This document is applicable to packaging machines falling within the scope of EN 415 1, referred to in the following as “machine systems”. This document can also be applied by analogy to other related processing machines. This document specifies
—   a time model,
—   an output model derived from this time model,
—   general key figures,
—   technical key figures, and
—   a methodology for system acceptance
for describing the operating behaviour of packaging machines and packaging lines.
This document does not contain safety requirements.

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This document establishes safety requirements for the main types of form, fill and seal machines, fill and seal machines and the filling machines which are frequently fitted to these machines.
Form fill and seal machines within the scope of this document are:
-   flow wrapping machine;
-   vertical form, fill and seal machine;
-   horizontal sachet form, fill and seal machine;
-   thermoform, fill and seal machine;
-   tubular bag form, fill and seal machine;
-   mandrel form, fill and seal machine.
Fill and seal machines within the scope of this document are:
-   pre-made bag, erect, fill and seal machine;
-   cup or tub fill and seal machine;
-   sack fill and seal machine.
Filling machines commonly fitted to form, fill and seal machines and fill and seal machines within the scope of this document are:
-   auger filler;
-   volumetric cup filler;
-   nett weigher;
-   multi-head weigher.
Other types of form, fill and seal machine which are described in 3.3 have similar hazards to these machines and Clause 4 indicates which clauses of this document are applicable to these machines.
This document covers the safety requirements for machine design, construction and all phases of life of the machines including installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning.
This document applies to machines manufactured after the date of publication of this document.
This document does not apply to:
-   blow mould fill and seal machines;
-   bulk container fill and seal machines;
-   cartoning machines;
-   food depositors, including volumetric piston depositors in the scope of EN 15180;
-   thermoforming machines in the scope of EN 12409.
This document does not consider:
-   hazards due to the products packed in these machines, but does consider the hazards caused by dusts, modified atmosphere gases, and flammable products;
-   hazards resulting from the operation of the machines in a potentially explosive atmosphere.

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This European Standard gives general requirements for packaging machines which are defined in the scope of EN 415 1 or are in the scope of another relevant machine specific part of EN 415. When used together with a relevant machine specific part of EN 415, it gives the requirements for that specific type of machine.
This document deals with safety requirements and their verification for design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of packaging machines when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse foreseeable by a manufacturer.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered is indicated in Clause 4.
The hazards on a specific machine can vary depending on its working principle; the type, size and mass of the product; the packaging material; auxiliary equipment attached to the machine and the environment in which the machine is used. If the machine presents hazards that are not dealt with in this standard, the manufacturer should assess these hazards by using the principles detailed in EN ISO 12100:2010. Such deviations or additions are outside the scope of this standard.
Exclusions
This European Standard is not applicable to the following:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
This standard does not consider the following:
-   the risk resulting from the use of machines in public accessed areas.
NOTE   For machines used in public accessed areas different or additional requirements can apply. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to identify such additional risks, which are outside the scope of this standard or such deviating risks which arise from this specific use, and provide suitable protective measures in accordance with EN ISO 12100.
-   the use of packaging machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   specific health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning packaging machines.

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This European Standard defines the field of packaging machines. The machines defined fall within the following general groups:
—   filling machines;
—   closing machines;
—   labelling, decorating and coding machines;
—   cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines;
—   fill and seal machines;
—   inspection machines;
—   container and packaging component handling machines;
—   form, fill and seal machines;
—   carton erecting, carton closing and cartoning machines;
—   wrapping machines;
—   group or secondary packaging machines;
—   palletizers, depalletizers and ancillary equipment;
—   pallet wrapping machines;
—   strapping machines.
This part of EN 415 indicates the relevant machine specific part of EN 415, or another relevant standard, where safety requirements for dealing with the hazards associated with these machines can be found.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
-   pallet banding machines;
-   stretch film pallet wrapping machines;
-   stretch film hood application machines;
-   mobile stretch film wrapping machines;
-   semi automatic self driving stretch film wrapping machines;
-   shrink film pallet wrapping machines;
-   shrink film hood application machines;
-   film removing machines;
-   shrinking systems;
-   sleeve wrapping machines for product greater than 400 mm in one direction;
-   product centralising machines.
The individual machines are described in 3.2.
This standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of pallet wrapping machines.
The extents to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This European Standard is not applicable to the following machines:
   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   pallet strapping machines and destrapping machines. These machines are within the scope of
EN 415-8;
-   conveying systems that connect packaging machines with each other, but includes conveying systems that are part of the machines.
This standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of pallet wrapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from pallet wrapping machines;
-   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning pallet wrapping machines.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
Group and secondary packaging machines and the collating systems associated with them.
The individual machines are described in 3.2 of this European Standard.
This European Standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of group and secondary packaging machines.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered, are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This European Standard is not applicable to the following machines:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   strapping machines. These machines are covered by EN 415-8;
-   crate loaders and un-loaders for pre-formed rigid containers. These machines are covered by
EN 415-2;
-   cartoning machines. Cartoning machines are covered by EN 415-3.
This European Standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   use of group and secondary packaging machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from group and secondary packaging machines;
-   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning group and secondary packaging machines.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
-   wrapping machines which partially wrap products (see Figures 1-4)
-   wrapping machines which form a complete wrap without sealing (see Figures 5-7)
-   wrapping machines which form a complete wrap with sealing (see Figures 8-14)
-   shrinking equipment which is connected to wrapping machines covered by this standard (see Figures 15-16)
The individual machines are described in 3.2 of this standard.
This European Standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of wrapping machines.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in Clause 4 of this document.
Exclusions:
This standard is not applicable to larger examples of wrapping machines designed to handle products higher than 400 mm and wider than 400 mm. These machines are covered by EN 415-6.
This document is not applicable to wrapping machines which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
This standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   Use of wrapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   Health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines but does include general advice on this subject;
-   Hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from wrapping machines;
-   Hazards that may be associated with decommissioning wrapping machines.

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This standard specifies all the information necessary to carry out efficiently and under defined conditions the determination, information and verification of airborne noise emission from packaging machine covered by EN 415-1.
This measurement method specifies procedures for the determination of emission sound pressure levels at work station, at other specified positions and the sound power level on the basis of both the sound pressure level method and the sound intensity method. It also specifies installation and operating conditions.
This standard applies to machines covered by EN 415-1 as well as for any other packaging machine which are not covered by any other specific noise test code as well as for machines being part of packaging line. In such cases, all information relating to the assembly, installation and to the operating conditions as well as the arrangement of the work station shall be recorded and reported in the test report.
Noise emission characteristics include the following data:
- emission sound pressure level at work station  and at other specified positions;
- sound power emitted by machine.
Both can be used:
- to determine the noise emitted by machine;
- to inform on the noise emitted by the machine;
- to verify the noise emitted by the machine.
Noise emission values permit comparison of packaging machines on the market.
The use of this standard ensures the reproducibility of the determination of the characteristic noise emissions values within specific limits which will be determined by the grade of accuracy of the noise emission measuring method used.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
-   powered hand strapping tools;
-   semi-automatic strapping machines;
-   automatic strapping machines;
-   horizontal pallet strapping machines;
-   vertical pallet strapping machines.
The individual machines are described in 3.3.
This European Standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of strapping machines.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered, are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This European Standard is not applicable to the following machines:
-   strapping tools that are powered exclusively by manual effort;
-   strapping machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
This European Standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of strapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that can be associated with electromagnetic emissions from strapping machines;
-   hazards that can be associated with decommissioning strapping machines.

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TC - Modification of cross reference to 4.2.1 in 5.3.2.

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This standard specifies the safety requirements for the design and manufacture of pre-formed rigid container packaging machinery and the information that should be made available to the user of these machines.

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This standard specifies the safety requirements for the design, manufacture and information for safe use of palletisers, depalletisers, and stackers/unstackers of empty pallets integrated or not into a (de)palletiser as defined in 3.1. In many respects palletisers and depalletisers present the same risks. In this text they are referred to together as (de)palletisers.  For manipulating industrial robots used in (de)palletiser applications this standard and EN 775 apply.  These safety requirements apply to automatic and semi-automatic (de)palletisers. They take into account the hazards which may occur during setting, commissioning and decommissioning, adjustment, use according to the information given by the manufacturer, maintenance (both preventive and repair) and cleaning. This standard does not cover the following hazards which can occur on (de)palletisers in certain circumstances:  - Heat; - Noise; - Radiation; - Fumes, gas, dust;  - Vibration;  - Ergonomics (see EN 614-1:1995).  Furthermore this standard does not cover hazards arising from contents of the load (e.g. toxic or flammable materials).  Linked equipment, before and after the (de)palletiser, which is not an integral part of (de)palletising machinery, (for example pallet load securing) is not covered by this standard.  This standard applies primarily to the machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of the standard.

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This document is applicable to the main types of cartoners, case packing machines and crate loading and unloading machines.
This document covers the safety requirements for machine design, construction and all phases of life of the machines including installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning.
This document is applicable to machines manufactured after the date of issue of this document.
This document does not apply to mandrel carton form, fill and seal machines.
NOTE    Mandrel carton form, fill and seal machines are covered by EN 415-3:2021.

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This document is applicable to the following groups of machines:
-   powered hand strapping tools;
-   semi-automatic strapping machines;
-   automatic strapping machines.
This document does not apply to:
-   strapping tools, where the strap tension is only applied by manual effort;
-   machines, intended for use with paper strap;
-   hand-held motor-operated electric strapping tools.
NOTE   For hand-held motor-operated electric strapping tools see EN 60745-2-18:2009 and EN 62841-1:2015.
This document deals with safety requirements for machine design, transport, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning. The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered is indicated in Annex A.
This document does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of strapping machines in potentially explosive atmosphere;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that are associated with decommissioning strapping machines.
Hazards associated with decommissioning of strapping machines are not considered and therefore excluded but are generally part of the instruction manual (see Clause 6), together with suited measures, if necessary.

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This document is applicable to the following groups of machines, auxiliary equipment and their combinations:
-   palletizers;
-   depalletizers;
-   auxiliary equipment incorporated in or linked to the operations of palletizers and depalletizers;
-   conveying systems which are part of palletizers or depalletizers;
-   palletizers combined with functions of machines which are covered by other parts of EN 415, but detailed requirements are only provided for palletizing functions.
The individual machines are described in 3.2. Auxiliary equipment is described in 3.3.
This document deals with safety requirements for machine design, transport, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of palletizers, depalletizers, auxiliary equipment and conveying systems which are part of palletizer or depalletizer. The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered is indicated in Annex B.
Exclusions:
This document is not applicable to the following machines:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   conveyors that connect palletizers and depalletizers with machines that are not in the scope of this document.
Conveyors in the scope of this document also fall in the scope of EN 619:2002+A1:2010, however, this document describes the additional or specific hazards for conveyors fitted into palletizers and depalletizers and so the requirements of this document take precedence over the requirements of EN 619:2002+A1:2010.
This document does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of palletizers and depalletizers in a potentially explosive atmosphere;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that are contained in the unit load handled by palletizers and depalletizers except for the spillage of hazardous substances caused by the malfunction of a machine.

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This standard specifies the safety requirements for the design, manufacture and information for safe use of palletisers, depalletisers, and stackers/unstackers of empty pallets integrated or not into a (de)palletiser as defined in 3.1. In many respects palletisers and depalletisers present the same risks. In this text they are referred to together as (de)palletisers. For manipulating industrial robots used in (de)palletiser applications this standard and EN 775 apply. These safety requirements apply to automatic and semi-automatic (de)palletisers. They take into account the hazards which may occur during setting, commissioning and decommissioning, adjustment, use according to the information given by the manufacturer, maintenance (both preventive and repair) and cleaning. This standard does not cover the following hazards which can occur on (de)palletisers in certain circumstances: - Heat; - Noise; - Radiation; - Fumes, gas, dust; - Vibration; - Ergonomics (see EN 614-1:1995). Furthermore this standard does not cover hazards arising from contents of the load (e.g. toxic or flammable materials). Linked equipment, before and after the (de)palletiser, which is not an integral part of (de)palletising machinery, (for example pallet load securing) is not covered by this standard. This standard applies primarily to the machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of the standard (see EN 415-4:1997)

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This document applies to the following machines and to machines which incorporate more than one function as listed below. The document also applies to partly completed machinery as far as conformity is claimed for certain essential health and safety requirements.
This document deals with the following machines handling rigid containers including:
-   unscrambling machines;
-   cap removing machines;
-   cleaning machines;
-   sanitizing machines;
-   filling machines;
-   capping, closing and sealing machines;
-   closure securing machines;
-   inspection machines;
-   labelling machines;
-   decorating machines;
-   heating- and cooling machines for packed product, working at atmospheric pressure;
-   sterilizing machines (others than heat treatment)
with one or more of the following functions: cleaning, sanitizing, pasteurizing, filling, labelling, closing, sealing or inspecting and handling pre-formed rigid containers including their closures.
This document also deals with equipment when it is part of a machine listed above:
-   conveyors;
-   vacuum or magnetic transfer conveyors;
-   dispose or eject devices (pushers);
-   keg stopping devices;
-   keg lift and inverting machines;
-   extraction or ventilation system or blowers;
-   hoppers;
-   rotary mechanisms;
-   coding and marking equipment incorporated in a packaging machine;
-   hot foil coders;
-   laser coders;
-   ink jet coders;
-   emboss coders.
The individual machines are described in 3.2.
This document deals with safety requirements and their verification for machine design, construction and information applicable to installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance, cleaning, dismantling of packaging machines for pre-formed rigid containers.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered is indicated in Annex B.
NOTE   The hazards on a specific machine can vary depending on its working principle; the type, size and mass of the product; the packaging material; auxiliary equipment attached to the machine and the environment in which the machine is used. If the machine presents hazards that are not covered by this document or EN 415-10, the manufacturer can assess these hazards and take measures by using the principles detailed in EN ISO 12100:2010.
Exclusions
This document is not applicable to the following machines:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   machines for cups or trays or tubs made of a foil of plastic, aluminium or paper, which are the subject of EN 415-3;
-   aerosol filling and sealing machines;
-   filling machines for gas;
-   autoclaves;
-   conveyors which link packaging machines but are not integrated in packaging machines or part of packaging machines;
-   blow moulding machines;
NOTE   See EN 422:2009:
-   sleeve label removing machines.
This document does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of packaging machines in potentially explosive atmospheres not generated by the machine itself;
-   hazards associated with packing explosives;
-   hazards arising from ancillary equipment, which is not part of the machine, e.g. equipment for evacuating gases, for cooling or refrigeration, for the supply of steam, energy or product.

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This European Standard establishes safety requirements for form, fill and seal packaging machines and the filling machines which are particularly associated with them. This group of machines is defined in detail in clause 3 of this standard, with diagrams illustrating examples of the principle of operation of each machine type.  However briefly, this standard covers the following broad groups of machines:
-   horizontal form, fill and seal machines;
-   vertical form, fill and seal machines;
-   pre-made bag erect fill and seal machines;
-   mandrel flexible package or carton form, fill and seal machines;
-   carton erect, fill and close machines;
-   thermoform, fill and seal machines.
Filling machines commonly fitted to form, fill and seal machines including:
-   auger fillers;
-               volumetric cup fillers;
-   volumetric piston fillers;-
-   counters;
-   gravimetric fillers (weighers).
This standard covers the safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning.
This part of prEN 415 applies primarily to machines manufactured after the date of issue of this standard.
This standard does not cover in detail the safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products which may be handled on form, fill and seal machines, but does include general advice.
This standard does not cover thermoforming machines.  These machines are covered in prEN 12409.
This standard does not cover blow mould, fill and seal machines.  The main hazards and safety requirements for these machines are described in EN 422.

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This European standard defines the field of packaging machines in detail in clause 3, but briefly these are:
Filling and Dosing machines
Closing machines
Labelling, decorating and coding machines
Cleaning, sterilising, cooling and drying machines
Fill and seal machines
Inspection machines
Container and component handling machines
Form, fill and seal machines
Cartoning machines
Wrapping machines
Group or transit packaging machines
Pallet or loading unit forming, dismantling and securing machines
Annex A indicates where hazards and safety requirements for these machines can be found.  In most cases this will be in one of the parts of EN415, but in some cases it may be another European or ISO standard.  Where no specific standard covers a particular machine Annex A will indicate the most appropriate standard which can be referred to for advice.

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This standard applies to the following groups of machines:
-   pallet banding machines;
-   stretch film pallet wrapping machines;
-   stretch film hood application machines;
-   mobile stretch film wrapping machines;
-   semi automatic self driving stretch film wrapping machines;
-   shrink film pallet wrapping machines;
-   shrink film hood application machines;
-   film removing machines;
-   shrinking systems;
-   sleeve wrapping machines for product greater than 400 mm in one direction;
-   product centralising machines.
The individual machines are described in 3.2.
This standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of pallet wrapping machines.
The extents to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This standard is not applicable to the following machines:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   pallet strapping machines and destrapping machines. These machines are within the scope of
prEN 415-8
-   conveying systems that connect packaging machines with each other, but includes conveying systems that are part of the machines;
This standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of pallet wrapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from pallet wrapping machines;
-   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning pallet wrapping machines.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
¾   wrapping machines which partially wrap products (see Figures 1-4)
¾   wrapping machines which form a complete wrap without sealing (see Figures 5-7)
¾   wrapping machines which form a complete wrap with sealing (see Figures 8-14)
¾   shrinking equipment which is connected to wrapping machines covered by this standard (see Figures 15-16)
The individual machines are described in 3.2 of this standard.
This European Standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of wrapping machines.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in Clause 4 of this document.
Exclusions:
This standard is not applicable to larger examples of wrapping machines designed to handle products higher than 400 mm and wider than 400 mm. These machines are covered by EN 415-6.
This document is not applicable to wrapping machines which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
This standard does not consider the following hazards:
·   Use of wrapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
·   Health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines but does include general advice on this subject;
·   Hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from wrapping machines;
·   Hazards that may be associated with decommissioning wrapping machines.

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This standard applies to the following groups of machines:
-   pallet banding machines;
-   stretch film pallet wrapping machines;
-   stretch film hood application machines;
-   mobile stretch film wrapping machines;
-   semi automatic self driving stretch film wrapping machines;
-   shrink film pallet wrapping machines;
-   shrink film hood application machines;
-   film removing machines;
-   shrinking systems;
-   sleeve wrapping machines for product greater than 400 mm in one direction;
-   product centralising machines.
The individual machines are described in 3.2.
This standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of pallet wrapping machines.
The extents to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This standard is not applicable to the following machines:
-   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
-   pallet strapping machines and destrapping machines. These machines are within the scope of prEN 415-8
-   conveying systems that connect packaging machines with each other, but includes conveying systems that are part of the machines;
This standard does not consider the following hazards:
-   the use of pallet wrapping machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
-   the health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
-   hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from pallet wrapping machines;
-   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning pallet wrapping machines.

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This European standard establishes safety requirements for form, fill and seal packaging machines and the filling machines which are particularly associated with them. This group of machines is defined in detail in clause 3 of this standard, with diagrams illustrating examples of the principle of operation of each machine type.

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This European standard defines the field of packaging machines in detail in clause 3, but briefly these are: Filling and Dosing machines; closing machines; labelling, decorating and coding machines; cleaning, sterilising, cooling and drying machines; fill and seal machines; inspection machines; container and component handling machines; form, fill and seal machines; cartoning machines; wrapping machines; group or transit packaging machines; pallet or loading unit forming, dismantling and securing machines.

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This European Standard applies to the following groups of machines:
Group and secondary packaging machines and the collating systems associated with them.
The individual machines are described in 3.2 of this European Standard.
This European Standard deals with safety requirements for machine design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, adjustment, maintenance and cleaning of group and secondary packaging machines.
The extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered, are indicated in Clause 4.
Exclusions
This European Standard is not applicable to the following machines:
¾   machines that were manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN;
¾   strapping machines. These machines are covered by EN 415-8;
¾   crate loaders and un-loaders for pre-formed rigid containers. These machines are covered by
EN 415-2;
¾   cartoning machines. Cartoning machines are covered by EN 415-3.
This European Standard does not consider the following hazards:
¾   use of group and secondary packaging machines in potentially explosive atmospheres;
¾   health, safety or hygiene hazards associated with the products that may be handled by the machines, but does include general advice on this subject;
¾   hazards that may be associated with electromagnetic emissions from group and secondary packaging machines;
¾   hazards that may be associated with decommissioning group and secondary packaging machines.

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