EN 584-1:2006
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
The purpose of this standard is to fix the performance of film systems.
This standard is applicable for the classification of film systems in combination with specified lead screens for industrial radiography (non-destructive testing). This standard is intended to assure that the image quality of radiographs – as far as this is influenced by the film system – is in conformity with the requirements of European Standards such as EN 444, EN 1435 and EN 12681. This European Standard does not apply to the classification of films used with fluorescent intensifying screens. The measurement of film systems in this standard is restricted to a selected radiation quality to simplify the procedure. The properties of films will change with radiation energy but not the ranking of film system quality.
Additional methods for evaluating the photographic process are described in EN 584-2 by which the performance of film systems can be controlled under the conditions given in industry.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Filme für die Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Klassifizierung von Filmsystemen für die industrielle Durchstrahlungsprüfung
4
Zweck der vorliegenden Norm ist die Festlegung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Filmsystemen.
Diese Norm ist anwendbar für die Klassifizierung von Filmsystemen in Verbindung mit festgelegten Bleifolien
für die industrielle Durchstrahlungsprüfung (zerstörungsfreie Prüfung). Die Norm soll sicherstellen, dass die
Bildgüte von Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen - soweit sie durch das Filmsystem beeinflusst wird - in Übereinstimmung
mit den Anforderungen der Europäischen Normen wie EN 444, EN 1435 und EN 12681 steht.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für die Klassifizierung von Filmen, die mit fluoreszierenden Verstärkerfolien
verwendet werden. Die Messung von Filmsystemen in dieser Norm ist auf eine ausgewählte Strahlenqualität
beschränkt, um die Durchführung zu vereinfachen. Die Eigenschaften von Filmen werden sich mit der
Strahlungsenergie ändern, jedoch nicht die Einstufung der Filmsystemqualität.
Zusätzliche Verfahren zur Auswertung des fotografischen Prozesses werden in EN 584-2 beschrieben, nach
der die Leistungsfähigkeit des Filmsystems unter den in der Industrie vorliegenden Bedingungen kontrolliert
werden kann.
Essais non destructifs - Film pour radiographie industrielle - Partie 1: Classification des systèmes films pour radiographie industrielle
La présente norme a pour but de fixer les performances des systèmes films.
La présente norme est applicable à la classification des systèmes films qui sont associés à des écrans en
plomb spécifiés pour la radiographie industrielle (essais non destructifs). Cette norme vise à garantir une
qualité d’image des radiogrammes conforme, pour autant qu’elle dépende du système film, aux exigences de
Normes européennes telles que l’EN 444, l’EN 1435 et l’EN 12681. Cette Norme européenne ne s’applique
pas à la classification des films employés avec des écrans renforçateurs fluorescents. Dans la présente
norme, le mesurage des systèmes films se limite à une qualité de rayonnement sélectionnée afin de simplifier
le mode opératoire. Les propriétés des films varient avec l’énergie du rayonnement mais pas la classification
de la qualité des systèmes films.
L’EN 584-2 décrit des méthodes complémentaires d’évaluation du processus photographique, permettant
ainsi de contrôler les performances des systèmes films dans les conditions d’une application industrielle.
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Film za industrijsko radiografijo - 1. del: Klasifikacija sistemov filmov za industrijsko radiografijo
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2006
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 584-1:1996
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Film za industrijsko radiografijo - 1. del: Klasifikacija
sistemov filmov za industrijsko radiografijo
Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1: Classification of film
systems for industrial radiography
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Filme für die Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1:
Klassifizierung von Filmsystemen für die industrielle Durchstrahlungsprüfung
Essais non destructifs - Film pour radiographie industrielle - Partie 1: Classification des
systemes films pour radiographie industrielle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 584-1:2006
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
37.040.25 Radiografski filmi Radiographic films
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 584-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2006
ICS 19.100; 37.040.99 Supersedes EN 584-1:1994
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1:
Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
Essais non destructifs - Film pour radiographie industrielle - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Filme für die
Partie 1: Classification des systèmes films pour Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Klassifizierung von
radiographie industrielle Filmsystemen für die industrielle Durchstrahlungsprüfung
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 584-1:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and Definitions .4
4 Sampling and storage.5
5 Test method.5
5.1 Preparation.5
5.2 Measurement of gradient G.6
5.3 Measurement of granularity σσσσ .7
D
5.4 Measurement of CEN speed S .9
5.5 Other equipment and procedures.9
6 Limiting values for classification.9
Bibliography.12
Foreword
This document (EN 584-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive
testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2006.
This document supersedes EN 584-1:1994.
EN 584 comprises a series of European Standards for industrial radiographic films which is made up of the
following:
EN 584-1 Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 1: Classification of film systems for
industrial radiography
EN 584-2 Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference values
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
1 Scope
The purpose of this standard is to fix the performance of film systems.
This standard is applicable for the classification of film systems in combination with specified lead screens for
industrial radiography (non-destructive testing). This standard is intended to assure that the image quality of
radiographs – as far as this is influenced by the film system – is in conformity with the requirements of
European Standards such as EN 444, EN 1435 and EN 12681. This European Standard does not apply to the
classification of films used with fluorescent intensifying screens. The measurement of film systems in this
standard is restricted to a selected radiation quality to simplify the procedure. The properties of films will
change with radiation energy but not the ranking of film system quality.
Additional methods for evaluating the photographic process are described in EN 584-2 by which the
performance of film systems can be controlled under the conditions given in industry.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 584-2, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference values.
EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC
17025:2005)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1
film system
combination of film and film processing which is carried out in accordance with the instructions of the film
manufacturer and/or the manufacturer of the processing chemicals.
3.2
film gradient
G
slope of the characteristic curve of a film at a specified optical density D
3.3
granularity
σσσσ
D
stochastic density fluctuations in the radiograph, superimposed on the image of the object
NOTE The limiting values given in this standard are related to fixed radiation energies and specified screens.
3.4
characteristic curve
curve showing the relationship between the common logarithm of exposure logK, and the optical density D
3.5
specular density
quantitative measure of film blackening (optical density) when light passing the optics of a microdensitometer
transmits the film.
3.6
diffuse density
quantitative measure of film blackening (optical density) as determined by a densitometer. It is the sum of all
transmitted and scattered light into the half sphere behind the film.
3.7
signal/noise ratio
in industrial radiography the ratio of a local film density to the granularity σ at this density level. It is
D
correlated to the gradient/noise ratio
3.8
CEN speed
S
reciprocal value of the dose K measured in Gray which results in a specified diffuse optical transmission
S
density D of the processed film:
S = (1)
K
s
3.9
film system class
classification taking into account of limiting values given in Table 1.
3.10
gradient/noise ratio
ratio of the gradient G and the granularity σ . It relates directly to the signal/noise ratio. All further parameters
D
determining the signal, such as the modulation transfer function or the energy of the radiation, are considered
to be constant.
4 Sampling and storage
For product specification it is important that the samples evaluated yield the average results obtained by users.
This will require the evaluation of several different batches periodically under conditions specified in this
standard. Prior to evaluation, the samples shall be stored according to the manufacturers’ recommendations
for a length of time to simulate the average age at which the product is normally used. The basic objective in
selecting and storing samples as described above is to ensure the film characteristics are representative of
those obtained by a consumer at the time of use.
5 Test method
5.1 Preparation
The film samples shall be exposed to X-rays from tungsten target tubes. Inherent filtration of the tube, plus an
additional copper filter located as close to the X-ray tube target as possible shall provide filtration equivalent to
(8,00 ± 0,05) mm of copper. The potential across the X-ray tube shall be adjusted until the half-value-
absorption is obtained with (3,5 ± 0,2) mm of copper. A potential of approximately 220 kV generally meets this
requirement.
The film system shall include a front and a back screen of 0,02 to 0,04 mm lead. If single coated films are
used, the emulsion coated surface shall face the X-ray tube. Good film screen contact shall be ensured.
Exercise care to ensure that the film specimen does not contain density variations arising from the exposing
equipment (such as non-uniform beam filters or damaged, or defective lead screens) or processing system.
During and after exposure, prior to processing, maintain the film specimen at the temperature of 23°C ± 5°C
and relative humidity of 50 ± 20%. The film processing chemicals and procedures shall be the same for
determining gradient and granularity, and they shall be used and described completely as specified.
Use manufacturer certified film test strips according to EN 584-2 to test the specified developer system with
the specified immersion time and developer temperature. The speed index S shall be within ± 5% of the
x
manufacturer’s certificate. The developer temperature may differ by ± 1°C from the certified value to adjust S
X
within ± 5% of the manufacturer certificate value. The obtained S and used developer temperature shall be
X
documented in the test report. This test shall be done, on a daily basis, before and after the development of
the exposed films for classification with the same developer temperature and immersion time.
If a manufacturer certificate is not available, film test strips shall be manufactured and calibrated according to
EN 584-2 by the user.
5.2 Measurement of gradient G
Gradient G relates to a D versus log K curve. Within the scope of this standard G is calculated
dD
from the slope of a D versus K curve at density (D − D ) , i. e.
dK
dD K dD
G = = ⋅ (2)
dlog K log e dK
10 10
where
K is the measured dose, in Gray, required for density (D – D );
D is the measured optical density of an unexposed and processed film including base (fog and base
density).
The D versus K curve is approximated by a polynomial of third order. To obtain a reliable curve, a series of
exposures are made with the same film sample to obtain at least 12 uniformly distributed measuring points
covering at least density 1,0 and 4,5 above D . The polynomial approximation shall include all measured
values between 1,0 and 4,5. For the numerical approximation (fit procedure) no zero value shall be included.
At least six gradient measurements shall be made on different film samples to determine the mean gradient
value G. The densitometer used shall be calibrated regularly up to a diffuse density of D ≥ 4,8. For the
calibration, a certified film step tablet shall be used. This shall be generated from double sided X-ray film of C3
class or higher (C1 or C2).
NOTE Densitometers may have limited accuracy for measurements at D > 4 and need careful calibration correction
in the full range. Small deviations of the density values at D > 4 have considerable influence to the accuracy of the G at
D - D = 4 - value due to the properties of the polynomial approximation procedure.
The mean gradient values shall be determined with a maximum uncertainty of ± 5 % for G2 and ± 7 % for G4
at a confidence level of 95 %.
Measurement laboratories, which certify film systems, shall participate in a proficiency test on a periodical
basis. A new film, exposed in accordance with this standard, shall be used in all participating labs and for
each periodical test.
5.3 Measurement of granularity σσσσ
D
The granularity is measured by linear or circular scanning of a film of constant diffuse optical density with a
microdensitom
...
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