EN IEC 60143-4:2024
(Main)Series capacitors for power systems - Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors
Series capacitors for power systems - Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors
IEC 60143-4:2023 specifies the testing of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) installations used in series with transmission lines. This document also addresses issues that consider ratings for TCSC thyristor valve assemblies, capacitors, and reactors as well as TCSC control characteristics, protective features, cooling system and system operation. IEC 60143-4:2023 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) thyristor valve testing requirements refer to IEC 62823; b) Formula (1) in Subclause 4.2 has been corrected; c) Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests, Subclause 7.5.4, replaces previously specified real time protection and control system test with network simulator.
Reihenkondensatoren für Starkstromanlagen - Teil 4: Thyristorgesteuerte Reihenkondensatoren
Condensateurs série destinés à être installés sur des réseaux - Partie 4: Condensateurs série commandés par thyristors
L'IEC 60143-4:2023 spécifie les essais à réaliser sur les installations de condensateurs série commandés par thyristors (CSCT) utilisées avec les lignes de transmission. Le présent document aborde également les questions liées aux caractéristiques assignées des assemblages de valve à thyristors pour CSCT, des condensateurs et des bobines d’inductance ainsi que les caractéristiques de commande des CSCT, les fonctions de protection, le système de refroidissement et le fonctionnement du système. L'IEC 60143-4:2023 annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2010. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l’édition précédente: a) les exigences d’essai de la valve à thyristors font référence à l’IEC 62823; b) la Formule (1) au paragraphe 4.2 a été corrigée; c) les essais dans la boucle du matériel (HIL, Hardware-In-the-Loop), paragraphe 7.5.4, remplacent l’essai du système de protection et de commande en temps réel spécifié précédemment, réalisé à l’aide d’un simulateur de réseau.
Zaporedni kondenzatorji za elektroenergetske sisteme - 4. del: Zaporedni kondenzatorji s tiristorskim upravljanjem (IEC 60143-4:2023)
Ta del standarda IEC 60143 določa preskuse inštalacij zaporednih kondenzatorjev s tiristorskim upravljanjem, ki se uporabljajo v sklopih s prenosnimi vodi. Ta dokument obravnava tudi zadeve v zvezi z ocenami sklopov, kondenzatorjev in reaktorjev tiristorskih ventilov zaporednih kondenzatorjev s tiristorskim upravljanjem in lastnostmi kontrole, zaščitnimi elementi, hladilnim sistemom in delovanjem sistema.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2024
Zaporedni kondenzatorji za elektroenergetske sisteme - 4. del: Zaporedni
kondenzatorji s tiristorskim upravljanjem (IEC 60143-4:2023)
Series capacitors for power systems - Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors (IEC
60143-4:2023)
Reihenkondensatoren für Starkstromanlagen - Teil 4: Thyristorgesteuerte
Reihenkondensatoren (IEC 60143-4:2023)
Condensateurs série destinés à être installés sur des réseaux - Partie 4: Condensateurs
série commandés par thyristors (IEC 60143-4:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60143-4:2024
ICS:
29.240.99 Druga oprema v zvezi z Other equipment related to
omrežji za prenos in power transmission and
distribucijo električne energije distribution networks
31.060.70 Močnostni kondenzatorji Power capacitors
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60143-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2024
ICS 29.240.99; 31.060.70 Supersedes EN 60143-4:2010
English Version
Series capacitors for power systems - Part 4: Thyristor controlled
series capacitors
(IEC 60143-4:2023)
Condensateurs série destinés à être installés sur des Reihenkondensatoren für Starkstromanlagen - Teil 4:
réseaux - Partie 4: Condensateurs série commandés par Thyristorgesteuerte Reihenkondensatoren
thyristors (IEC 60143-4:2023)
(IEC 60143-4:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2024-01-18. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60143-4:2024 E
European foreword
The text of document 33/696/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 60143-4, prepared by IEC/TC 33 "Power
capacitors and their applications" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN IEC 60143-4:2024.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2024-10-18
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2027-01-18
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60143-4:2010 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document is read in conjunction with EN 60143-1:2015, EN 60143-2:2013 and EN 60143-3:2015.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60143-4:2023 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60060-2 NOTE Approved as EN 60060-2
IEC 60068-1 NOTE Approved as EN 60068-1
IEC 60068-3-3 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 60068-3-3
IEC 60721-1 NOTE Approved as EN 60721-1
IEC 61000-4-2 NOTE Approved as EN 61000-4-2
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the
relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cencenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-436 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. - -
Chapter 436: Power capacitors
IEC 60068-2-2 - Environmental testing - Part 2-2: Tests - EN 60068-2-2 -
Test B: Dry heat
IEC 60068-2-78 - Environmental testing - Part 2-78: Tests - EN 60068-2-78 -
Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state
IEC 60076-1 - Power transformers - Part 1: General EN 60076-1 -
IEC 60076-6 2007 Power transformers - Part 6: Reactors EN 60076-6 2008
IEC 60143-1 2015 Series capacitors for power systems - Part EN 60143-1 2015
1: General
IEC 60143-2 2012 Series capacitors for power systems - Part EN 60143-2 2013
2: Protective equipment for series
capacitor banks
IEC 60143-3 2015 Series capacitors for power systems - Part EN 60143-3 2015
3: Internal fuses
IEC 60255-21 series Electrical relays - Part 21: Vibration, shock, EN 60255-21 series
bump and seismic tests on measuring
relays and protection equipment
IEC 60255-27 - Measuring relays and protection equipment EN 60255-27 -
- Part 27: Product safety requirements
IEC 61000-4 series Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part EN 61000-4 series
4: Testing and measurement techniques
IEC 61000-4-11 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part EN IEC 61000-4-11 -
4-11: Testing and measurement
techniques - Voltage dips, short
interruptions and voltage variations
immunity tests for equipment with input
current up to 16 A per phase
IEC 61000-4-29 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part EN 61000-4-29 -
4-29: Testing and measurement
techniques - Voltage dips, short
interruptions and voltage variations on d.c.
input power port immunity tests
IEC 62823 2015 Thyristor valves for thyristor controlled EN 62823 2015
series capacitors (TCSC) - Electrical
testing
+ A1 2019 + A1 2020
IEC 60143-4 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Series capacitors for power systems –
Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors
Condensateurs série destinés à être installés sur des réseaux –
Partie 4: Condensateurs série commandés par thyristors
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.240.99, 31.060.70 ISBN 978-2-8322-8029-4
– 2 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 11
4 Operating and rating considerations . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.2 TCSC characteristics . 14
4.3 Operating range . 15
4.4 Reactive power rating . 16
4.5 Power oscillation damping (POD) . 16
4.6 SSR mitigation . 16
4.7 Harmonics . 17
4.8 Control interactions between TCSCs in parallel lines . 17
4.9 Operating range, overvoltages and duty cycles . 17
4.9.1 Operating range . 17
4.9.2 Transient overvoltages . 18
4.9.3 Duty cycles . 18
5 Valve control . 18
5.1 Triggering system . 18
5.2 System aspects . 19
5.3 Normal operating conditions . 19
5.4 Valve firing during system faults . 20
5.5 Actions at low line current . 20
5.6 Monitoring . 20
6 Ratings . 20
6.1 General . 20
6.2 Capacitor rating . 21
6.3 Reactor rating . 21
6.4 Thyristor valve rating . 21
6.4.1 General . 21
6.4.2 Current capability . 21
6.4.3 Voltage capability . 22
6.5 Varistor rating . 24
6.6 Insulation level and creepage distance. 25
7 Tests . 25
7.1 General . 25
7.2 Test of the capacitor . 25
7.2.1 General . 25
7.2.2 Routine tests . 25
7.2.3 Type tests . 26
7.2.4 Special test (ageing test) . 26
7.3 Tests of the TCSC reactor . 26
7.3.1 General . 26
7.3.2 Routine tests . 26
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 3 –
7.3.3 Type tests . 27
7.3.4 Special tests . 27
7.4 Tests of thyristor valves . 27
7.4.1 General . 27
7.4.2 Routine tests . 27
7.4.3 Type tests . 28
7.5 Tests of protection and control system . 28
7.5.1 General . 28
7.5.2 Routine tests . 28
7.5.3 Type tests . 29
7.5.4 Special tests − Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests . 29
8 Guidance for selection of rating and operation . 30
8.1 General . 30
8.2 Thyristor controlled series capacitor . 31
8.2.1 AC transmission system . 31
8.2.2 TCSC operational objectives . 32
8.2.3 TCSC ratings . 32
8.3 Thyristor valves . 34
8.4 Capacitors and reactors . 34
8.4.1 General . 34
8.4.2 Capacitor considerations . 34
8.4.3 Reactor considerations . 34
8.5 Fault duty cycles for varistor rating . 35
8.6 Valve cooling system . 36
8.7 TCSC control and protection . 36
8.7.1 General . 36
8.7.2 Control . 37
8.7.3 Protection . 39
8.7.4 Monitoring and recording . 39
8.8 Precommissioning and commissioning tests . 40
8.8.1 General . 40
8.8.2 Pre-commissioning tests . 40
8.8.3 Station tests . 41
Bibliography . 43
Figure 1 – Typical nomenclature of a TCSC installation . 12
Figure 2 – TCSC subsegment . 13
Figure 3 – TCSC steady state waveforms for control angle α and conduction interval σ. 14
Figure 4 – TCSC apparent reactance characteristics according to Formula (1),
with λ = 2,5 . 15
Figure 5 – Example of TCSC operating range for POD (left) and SSR mitigation (right) . 15
Figure 6 – Valve base electronics (VBE) . 18
Figure 7 – Valve electronics (VE) . 19
Figure 8 – Thyristor valve voltage in a TCSC . 23
Figure 9 – Typical block diagram of a real time TCSC protection and control system
simulation environment . 30
Figure 10 – Example of operating range diagram for TCSC . 33
– 4 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
Table 1 – Peak and RMS voltage relationships . 13
Table 2 – Typical external fault duty cycle with unsuccessful high speed auto-reclosing . 35
Table 3 – Typical duty cycle for internal fault with successful high speed auto-reclosing . 35
Table 4 – Typical duty cycle for internal fault with unsuccessful high speed auto-
reclosing . 36
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS –
Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent
the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60143-4 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 33: Power capacitors and their
applications. It is an International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) thyristor valve testing requirements refer to IEC 62823;
b) Formula (1) in Subclause 4.2 has been corrected;
c) Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests, Subclause 7.5.4, replaces previously specified real time
protection and control system test with network simulator.
– 6 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
33/696/FDIS 33/702/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This part of IEC 60143 is to be used in conjunction with the following standards:
– IEC 60143-1:2015,
– IEC 60143-2:2012,
– IEC 60143-3:2015.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts of IEC 60143 series, under the general title Series capacitors for power
systems, can be found on the iec website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 7 –
SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS –
Part 4: Thyristor controlled series capacitors
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60143 specifies the testing of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
installations used in series with transmission lines. This document also addresses issues that
consider ratings for TCSC thyristor valve assemblies, capacitors, and reactors as well as TCSC
control characteristics, protective features, cooling system and system operation.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
NOTE If there is a conflict between this part of IEC 60143 and a standard listed below in Clause 2, this document
prevails.
IEC 60050-436, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 436: Power capacitors
IEC 60068-2-2, Environmental testing – Part 2-2: Tests – Tests B: Dry heat
IEC 60068-2-78, Environmental testing – Part 2-78: Tests – Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state
IEC 60076-1, Power transformers – Part 1: General
IEC 60076-6:2007, Power transformers – Part 6: Reactors
IEC 60143-1:2015, Series capacitors for power systems – Part 1: General
IEC 60143-2:2012, Series capacitors for power systems – Part 2: Protective equipment for
series capacitor banks
IEC 60143-3:2015, Series capacitors for power systems – Part 3: Internal fuses
IEC 60255-21 (all parts), Electrical relays – Vibration, shock, bump and seismic tests on
measuring relays and protection equipment
IEC 60255-27, Measuring relays and protection equipment − Part 27: Product safety
requirements
IEC 61000-4 (all parts), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) − Part 4: Testing and
measurement techniques
IEC 61000-4-11, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) − Part 4-11: Testing and measurement
techniques − Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for
equipment with input current up to 16 A per phase
– 8 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
IEC 61000-4-29, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-29: Testing and measurement
techniques – Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on d.c. input port immunity
tests
IEC 62823:2015, Thyristor valves for thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC) – Electrical
testing
IEC 62823:2015/AMD1:2019
NOTE Additional useful references, not explicitly referenced in the text, are listed in the Bibliography.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60143-1,
IEC 60143-2, IEC 60143-3, some taken from IEC 60050-436, and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
NOTE In some instances, the IEC definitions can be either too broad or too restrictive. In such a case, an additional
definition or note has been included.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
thyristor valve
electrically combined assembly of thyristor levels, complete with all connections, auxiliary
components and mechanical structures, which can be connected in series with each phase of
the reactor or capacitor of a TCSC
3.1.2
bypass current
current flowing through the bypass switch, protective device, thyristor valve, or other devices,
in parallel with the series capacitor, when the series capacitor is bypassed
3.1.3
temporary overload
short duration (typically 30 min) overload capability of the TCSC at rated frequency and ambient
temperature range
SEE: Figure 5 and Figure 10.
3.1.4
dynamic overload
short duration (typically 10 s) overload capability of the TCSC at rated frequency and ambient
temperature range
SEE: Figure 5 and Figure 10.
3.1.5
thyristor-controlled series capacitor
TCSC
assembly of thyristor valves, TCSC reactor(s), capacitors, and associated auxiliaries, such as
structures, support insulators, switches, and protective devices, with control equipment required
for a complete operating installation
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 9 –
3.1.6
valve electronics
VE
electronic circuits at valve potential(s) that perform control functions
3.1.7
TCSC reactor
one or more reactors connected in series with the thyristor valve
SEE: Figure 1, item 7.
Note 1 to entry: In the context of TCSCs, the valve varistor is typically defined by its ability to limit the voltage
across a thyristor valve to a specified protective level while absorbing energy. The valve varistor is designed to
withstand the temporary overvoltage and continuous operating voltage across the thyristor valve.
3.1.8
valve blocking
operation to prevent further firing of a thyristor valve by inhibiting triggering
3.1.9
valve base electronics
VBE
electronic unit, at earth potential, which is the interface between the control system of the TCSC
and the thyristor valves
3.1.10
capacitor current
I
C
current through the series capacitor
SEE: Figure 2.
3.1.11
line current
I
L
power frequency line current
SEE: Figure 2.
3.1.12
rated current
I
N
) at which the TCSC should be capable of continuous operation with rated
RMS line current (I
L
reactance (X ) and rated voltage (U )
N N
3.1.13
valve current
I
V
current through the thyristor valve
SEE: Figure 2.
3.1.14
capacitor voltage
U
C
voltage across the TCSC
SEE: Figure 2.
– 10 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
3.1.15
protective level
U
PL
magnitude of the maximum peak of the power frequency voltage appearing across the
overvoltage protector during a power system fault
Note 1 to entry: The protective level can be expressed in terms of the actual peak voltage across a segment or in
terms of the per unit of the peak of the rated voltage across the capacitor.
3.1.16
rated TCSC voltage
U
N
power frequency voltage across each phase of the TCSC that can be continuously controlled
), rated current (I ), frequency, and reference ambient temperature range
at rated reactance (X
N N
3.1.17
apparent reactance
X(α)
TCSC apparent power frequency reactance as a function of thyristor control angle (α)
SEE Figure 4.
3.1.18
nominal frequency
f
N
frequency of the system in which the TCSC is intended to be used
3.1.19
rated capacitance
C
N
capacitance value for which the TCSC capacitor has been designed
3.1.20
physical reactance
X
C
power frequency reactance for each phase of the TCSC bank with thyristors blocked and a
capacitor internal dielectric temperature of 20 °C
X =×12πfC
( )
C NN
3.1.21
boost factor
k
B
ratio of X(α) divided by X
C
Note 1 to entry: k = X(α) / X
B C
3.1.22
rated reactance
X
N
rated power frequency reactance for each phase of the TCSC with rated line I and rated boost
N
factor
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 11 –
3.1.23
conduction interval
σ
that part of a cycle during which a thyristor valve is in the conducting state, σ = 2β
SEE: Figure 3.
3.1.24
control angle
α
time expressed in electrical angular measure from the capacitor voltage (U ) zero crossing to
C
the starting of current conduction through the thyristor valve
SEE: Figure 3.
3.1.25
internal fault
line fault occurring within the protected line section containing the series capacitor bank
3.1.26
external fault
line fault occurring outside the protected line section containing the series capacitor bank
3.2 Abbreviated terms
FSC fixed series capacitors
MC master control
POD power oscillation damping
RTU remote terminal unit
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SER sequence events recorder
SSR sub-synchronous resonance
RMS root-mean-square
BLK blocked (mode of operation)
BP bypass (mode of operation)
CAP capacitive boost (mode of operation)
HMI human machine interface
4 Operating and rating considerations
4.1 General
Transmission line series reactance can be compensated by combinations of fixed series
capacitors and TCSC banks (see Figure 1). TCSC banks use one or more controllable modules
to achieve the range of performance requirements specified by the purchaser. This clause
discusses requirements of TCSC operating and rating considerations.
The TCSC circuit configurations discussed in this document (see Figure 2) consider three basic
operating modes:
• BLK operation with thyristors blocked (no current through the thyristor valve),
• BP operation with continuous thyristor current,
• CAP operation with a capacitive boost.
– 12 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
Key
1 TCSC bank (1-phase) 8 thyristor valve
2 controllable subsegment 9 current limiting damping circuit
3 additional controllable subsegments when 10 bypass gap
required
4 additional FSC segment when required 11 bypass switch
5 capacitor units 12 external bypass disconnector
6 varistor 13 external isolating disconnector
7 TCSC reactor 14 external grounding switch
Figure 1 – Typical nomenclature of a TCSC installation
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 13 –
Figure 2 – TCSC subsegment
The definition of control angle (α) with reference to voltage zero crossing is selected to be
consistent with other power electronic devices (see Figure 3). However, it should be noticed
that many TCSC control systems use the line current waveform as an important control
reference.
When a TCSC is operating in CAP mode, the current in the thyristor valve branch can boost the
voltage across the capacitor, resulting in an apparent capacitive reactance larger than the
physical capacitor reactance, see Figure 4. In a TCSC application, the increased capacitive
reactance would increase the line current. The current pulses through the thyristor valve distorts
the capacitor voltage (U ). The distorted waveform means that the capacitor voltage includes
C
non-power frequency components and that the relationship between total RMS and total peak
voltage is not 2 as in the case for a pure sinusoidal waveform, see Table 1.
Table 1 – Peak and RMS voltage relationships
Normalized Power Power
Total RMS Total peak
Boost factor discharge frequency RMS frequency peak
voltage voltage
frequency, λ voltage voltage
k
p.u. p.u p.u p.u p.u
B
1,0 2,5 1,0 1,41 1,00 1,41
2,0 2,5 2,0 2,83 2,02 2,55
3,0 2,5 3,0 4,24 3,05 3,70
1,0 3,5 1,0 1,41 1,00 1,41
2,0 3,5 2,0 2,83 2,03 2,54
3,0 3,5 3,0 4,24 3,07 3,67
– 14 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
Figure 3 – TCSC steady state waveforms for control angle α and conduction interval σ
4.2 TCSC characteristics
TCSC characteristics are determined from the series capacitor (C) and reactor (L) circuit
parameters shown in Figure 2. The steady state apparent reactance X(α) as a function of
thyristor control angle (α) can be calculated from Formula (1), see [1] .
1 2 λβ2cos sin2β
X α 1+ λtanλβ− tanβ−−β
( ) ( ) (1)
22
2πf C π1λλ− −1 2
N
where
β is half the conduction interval (π-α);
α is control angle from capacitor voltage zero;
λ is the normalized discharge frequency ;
2πf LC
N
C is the series capacitor capacitance;
L is the TCSC reactor inductance.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
=
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 15 –
Figure 4 – TCSC apparent reactance characteristics
according to Formula (1), with λ = 2,5
4.3 Operating range
The operating range is one of the most important factors for rating of a TCSC. It has a major
impact on the main circuit components stresses and shall therefore be clearly specified by the
purchaser. The TCSC shall be designed to withstand operation with the different reactances
and line currents within the specified operating range. The required operating range shall be
defined by system studies performed by the purchaser and be clearly stated in the specification
with a set of curves of the apparent fundamental frequency TCSC reactance or boost factor (k )
B
versus the line current as indicated in Figure 5. The required operating range depends on the
purpose of the TCSC. Generally, a TCSC for power oscillation damping (POD) requires a larger
operating range than a TCSC for SSR-mitigation.
a) Example of TCSC operating range for POD b) Example of TCSC operating range for SSR mitigation
Figure 5 – Example of TCSC operating range for POD (left) and SSR mitigation (right)
– 16 – IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023
The operating range does not extend all the way to zero line current because steady-state firing
of a thyristor valve is not possible at very low thyristor valve voltages and currents. All thyristors
and associated firing and monitoring electronics have a minimum voltage below which firing
and condition monitoring is not possible. In addition, some thyristor valves have power supplies
for the firing circuits that can place additional constraints on the firing of the thyristor valve
when the line current is low. This results in a minimum line current and boost factor (k ) below
B
which operation in CAP mode is not feasible. This can have implications on the application and
operation of the TCSC. The impact of series compensation is of limited value at low line
currents. If SSR is a concern, it is recommended that the TCSC be bypassed at line current
levels below which operation in CAP mode cannot be maintained.
4.4 Reactive power rating
When a TCSC is operating in capacitive boost mode, the reactive power seen by the power
system differs from the reactive power of the capacitors. The reactive power output of a TCSC
and the reactive power of the capacitors are given by Formulae (2) and (3):
Q =3××kI× (2)
TCSC B L
ωC
Q =3××kI× (3)
CAP B L
ωC
The nominal reactive power rating of the TCSC shall be defined as the reactive power output
given by Q in the above expressions with rated boost (k ), line current (I ) equal to the
TCSC B L
rated line current and 1/ωC equal to the physical reactance.
4.5 Power oscillation damping (POD)
Power oscillation damping (POD) is a specialized subset of closed loop reactance control which
can be realized by modulating the TCSC reactance in response to transmission system
conditions to dampen power system oscillations. By using BP mode during power oscillations,
the damping performance of a TCSC can be increased significantly since this extends the
reactance range of a TCSC to a lower inductive reactance.
A TCSC for POD applications shall fulfil the following fundamental requirements:
• The POD controller shall be able to handle system disturbances that results in power
oscillations through zero and be insensitive to the direction of the average power flow.
• The POD controller shall be able to handle large system disturbances. This means that the
structure of the POD controller shall be such that the desired phase shift between the input
and output signal of the TCSC is maintained independently of the magnitude of the power
oscillation.
• The TCSC control system shall be able to handle mode switching from CAP to BP and BP
to CAP during power oscillation damping.
4.6 SSR mitigation
When properly designed and applied, TCSC can provide a degree of SSR mitigation when
operated with a boost factor greater than one. The TCSC can help mitigate the resonant SSR
series combination that results from fixed series capacitors.
IEC 60143-4:2023 © IEC 2023 – 17 –
If the TCSC application requires that SSR concerns be addressed, it is recommended that
studies be performed involving detailed models of the power system, the nearby turbine
generators and the TCSC. This recommendation is heightened in situations when the power
system includes a combination of fixed series capacitors and TCSC and the combined series
compensation exceeds 50 %. If the studies indicate that fixed series capacitors with the desired
level of compensation will result in an SSR problem, the TCSC supplier shall be actively
involved in the SSR studies.
A TCSC can only provide SSR mitigation if the valves are firing on a continuous basis. The
result is that for the TCSC to meet the SSR mitigation objectives, its operating region shall be
constrained to a boost factor equal to or greater than the minimum value at which it provides
the desired SSR-mitigation. The degree of mitigation can be a function of the control angle but
it is desirable that the TCSC control system can provide a sub-synchronous impedance that
depends as little as possible on the boost factor.
In an application where SSR mitigation is critical, the operation of the TCSC under low line
current condition shall be reviewed, see 4.3.
4.7 Harmonics
A TCSC operating in CAP mode will produce harmonics. The magnitude of the harmonics
depends on the operating point in terms of line current and boost factor.
In applications where TCSC is used for SSR-mitigation or power oscillation damping purposes,
the TCSC normally operates
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