SIST ISO 12231:2011
Photography - Electronic still picture imaging - Vocabulary
Photography - Electronic still picture imaging - Vocabulary
ISO 12231:2005 defines terms used in electronic still picture imaging.
Only terms related to electronic still picture imaging are included. These terms are relevant to the current tasks or are of general interest in electronic still picture imaging.
Photographie - Prises de vue électroniques - Vocabulaire
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12231
Second edition
2005-02-01
Photography — Electronic still picture
imaging — Vocabulary
Photographie — Prises de vue électroniques — Vocabulaire
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
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© ISO 2005
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction
booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are:
that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications
offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document.
With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope.1
2 Terms and definitions.1
Annex A (informative) Other terms and definitions .21
Bibliography .42
Alphabetical index .43
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12231 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12231:1997), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Electronic still picture imaging concepts are drawn from traditional photography, electronics, video, and
information technology. In some cases the concepts must be redefined to apply to electronic still picture
imaging. For example, unlike traditional photography, measurements cannot be defined in terms of “film” or
“sensitized material”, since images acquired by digital image capture devices are stored electronically and are
not immediately exposed on film. The meaning of shutter and exposure time is also different for digital image
capture devices, because an electronic imaging sensor typically has image acquisition characteristics that are
different from those of film.
The purpose of this vocabulary is to standardize the use and meaning of terms associated with electronic still
picture imaging. It is organized alphabetically and follows natural (English) word order wherever possible. The
source of most of the terms in this International Standard are the documents on electronic still picture imaging
developed by ISO/TC 42/WG 18, and ISO/TC 42/JWG 20 and 23 (with ISO/TC 130). Definitions from some
other TC 42 International Standards, e.g. flare, are also included for completeness. The ISO numbers
provided in brackets following the definition reference documents listed in the bibliography that serve as the
source of the definition. At the end of some definitions, other terms are listed (preceded by “cf.”) that are
related to the term being defined. An alphabetical index is included at the end of the document.
Terms from working drafts and committee drafts of standards under development within ISO/TC 42 (as of
15 August 2002) are provided in Annex A. These terms are more likely to change as the source documents
progress. Definitions are provided in this International Standard to facilitate communication. Where possible,
the latest draft of the source document should be reviewed to see if a more current definition is available.
Future revisions of this International Standard will include updated terms and definitions consistent with the
source documents at the time the revision is prepared.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12231:2005(E)
Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms used in electronic still picture imaging.
Only terms related to electronic still picture imaging are included. These terms are relevant to the current
tasks or are of general interest in electronic still picture imaging.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1
addressable photoelements
number of active photoelements on an image sensor, which is equal to the number of active lines of
photoelements times the number of active photoelements per line
[ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550]
NOTE The term resolution should not be used when referring to the addressable photoelements. It is possible that the
addressable photoelements may be different for the different colour records of an image. When the signal values of the
photoelements are digitized, the digitized code values may be referred to as picture elements, or pixels.
2.2
aliasing
output image artefacts that occur in a sampled imaging system for input images having significant energy at
frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency of the system
[ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550]
NOTE These artefacts usually manifest themselves as moiré patterns in repetitive image features or as jagged stair-
stepping at edge transitions.
2.3
aliasing ratio
value equal to the “maximum minus minimum” modulation divided by the “average” modulation of an
electronic still picture camera when imaging a frequency burst of constant spatial frequency
[ISO 12233]
2.4
analog-to-digital converter
A/D or ADC
circuit that converts an analog signal, having a continuously varying amplitude, to a digitally quantized
representation using binary output signals
2.5
application
image application software for use on a personal computer
[ISO 12234-3]
2.6 Aspect ratio
2.6.1
image aspect ratio
ratio of the image width to the image height
[ISO 12233, ISO 15740]
2.6.2
pixel aspect ratio
ratio of the distance between sampling points in the two orthogonal sampling directions
NOTE 1 If the distances are equal, the pixel aspect ratio equals 1:1, and is said to be “square”.
NOTE 2 Retained from ISO 12231:1997.
2.7
charge coupled device
CCD
type of silicon integrated circuit used to convert light into an electronic signal
2.8
colour filter array
CFA
mosaic or stripe layer of coloured transmissive filters fabricated on top of an imager in order to obtain a colour
image from a single image sensor
2.9
colour matching functions
tristimulus values of monochromatic stimuli of equal radiant power
[CIE Publication 17.4 (845-03-23), ISO 17321-1, ISO 17321-2, ISO 22028-1]
cf. tristimulus value
2.10
colour space
geometric representation of colours in space, usually of three dimensions
[CIE Publication 17.4 (845-03-25), ISO 17321-1, ISO 17321-2, ISO 22028-1]
2.11 Compression
2.11.1
image compression
process that alters the way digital image data are encoded in order to reduce the size of an image file
[ISO 12233]
2.11.2
sound compression
process of altering the sound data coding in order to reduce the size of a sound file in the electronic still
picture camera
[ISO 12234-1]
cf. sound recording
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
2.12
cycles per millimetre
cy/mm
unit used for specifying resolution characteristics in terms of the response of an imaging system to a linear
radiance sine wave input, as a function of the frequency of the sine wave
[ISO 12233]
NOTE 1 A range of input sine wave frequencies is obtained in ISO 12233 through the use of a sharp edge target.
NOTE 2 Most pictorial imaging systems exhibit non-linear behaviour, which may result in the nature of the target
affecting the measured resolution characteristics. Distance units other than millimetres may also be used.
2.13
DCF
design rule for camera file system
design rules for camera file system as specified in ISO 12234-3
NOTE DCF provides a standard convention for camera file systems that specifies the file format, folders, and naming
conventions in order to promote file interoperability between conforming digital still photography devices.
2.14
DCF basic file
image file stored directly under a DCF directory, having a DCF filename and the extension “JPG” and having
the DCF-defined data structure, based on the Exif standard
[ISO 12234-3]
2.15
DCF basic main image
Exif primary image included in a DCF basic file
[ISO 12234-3]
2.16
DCF basic thumbnail
Exif thumbnail image included in a DCF basic file
[ISO 12234-3]
2.17
DCF-compatible
meeting the requirements of ISO 12234-3
[ISO 12234-3]
2.18
DCF directory
directory under the DCF image root directory for storing images, created in accordance with the DCF directory
rules
[ISO 12234-3]
2.19
DCF directory name
directory name assigned in accordance with the DCF directory-naming conventions
[ISO 12234-3]
2.20
DCF extended image file
image file stored directly under a DCF directory, having an extension and data structure different from a DCF
basic file
[ISO 12234-3]
2.21
DCF file name
file name assigned in accordance with the DCF file-naming conventions
[ISO 12234-3]
2.22
DCF image root directory
directory directly under the root directory, created in accordance with the DCF directory rules
[ISO 12234-3]
2.23
DCF media
removable memory recorded in accordance with the DCF requirements
[ISO 12234-3]
2.24
DCF object
group of files having the same file number stored in the same DCF directory
[ISO 12234-3]
2.25
DCF thumbnail file
compressed file for storing the thumbnail image of a DCF extended image file
[ISO 12234-3]
2.26
depth of field
difference between the maximum and minimum distances from a camera lens's front nodal point to objects in
a scene that can be captured in acceptably sharp focus
2.27
digital output level
digital code value
numerical value assigned to a particular output level
[ISO 14524, ISO 15739, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550]
2.28
digital still camera
DSC
device which incorporates an image sensor and produces a digital signal representing a still picture
[ISO 12234-3, ISO 17321-1, ISO 17321-2]
NOTE A digital still camera is typically a portable, hand-held device. The digital signal is usually recorded on a
removable memory, such as a solid-state memory card or magnetic disk.
4 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
2.29
directory number
three-digit number which is comprised of the first three characters of the DCF directory name
[ISO 12234-3]
2.30
edge spread function
ESF
normalized spatial signal distribution in the linearized output of an imaging system resulting from imaging a
theoretical infinitely sharp edge
[ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550]
cf. line spread function, point spread function
2.31
effectively spectrally neutral
having spectral characteristics which result in a specific imaging system producing the same output as for a
spectrally neutral object
[ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550]
cf. spectrally neutral
2.32
electronic scanner(1)
〈photographic films〉 scanner inco
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Photographie - Prises de vue électroniques - VocabulairePhotography - Electronic still picture imaging - Vocabulary37.040.01Fotografija na splošnoPhotography in general01.040.37Slikovna tehnologija (Slovarji)Image technology (Vocabularies)ICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:ISO 12231:2005SIST ISO 12231:2011en01-julij-2011SIST ISO 12231:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
Reference number ISO 12231:2005(E)© ISO 2005
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO12231Second edition2005-02-01Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Vocabulary Photographie — Prises de vue électroniques — Vocabulaire
ISO 2005 The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are: that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document. With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
copyright@iso.org Web
www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii
iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Terms and definitions.1 Annex A (informative)
Other terms and definitions.21 Bibliography.42 Alphabetical index.43
v Introduction Electronic still picture imaging concepts are drawn from traditional photography, electronics, video, and information technology. In some cases the concepts must be redefined to apply to electronic still picture imaging. For example, unlike traditional photography, measurements cannot be defined in terms of “film” or “sensitized material”, since images acquired by digital image capture devices are stored electronically and are not immediately exposed on film. The meaning of shutter and exposure time is also different for digital image capture devices, because an electronic imaging sensor typically has image acquisition characteristics that are different from those of film. The purpose of this vocabulary is to standardize the use and meaning of terms associated with electronic still picture imaging. It is organized alphabetically and follows natural (English) word order wherever possible. The source of most of the terms in this International Standard are the documents on electronic still picture imaging developed by ISO/TC 42/WG 18, and ISO/TC 42/JWG 20 and 23 (with ISO/TC 130). Definitions from some other TC 42 International Standards, e.g. flare, are also included for completeness. The ISO numbers provided in brackets following the definition reference documents listed in the bibliography that serve as the source of the definition. At the end of some definitions, other terms are listed (preceded by “cf.”) that are related to the term being defined. An alphabetical index is included at the end of the document. Terms from working drafts and committee drafts of standards under development within ISO/TC 42 (as of 15 August 2002) are provided in Annex A. These terms are more likely to change as the source documents progress. Definitions are provided in this International Standard to facilitate communication. Where possible, the latest draft of the source document should be reviewed to see if a more current definition is available. Future revisions of this International Standard will include updated terms and definitions consistent with the source documents at the time the revision is prepared.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12231:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
1 Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Vocabulary 1 Scope This International Standard defines terms used in electronic still picture imaging. Only terms related to electronic still picture imaging are included. These terms are relevant to the current tasks or are of general interest in electronic still picture imaging. 2 Terms and definitions 2.1 addressable photoelements number of active photoelements on an image sensor, which is equal to the number of active lines of photoelements times the number of active photoelements per line [ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550] NOTE The term resolution should not be used when referring to the addressable photoelements. It is possible that the addressable photoelements may be different for the different colour records of an image. When the signal values of the photoelements are digitized, the digitized code values may be referred to as picture elements, or pixels. 2.2 aliasing output image artefacts that occur in a sampled imaging system for input images having significant energy at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency of the system [ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550] NOTE These artefacts usually manifest themselves as moiré patterns in repetitive image features or as jagged stair-stepping at edge transitions. 2.3 aliasing ratio value equal to the “maximum minus minimum” modulation divided by the “average” modulation of an electronic still picture camera when imaging a frequency burst of constant spatial frequency [ISO 12233] 2.4 analog-to-digital converter A/D or ADC circuit that converts an analog signal, having a continuously varying amplitude, to a digitally quantized representation using binary output signals 2.5 application image application software for use on a personal computer [ISO 12234-3] SIST ISO 12231:2011
3 2.12 cycles per millimetre cy/mm unit used for specifying resolution characteristics in terms of the response of an imaging system to a linear radiance sine wave input, as a function of the frequency of the sine wave [ISO 12233] NOTE 1 A range of input sine wave frequencies is obtained in ISO 12233 through the use of a sharp edge target. NOTE 2 Most pictorial imaging systems exhibit non-linear behaviour, which may result in the nature of the target affecting the measured resolution characteristics. Distance units other than millimetres may also be used. 2.13 DCF design rule for camera file system design rules for camera file system as specified in ISO 12234-3 NOTE DCF provides a standard convention for camera file systems that specifies the file format, folders, and naming conventions in order to promote file interoperability between conforming digital still photography devices. 2.14 DCF basic file image file stored directly under a DCF directory, having a DCF filename and the extension “JPG” and having the DCF-defined data structure, based on the Exif standard [ISO 12234-3] 2.15 DCF basic main image Exif primary image included in a DCF basic file [ISO 12234-3] 2.16 DCF basic thumbnail Exif thumbnail image included in a DCF basic file [ISO 12234-3] 2.17 DCF-compatible meeting the requirements of ISO 12234-3 [ISO 12234-3] 2.18 DCF directory directory under the DCF image root directory for storing images, created in accordance with the DCF directory rules [ISO 12234-3] 2.19 DCF directory name directory name assigned in accordance with the DCF directory-naming conventions [ISO 12234-3] SIST ISO 12231:2011
5 2.29 directory number three-digit number which is comprised of the first three characters of the DCF directory name [ISO 12234-3] 2.30 edge spread function ESF normalized spatial signal distribution in the linearized output of an imaging system resulting from imaging a theoretical infinitely sharp edge [ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550] cf. line spread function, point spread function 2.31 effectively spectrally neutral having spectral characteristics which result in a specific imaging system producing the same output as for a spectrally neutral object [ISO 12233, ISO 16067-1, ISO 16067-2, ISO 21550] cf. spectrally neutral 2.32 electronic scanner(1) 〈photographic films〉 scanner incorporating an image sensor that outputs a digital signal re
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