comprendre également l’encollage des
feuilles de gardes
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3.14
passure en colle
procédé qui consiste à appliquer de la colle au dos du corps d'ouvrage après la couture
3.15
livre cartonné
livre relié dans un matériau rigide, en général du carton pour reliure, réalisé à partir de cahiers cousus ou à partir de
cahiers collés ensemble
3.16
colle hot-melt
famille de colles polymères souvent utilisées pour les reliures industrielles sur blocs cousus ou à dos collé
NOTE — Terme souvent utilisé pour signifier EVA hot-melt, voir 3.11.
3.17
marge intérieure
espace blanc non imprimé situé entre la surface imprimée de la page et le pli central du cahier
3.18
encart
feuilles ou cahiers, comprenant généralement des illustrations, imprimés indépendamment du texte et cousus ou
encollés dans le corps d'ouvrage pendant la reliure
3.19
apprêture
matériaux (textile ou papier) qui adhèrent au dos du corps d'ouvrage ou à l’intérieur du dos de la couverture
3.20
sens machine
sens du papier ou du carton qui correspond à la direction (sens de déroulement des opérations) du papier ou du
carton dans la machine qui l’a fabriqué
NOTE — Le sens machine est souvent mais pas forcément identique au «sens du grain», direction de la majorité des fibres
d'une feuille de papier ou de carton fabriquée en machine.
3.21
fraisage
procédé de préparation du corps d'ouvrage pour la reliure collée visant à rendre rugueux le bord à encoller
3.22
battage du dos
mise sous pression du dos du corps d'ouvrage après couture et passure en colle, afin de réduire la surépaisseur
provoquée par le fil
3.23
grecquage
réalisation d’entailles transversales au dos du bloc avant de procéder à l’encollage dans la reliure sans couture, afin
d’augmenter la surface d’adhésion et faciliter la pénétration de la colle
3.24
bords dépassants
dépassement de certaines feuilles par rapport à d'autres dans un corps d'ouvrage non massicoté, ou châsses par
rapport à un corps d'ouvrage massicoté
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3.25
papier permanent
papier qui après un long séjour en bibliothèques, archives et autres environnements protégés, ne subira que très
peu ou pas de changement des propriétés relatives à son usage
3.26
PUR-melt (polyuréthane)
colle de fusion destinée à la reliure et produite par émulsion de polymères à partir de polyuréthane
NOTE — Le PUR-melt se différencie du hot-melt traditionnel par des qualités améliorées concernant le vieillissement et la
résistance aux facteurs extérieurs et de meilleures qualités adhésives, en particulier quand il s’agit de papier couché. Il se
distingue des PVAc par une prise plus rapide.
3.27
PVAc (émulsion d'acétate de polyvinyle)
résine vinylique synthétique résultant d'une polymérisation par émulsion de son monomère
NOTE — Le PVAc se caractérise par des qualités d'adhésion et de résistance aux facteurs d’environnement ainsi qu’au
vieillissement, mais il a des qualités de prise plutôt lentes. Il se différencie des colles de fusion, en particulier du polyuréthane,
car son emploi détermine l'utilisation d'un matériel de reliure moins coûteux.
3.28
arrondissure et endossure
mise en forme d’un corps d'ouvrage par une machine spéciale (ou manuellement) après rognure et avant pose de
la mousseline
NOTE — L’arrondissure se traduit par un dos convexe et une gouttière concave du livre cartonné. L’endossure provoque la
mise en éventail des extrémités des cahiers cousus, produisant un pivot contre lequel s’articulent les cartons des couvertures
une fois le livre relié.
3.29
cahier
feuille imprimée et pliée pour constituer une section du livre
NOTE — Les cahiers sont rognés ou coupés sur 3 côtés une fois que le corps d'ouvrage a été cousu. Dans la reliure sans
couture, le quatrième côté (le dos) est aussi coupé. Un cahier normal possède 8 ou 16 feuillets (16 ou 32 pages), cependant
tous les multiples de 2 feuillets sont possibles.
3.30
livre à couverture souple
livre broché dans un matériau flexible, généralement du papier ou un carton léger; il peut être fabriqué soit à partir
de feuilles cousues soit, en reliure collée, à partir de feuilles assemblées par collage
3.31
carte de dos
bande de papier ou de carton utilisée pour rigidifier le dos de la couverture de la reliure
3.32
châsses
bords du carton qui dépassent la tête, le pied et la gouttière du livre
3.33
mousseline
toile à tissage plus ou moins serré, collée au dos du corps d'ouvrage constituant le premier renforcement d’un livre
cartonné
NOTE — Plus le tissage est serré, plus l’emboîtage est solide.
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ISO 11800:1998(F) ISO
3.34
résistance à la rupture par traction
effort de traction maximal qu'une éprouvette peut supporter avant rupture, dans les conditions décrites dans les
méthodes d'essai normalisées
Les définitions utilisées dans la présente Norme internationale sont en conformité avec l’ISO 4046, l’ISO 5127-2
et l’ISO 5626. Elles ont été complétées par des termes de reliure utilisés dans ANSI/NISO Z39.66-1989: Durable
Hard-Cover Binding for Books.
4 Principes
En raison de leur vaste champ d’application, les prescriptions de la présente Norme internationale sont aussi
brèves et générales que possible. Elles n'imposent pas d’équipement de reliure spécifique, pas plus que l'utilisation
de matériaux de marque particulière. Elles sont plutôt la description d’étapes simples, mais fondamentales, dans la
reliure de livres, qui doivent être sévèrement observées si l’on veut que les ouvrages terminés conservent leur
forme et leur utilité pour de nombreuses années.
À dessein, la présente Norme internationale prend en compte de façon réaliste ce qui peut être fabriqué à un coût
raisonnable dans une unité moderne de fabrication de livres. Pour cette raison, elle se limite aux méthodes,
techniques et types de matériaux qui sont considérés dans le monde entier comme un minimum requis.
Chaque fois que possible, les prescriptions sont définies en chiffres exacts se référant à des méthodes d’analyse
bien connues dans les ateliers de fabrication et de reliure à travers le monde. Toute référence au carton et papier
est formulée par les producteurs ou les fournisseurs de ces matériaux. Tout traitement prescrit en ce qui concerne
les matériaux de recouvrement est généralement énoncé dans des termes bien connus de leur fabricants.
5 Caractéristiques requises
Les prescriptions concernant les matériaux de reliure et les méthodes de fabrication pour des livres cartonnés et
des livres à couverture souple sont détaillées dans les 2 annexes normatives A et B. Un ensemble de
recommandations pour la réalisation de livres à couverture souple ou rigide en reliure collée se trouvent dans
l'annexe C. Les 3 annexes décrivent 3 catégories différentes de matériaux de reliure et de méthodes de fabrication.
Afin de faciliter la comparaison entre les prescriptions/recommandations afférentes aux différents types de reliure,
un schéma uniforme de numérotation des articles a été adopté pour les 3 annexes. En conséquence, un certain
nombre d'entrées dans les annexes A et B ne correspondent à aucune caractéristique de la reliure de catégorie C.
6 Déclaration de conformité
Tous les fabricants de livres et relieurs sont incités à promouvoir l’usage d’une déclaration de conformité à
l’ISO 11800 sur chaque reliure répondant aux prescriptions de la présente Norme internationale.
On ne peut faire valoir la conformité à la présente Norme internationale que par l’adoption d’une des deux mentions
qui indiquent la complète conformité à l’annexe A (pour la catégorie de reliure A), ou l’annexe B (pour la catégorie
de reliure B).
Cette mention doit être une simple ligne de texte, en caractère Helvetica ou similaire sans-sérif, comme suit:
Catégorie A: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. A ou
ISO 11800 RELIURE — Cat. A
Catégorie B: ISO 11800 BINDING — Cat. B ou
ISO 11800 RELIURE — Cat. B
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Cette mention doit être marquée ou imprimée dans le coin en bas à droite de la quatrième de couverture du livre
avec une dimension en hauteur comprise entre 2 mm et 4 mm.
Il est possible d'indiquer dans l'achevé d'imprimé la conformité avec les recommandations précisées dans
l'annexe C par la mention suivante:
«Ce livre a été réalisé suivant les recommandations concernant les reliures collées énoncées dans l'annexe C de
l’ISO 11800.»
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ISO 11800:1998(F) ISO
Annexe A
(normative)
Reliure de catégorie A — Reliure cousue en cahiers avec couverture rigide
A.1 Champs d'application
La reliure de catégorie A concerne les ouvrages destinés à un usage intensif sur de longues périodes, la protection
durable d'ouvrages de valeur et tout autre ouvrage à couverture rigide pour lequel la reliure est un élément
important, par exemple les ouvrages de référence (voir annexe D).
A.2 Prescriptions pour le corps d'ouvrage
A.2.1 Papier
Tous les papiers utilisés pour le corps d'ouvrage, y compris feuilles volantes, gardes, carte de dos et encarts,
doivent répondre à l'ensemble des spécifications de l’ISO 9706. Les différences de grammage et de flexibilité entre
le papier du corps d'ouvrage et celui des encarts doivent être aussi faibles que possible. Tous les papiers utilisés
pour le corps d'ouvrage, encarts inclus, doivent être utilisés sens machine du papier parallèle au dos.
NOTE — L'annexe normative A de l'ISO 9706:1994 recommande l'utilisation d'un symbole et d'une déclaration de conformité
pour les ouvrages imprimés sur du papier répondant aux prescriptions de l'ISO 9706.
A.2.2 Cahiers
Le corps d'ouvrage doit être constitué d'un ou plusieurs cahiers rassemblés, qui doivent tous avoir conservé le pli
du fond du cahier. Un cahier plié ne doit pas excéder 2,5 mm d'épaisseur et doit être bien pressé. Si pour des
raisons d'imposition, on obtient un cahier hors format, c'est-à-dire comprenant un nombre de pages différent des
autres, celui-ci doit être placé entre des cahiers au format.
A.2.3 Épaisseur du corps d'ouvrage
Pour faciliter l'utilisation et afin d'éviter à l'ouverture un effort excessif de la structure de la reliure, l'épaisseur du
corps d'ouvrage ne doit pas excéder 64 mm.
A.2.4 Imposition
Le texte doit être imposé de telle sorte que la marge blanche intérieure mesure au moins 14 mm de chaque côté du
pli du cahier. Pour les pages de plus de 144 mm de large, chaque marge intérieure doit mesurer au moins 1/9 de la
largeur de la page.
A.3 Méthodes de reliure
A.3.1 Gardes
Les gardes doivent être réalisées à partir de feuilles de papier pliées en deux. Elles doivent être fixées au premier
et au dernier cahier soit par couture, soit par collage, et dans ce dernier cas le pli de chaque garde doit s'aligner au
pli de fond du cahier avec un tolérance de 1,5 mm. Le filet de colle doit être rectiligne et ne pas excéder 5 mm de
large.
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A.3.2 Méthode d'assemblage des feuilles
Le corps d'ouvrage doit être composé de cahiers cousus dans le pli. Les cahiers doivent avoir autant de points que
la machine le permet, toutefois un espace de 10 mm en tête et de 13 mm en queue doit être laissés sans point. La
distance entre les points (mesurable en prenant pour base l'intérieur du cahier) ne doit pas être supérieure à
25 mm.
A.3.3 Encarts
Les encarts de 4 feuilles (8 pages) ou plus doivent être cousus comme des cahiers.
A.3.4 Dépliants
Les dépliants, par exemple des cartes, dont la taille excédera 4 fois le format de l'ouvrage doivent être mis dans
une pochette.
A.3.5 Battage et massicotage
Le corps d'ouvrage doit être pressé afin d'éliminer tout excès d'épaisseur à la couture, puis être massicoté en
veillant au respect de l'équerrage et avec le minimum de pression nécessaire. Dans le cas où il n'est pas prévu de
massicoter le corps d'ouvrage, un bord dépassant de 2 mm à 3 mm est toléré.
A.3.6 Encollage du dos
Le dos du corps d'ouvrage doit être enduit d'une couche de produit adhésif ou de colle, avant l'arrondissure et
l'endossure. Le produit adhésif doit recouvrir complètement le dos et ne pas pénétrer à l'intérieur des trous de
couture au delà de la dernière feuille intérieure pliée des cahiers. Le produit adhésif doit être d'une consistance
empêchant toute infiltration irrégulière entre les cahiers. En aucun endroit, il ne doit pénétrer entre les cahiers sur
une profondeur excédant 1,0 mm.
A.3.7 Arrondissure et endossure
Les corps d'ouvrage doivent être arrondis et endossés de façon régulière pour former un dos lisse et convexe et
une gouttière concave; ils doivent être endossés de manière à former des mors symétriques et uniformes de tête en
queue, et d'une profondeur à peu près égale à l'épaisseur du carton utilisé. L'arrondissure et l'endossure ne sont
pas exigées pour les corps d'ouvrages inférieurs à 13 mm d'épaisseur.
A.3.8 Apprêture du dos
L'apprêture doit être réalisée soit au moment de la passure en colle, soit au moment de l'emboîtage. Le matériau
utilisé doit être solidement fixé au dos et de manière régulière. Les matériaux d'apprêture doivent être de la
mousseline ou une autre toile. Le papier peut être utilisé seulement comme seconde apprêture, sur de la
mousseline. La toile ou la mousseline doivent être appliquées de manière à dépasser d'au moins 20 mm sur les
gardes. Le sens machine du papier et le sens des fils de chaîne doivent être parallèles au dos.
A.4 Montage de la couverture rigide
A.4.1 Cartons
Les cartons doivent être coupés, sens machine parallèle au dos de l'ouvrage. Les cartons doivent être
correctement positionnés sur le matériau de recouvrement, afin de garantir la largeur correcte requise pour le dos
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ISO 11800:1998(F) ISO
et l'espace entre carte de dos et plats cartons. Cet espace (millième) entre la carte de dos et les plats cartons doit,
pour être correct, être égal à l'épaisseur du carton plus 3 fois l'épaisseur du matériau de recouvrement.
Les châsses en tête et queue doivent être de 1,5 mm à 2,0 mm pour les corps d'ouvrage d'une épaisseur inférieure
ou égale à 38 mm, et de 2,5 mm maximum pour les corps d'ouvrage ayant une épaisseur supérieure à 38 mm. Les
châsses en gouttière doivent être de 2,0 mm à 2,5 mm pour les corps d'ouvrage d'une épaisseur inférieure ou égale
à 38 mm, et d'un maximum de 3,0 mm pour les corps d'ouvrage d'une épaisseur supérieure à 38 mm.
A.4.2 Carte de dos
Une carte de dos doit être utilisée pour renforcer le dos de la couverture. Elle doit être coupée d'équerre, sens
machine du papier ou du carton utilisé parallèle au dos de l'ouvrage. Sa largeur doit être égale à la largeur du dos
plus 2 fois l'épaisseur du carton avec une tolérance de ± 5 %, et sa hauteur doit être égale à celle des cartons de
couverture.
A.4.3 Emboîtage
Le dos du corps d'ouvrage doit être positionné fermement à l'intérieur du dos de la couverture et les mors doivent y
adhérer solidement.
A.4.4 Absence de distorsion
Les composantes de la couverture (matériau de recouvrement, cartons, papier, colle et feuilles de g
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