ISO/FDIS 23665

Uncrewed aircraft systems — Training for personnel involved in UAS operations

This document describes the procedures for training personnel who will be involved in the operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This document defines: a) knowledge, skill, attitude and qualification criteria that are needed for UAS pilots and training organizations that provide training to UAS remote pilots and other personnel involved in UAS operations; b) training curriculum and contents for specific learning courses; c) qualification and confirmation criteria for the training organizations; d) general procedures for providing training of UAS personnel; the requirements for a specific course as described in Annex A can be more restrictive in some cases.

Titre manque

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 03.100.30 - Management of human resources
• ICS: 49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 16 - Unmanned aircraft systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 16/WG 3 - Operations and procedures
• Current Stage: 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
• Start Date: 11-Feb-2026
• Completion Date: 20-Feb-2026

Relations

• Revises: ISO 23665:2023 - Unmanned aircraft systems — Training for personnel involved in UAS operations
• Effective Date: 16-Dec-2023

Overview

ISO/FDIS 23665: Uncrewed Aircraft Systems - Training for Personnel Involved in UAS Operations provides comprehensive guidelines for training individuals involved in the operation of uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS), commonly known as drones. Published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this standard establishes knowledge, skills, attitude, and qualification criteria for UAS remote pilots, visual observers, fleet managers, and training organizations. The intent is to harmonize training approaches, increase safety, and facilitate international recognition of personnel qualifications in UAS operations.

Key Topics

ISO/FDIS 23665 covers essential areas associated with training and qualifications for personnel engaged in UAS operations, including:

• Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude Criteria: Defines what UAS pilots, visual observers, and fleet managers need to know and be able to do.
• Training Curriculum and Content: Specifies curriculum requirements for different learning courses and UAS roles, including theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
• UAS Training Organization (UTO) Requirements: Outlines responsibilities, documentation, certification display, records management, and qualification standards for training providers.
• Instructor and Resource Requirements: Establishes the qualifications for instructors and minimum resources (teaching aids, flight simulators, training aircraft) necessary for quality education.
• Practical and Theoretical Training Procedures: Includes guidelines for teaching environments, airspace safety, emergency preparedness, and risk management during flight training exercises.
• Qualification and Assessment Protocols: Details the issuance of diplomas, course records, evaluation protocols, and criteria for successful qualification.
• Role-Based Training Modules: Defines modules for different roles (open/specific category pilots, EVLOS/BVLOS operations, visual observers, and fleet managers) through comprehensive annexes.

Applications

ISO/FDIS 23665 supports the practical needs of a rapidly evolving UAS industry. Its applications include:

• Civil and Commercial Drone Operations: Ensures drone operators, pilots, and support personnel are trained to uniform, internationally recognized standards, which is vital for operations like aerial surveying, filming, agriculture, and logistics.
• Aviation Safety and Regulatory Compliance: Aids operators and training organizations in maintaining compliance with local and international aviation safety regulations, reducing risk and liability.
• Global Workforce Mobility: Facilitates international recognition of qualifications, allowing personnel to work across borders and supporting the global expansion of UAS services.
• Career Development: Offers clear competency frameworks for remote pilots, observers, and fleet managers, supporting professional growth within the UAS sector.
• Training Providers: Helps organizations design effective training programs for new and existing roles, such as remote pilot-in-command, visual observers, and fleet management.

Related Standards

ISO/FDIS 23665 is part of a broader suite of international standards for uncrewed aircraft systems. Related standards include:

• ISO 21384-3: Unmanned Aircraft Systems - Operational Procedures: Defines best practices for safe UAS operations.
• ISO 21384-4: Uncrewed Aircraft Systems - Vocabulary: Establishes a shared vocabulary for the sector.
• ISO 21895: Categorization and Classification of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Offers guidance on differentiating types and categories of UAS.
• ISO 23629-12: UAS Traffic Management (UTM) - Requirements for UTM Service Providers: Focuses on the management of drone traffic.
• 5015-2: Operation of Vertiports for Vertical Take-off and Landing Uncrewed Aircraft: Addresses the infrastructure for supporting UAS takeoff and landing.

Practical Value

By following ISO/FDIS 23665, organizations and individuals can ensure that all involved personnel are properly trained, risk is minimized, and UAS operations adhere to the highest standards of safety, legal compliance, and professionalism. The standard is essential for any entity seeking to operate or train within the drone industry at a commercial, governmental, or international level.

Standards Content (Sample)

DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 23665
ISO/TC 20/SC 16
Uncrewed aircraft systems —
Secretariat: ANSI
Training for personnel involved in
Voting begins on:
UAS operations
2025-08-08
ICS: 49.020; 03.100.30
Voting terminates on:
2025-10-31
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Reference number
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 23665
ISO/TC 20/SC 16
Uncrewed aircraft systems —
Secretariat: ANSI
Training for personnel involved in
Voting begins on:
UAS operations
ICS: 49.020; 03.100.30
Voting terminates on:
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat. BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
Phone: [phone]
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 UAS Training organization (UTO) . 4
5.1 Responsibilities .4
5.2 Documentation for staff members .5
5.3 Display of certificate .5
5.4 Records .5
5.5 Emergency procedures and equipment.6
5.6 Introductory information .6
6 Training resources . 6
6.1 Teaching aids .6
6.2 Instructor requirements . .6
6.3 Theoretical training .7
6.3.1 Theory knowledge delivery methods .7
6.3.2 Theory presentations .7
6.4 Flight training .7
6.4.1 Training environment .7
6.4.2 Training aircraft .7
6.4.3 Simulators .7
6.4.4 Risk management .7
7 Training content delivery . 8
8 Final qualification . 8
9 Evaluation protocols . 8
Annex A (normative) VLOS UAS pilot courses (open category) . 9
Annex B (normative) VLOS UAS pilot courses (specific category) .28
Annex C (normative) EVLOS/BVLOS UAS pilot courses (specific category) .63
Annex D (normative) Visual Observer courses .101
Annex E (normative) Fleet Manager courses . .119
Bibliography .140

iii
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 16, Uncrewed aircraft systems.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 23665:2023), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— alignment with three risk-based categories for UAS operations enshrined by the International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO);
— addition of training requirements for pilot courses qualifying for BVLOS operations in the specific
category of UAS operations;
— addition of training requirements for visual observers.
— Addition of training requirements for fleet managers (FM).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Introduction
Uncrewed aircraft (UA) have rapidly increased in number, applications and types within recent decades. UA
are commonly utilized for filming, agricultural spraying, inspection, security activities and are expected to
be also employed for transportation.
Because of the myriad of possible applications, several regulatory aviation authorities, starting with the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), use a holistic taxonomy [Reference 8] of UAS operations,
based on safety risk perceived by the society.
These three risk-based categories of UAS operations are:
— Low-risk open category, limited to VLOS operations.
— Medium-risk specific category which permits also EVLOS and BVLOS and entering controlled airspace.
— High-risk certified category which permits also long-range international flights under IFR in controlled
airspace.
In all categories the UAS operator is responsible to train, qualify and maintain the competence of all
personnel involved in the operations, including, but not limited to remote pilots. In several jurisdictions,
the aviation authorities promulgate rules on the competence of remote pilots (i.e. regulated profession,
reference 11). For other jobs (e.g. visual observers) no rules exist in several jurisdictions on any mandatory
training. However, the UAS operator is still responsible for ensuring the competence of such personnel.
This document may help operators and training organisations to develop, purchase and deliver courses not
only for the regulated professions, but even for other jobs related UAS operations. The resulting attestations
may be useful for the career development and mobility of related personnel.
The required knowledge, attitude and skill levels for personnel who are involved in uncrewed aircraft system
(UAS) operations need to be clearly defined. When unskilled persons operate a UA, the risk of an accident or
serious incident will increase. Discrepancies in qualification criteria among countries or organizations will
also prevent the international exchange of workers.
This document helps to ensure that personnel who are involved in UAS operations receive appropriate
education and obtain essential knowledge and skill. Training organizations and individuals qualified
according to this document will be internationally recognized. It will enhance the international operation of
UAS, enable personal exchange, and encourage international trade.
The main body of this document defines the procedures for the operation of a training organization, which is
the entity that delivers training to UAS remote pilots.
This third edition comprises requirements for the following specific courses:
— UAS remote pilot in the open category in Annex A.
— VLOS UAS remote pilot in the specific category in Annex B.
— EVLOS and BVLOS UAS remote pilot in Annex C.
— Visual observers (VO) in Annex D
— Flight Operation Officer and Fleet Manager (FM) in Annex E.
It is envisioned that further courses (e.g. UAS Flight Instructor. UFI, and examiner – UFE) will be included in
future editions of this document.

v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Uncrewed aircraft systems — Training for personnel involved
in UAS operations
1 Scope
This document describes the procedures for training personnel who will be involved in the operation of
uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS).
This document defines:
a) knowledge, skill, attitude and qualification criteria that are needed for UAS remote pilots (RP), remote
pilot in command(r-PIC) and UAS training organizations (UTO) that provide training to UAS remote
pilots and other personnel involved in UAS operations;
b) training curriculum and contents for specific learning courses;
c) qualification and criteria for verification of achieved competence by the training organizations;
d) general procedures for providing training of UAS personnel; the requirements for a specific courses as
described in Annexes A to C for RPs, Annex C for VO and Annex D for fleet managers (FM).
Nothing prevents an UTO to include additional topics or learning objectives, such as when required by legally
binding rules in the applicable jurisdiction.
Nothing prevents the UAS operator to act also as UTO, providing that possible conflict of interest between
training and operations is properly managed.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
5015-2:2022, Uncrewed aircraft systems Part 2: Operation of vertiports for vertical take-off and landing
(VTOL) uncrewed aircraft (UA)
ISO 21384-3:2023, Unmanned aircraft systems — Part 3: Operational procedures
ISO 21384-4, Uncrewed aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary
ISO 21895, Categorization and classification of civil unmanned aircraft systems
ISO 23629-12:2022, UAS traffic management (UTM) — Part 12: Requirements for UTM service providers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21384-4 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
3.1
Airspace observer
remote crew member who assists the remote pilot (3.7) by performing unaided visual scanning of the
airspace in which the uncrewed aircraft is operating for any potential hazard in the air.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [9].
Note 2 to entry: airspace observer is one of the possible qualifications of the generic term visual observer [3.10].
Note 3 to entry: One or more airspace observers are typically employed in EVLOS operations.
3.2
controlled ground area
ground area where the UAS is operated and within which the UAS operator can ensure that uninvolved
persons (3.9) would not be present.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [9].
3.3
Fleet manager
Person designated by the operator to execute specific functions associated with the operational control
system of the UAS operator.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [13].
Note 2 to entry: the tasks of the fleet manager are specified in ISO 21384-3, including planning, control and supervision
of flight operations.
Note 3 to entry: FM qualification requires an initial Flight Operation Officer (FOO) (3.4) qualification followed by an
advanced role-specific training.
Note 4 to entry: If a RP in command is required for the operation, the fleet manager supports, briefs and/or assists the
remote pilot-in-command in the safe conduct of the flight.
Note 5 to entry: In case of autonomous operations, as defined in reference 10, for which the RP is not required, the
fleet manager remains responsible to obtain the necessary authorisation, to monitor the outcome of the mission and,
should it be necessary, to activate the emergency response plan.
Note 6 to entry: this role is traditionally called Flight dispatcher (FD) in crewed aviation and also, under some
jurisdictions for RPAS/UAS operations.
3.4
Flight operations officer
generic function or role associated with the operational control system of the UAS operator, supporting the
preparation and execution of a flight,
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [13].
Note 2 to entry: FOO qualification does not require advanced role-specific training, being an initial qualification
sufficient.
3.5
Ground observer
remote crew member who assists the remote pilot by contributing to maintain the controlled area on the
ground void of uninvolved persons (3.9) or monitoring the position and behaviour of such uninvolved persons,
to minimise risks for them and to minimise the possibility that they would jeopardise safety of flight.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [12].
Note 2 to entry: ground observer is one of the possible qualifications of the generic term visual observer [3.10],
Note 3 to entry: The presence of the ground observer has no effect on the range of the operation.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
3.6
national (or civil or competent) aviation authority
government statutory authority in each ICAO contracting state that regulates and oversees safety of civil
aviation
3.7
remote pilot
person charged by the operator with duties essential to the operation of an uncrewed aircraft and who
manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [5].
3.8
Uncrewed aircraft observer
remote crew member, positioned alongside the remote pilot, who, by unaided visual observation of the
uncrewed aircraft, assists the remote pilot in keeping the uncrewed aircraft in VLOS and safely conducting
the flight.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [9].
Note 2 to entry: uncrewed aircraft observer is one of the possible qualifications of the generic term visual observer [3.10].
Note 3 to entry: UA observers do not enable extending the range of operations. Beyond VLOS
3.9
Uninvolved persons
persons who are not participating in the UAS operation or who are not aware of the instructions and safety
precautions given by the UAS operator.
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [9].
3.10
visual line-of-sight operation
VLOS
operation in which the remote pilot (3.3) or uncrewed aircraft observer maintains direct unaided visual
contact with the uncrewed aircraft system
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [4].
3.11
visual observer
remote crew member who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot
(3.3) in the safe conduct of the flight
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [6].
Note 2 to entry: Visual observer is a generic term referring either to Airspace Observer (3.1), Ground Observer (3.4) or
uncrewed aircraft observer (3.7).
4 Abbreviated terms
AGL above ground level
AO Airspace Observer
ATC air traffic control
ATS air traffic service
ATZ* aerodrome traffic zone
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Baro-VNAV barometric-vertical navigation
BVLOS beyond visual line-of-sight
CRM crew resource management
CTR* control zone
EVLOS extended visual line-of-sight
FD Flight Dispatcher
FIR flight information region
FM Fleet Manager
FOO Flight Operation Officer
GNSS global navigation satellite system
GO Ground Observer
GPS global positioning system
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFR instrument flight rules
NOTAM notice to airmen
SD card secure digital card
TEM threat and error management
UO Uncrewed aircraft Observer
VFR visual flight rules
VLOS visual line-of-sight
VO Visual Observer
*NOTE: There are the other designations depend on each operational regions (e.g. Control Zones (CZ)
Terminal Control Areas (TCA), Control Area Extensions (CAE))
5 UAS Training organization (UTO)
5.1 Responsibilities
a) The UTO shall offer one of more of the following courses:
(1) courses of one or more of the learning objectives in the Annexes to this document, grouped in one or
more clearly identified modules ,
(2) courses covering a specific UAS model or use of specific equipment,
(3) theoretical knowledge instruction
(4) Practical skill training.
b) The training organization shall identify the person(s) responsible for the following areas: the person
who is responsible for the following areas shall be independent from other responsibilities.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
1) training and assessment;
2) safety.
Note Which function cannot be combined into a single person is described in ISO 21384-3.
c) The UTO may contract elements of training to a third party training provider.
Through procedures ensuring that the standard of training intended to be provided by the third party meets
the requirements of this document.
Note_ in case of c) the UTO retains responsibility for the whole course or module, including for the elements
contracted to a third party.
5.2 Documentation for staff members
The training organization shall maintain, at least, the following documentation for all staff members
delivering training services:
a) name, address and date of birth;
b) training/qualification, experience;
c) duties assigned to the individual staff member.
The training organization shall have documentary evidence that all staff members hold relevant and current
qualifications for their duties. Proof of qualifications shall be updated at least every two years and made
available to the clients upon request.
5.3 Display of certificate
The training organization shall display a current certificate of accreditation (where applicable) showing
that it meets the requirements of this document in a position visible to members of the public entering the
premises.
5.4 Records
The training organization shall retain, at least, the following records of trainee training and certification in
paper or electric format for a minimum of 7 years:
a) trainee name;
b) trainee address;
c) trainee email address;
d) trainee telephone number;
e) trainee date of birth;
f) course(s) taken;
g) pass or fail and date;
h) instructor details.
The training organization should follow the general protocols for data management outlined in ISO 15489-1
as far as possible.
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
5.5 Emergency procedures and equipment
For all locations where UAS are to be operated, the training organization shall ensure the availability of the
following:
a) a first aid kit suitable for the planned activities;
b) a communication system suitable for alerting emergency services;
c) firefighting equipment;
d) identification of an evacuation location for personnel;
e) a means for contacting the appropriate air traffic control (ATC), e.g. telephone, radio.
5.6 Introductory information
The training organization shall provide the following information to trainees:
a) conditions regarding the responsibilities of each party related to commencement, delivery and
termination of the service;
b) consequences for the training organization and the trainee should either party choose to cancel the
service;
c) prerequisites and any qualification requirements to obtain the service (e.g. prerequisite certifications);
d) equipment requirements;
e) costs;
f) insurance requirements;
g) any legislation and legal requirements relevant to the specific kind of service;
h) limitations of eventual qualification;
i) scope of the training course;
j) course procedures;
k) means and methods for assessment and criteria for successful completion;
l) records of their personal data will be kept for 7 years, and that these records may be passed on to a
central training authority or national aviation authority;
m) specification of duration, modules, matters and contents delivered in the course;
n) specification of language or languages of the course delivery.
6 Training resources
6.1 Teaching aids
The training organization shall provide the necessary resources for training such as instructors, trainee
reference materials, facility equipment.
6.2 Instructor requirements
The instructor must be capable of conducting training on the specific requirements detailed in each Annex.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
6.3 Theoretical training
6.3.1 Theory knowledge delivery methods
Required theory knowledge can be introduced using instructor-delivered sessions, via internet, virtual
reality, applications or any similar mechanisms if the trainee can subsequently prove mastery of the
required information.
6.3.2 Theory presentations
In the case that theory teaching is conducted by training organization instructor-delivered sessions, it shall
be conducted in an environment such as a dedicated classroom that is free from significant distractions to
learning. This shall provide trainees with sufficient working facilities and training aids (e.g. writing surfaces,
reference materials, computers, visual or audio materials) to ensure that trainees are able to understand the
information being presented.
6.4 Flight training
6.4.1 Training environment
Where the training organization provides flight training with real UA, it shall secure an appropriate flight
training airspace. The training environment shall be suitably designated and equipped for trainees. The
airspace shall be designated as a reserved airspace for training, if possible.
The training organization shall ensure the training environment is appropriate and safe, including taking
reasonable steps to consider such factors as:
a) potential conflict with other aircraft;
b) risk to third parties, including to members of the public;
c) ensuring the area is cleared of any unnecessary hazards to trainees, instructors and other personnel
involved in the training operations.
Electromagnetic interference including from other communications and sources in the environment (e.g.
other emitter, power lines) should be prevented as far as can be reasonably achieved.
NOTE Applicable radio interference assessment methods are described in Reference [2] and Reference [3].
6.4.2 Training aircraft
The training organization shall provide appropriate uncrewed aircraft of an appropriate kind, number and
quality for the training courses being offered to trainees to ensure all trainees have sufficient experience
and airtime with the necessary aircraft types. Dual control systems for training aircraft may be beneficial in
some circumstances and may be used when appropriate.
6.4.3 Simulators
The training organization should use training simulators wherever possible and appropriate, particularly
when demonstrating serious emergency actions.
6.4.4 Risk management
The training organization shall ensure that a risk assessment is conducted before each flight training
activity and shall adopt procedures to ensure that all risks are controlled as far as is reasonably possible.
All relevant factors shall be considered as part of this assessment including the capability of trainees, the
weather conditions, likely air traffic movement and the available equipment.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
7 Training content delivery
The training organization shall provide training covering the theoretical knowledge and practical skills as
defined in relevant normative Annex A, B, C, D or E. If trainees are taking multiple curricula such as Annex A
and Annex B, the items already covered in Annex A may be omitted during the training for Annex B. The
quality and effectiveness of the training content shall be evaluated and maintained periodically.
Before a qualification is issued to a trainee, the training organization shall assess the trainee's knowledge
and practical competence to ensure all the required competencies defined in this document have been met.
The training organization should meet the general requirements for learning services described in
ISO 29993:2017, Clause 12 “Assessment of learning” and Clause 13 “Monitoring and evaluation of the learning
service”, as far as possible.
8 Final qualification
The training organization shall issue diplomas, or other means of recognition, to certify when trainees have
met the requisite knowledge and practical skills as defined in Annex A, B, C, D or E. The diplomas shall
include the following data:
a) trainee name;
b) serial number of the diploma, given by the training organization issuing the diploma:
c) course name and version information;
d) UAS classification/category covered by course;
e) issue date;
f) expiration date (where applicable);
g) training organization name;
h) qualifying instructor’s name;
i) any special endorsements, e.g. including night operations.
9 Evaluation protocols
Trainees shall be evaluated in their theoretical and practical skills to demonstrate their competency
according to this document before being issued with any qualification.
Prior to final evaluation, trainees shall either complete all the training described in the Annexes or, in the
case of experienced but unqualified UAS pilots, demonstrate equivalent existing abilities.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
Annex A
(normative)
VLOS UAS pilot courses (open category)
A.1 Overview
This annex specifies requirements for UAS remote pilot training programs and the verification of the
competencies achieved by the trainee by the UTO. The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able
to demonstrate sufficient knowledge or competence for all the items listed in this Annex.
Once the UTO is satisfied that a trainee has achieved a sufficient level of competence, the UTO issues a VLOS
UAS pilot certification attesting the competence to act as remote pilot-in-command, subject to the applicable
jurisdiction.
This qualification is typically applicable to the open category of UAS operations, but it may in some cases be
sufficient for VLOS operations even in the specific category.
Although in some jurisdiction demonstration of practical skill in the open category is not requires, this
document specifies two stages of pilot training:
— theory knowledge (see A.4);
— practical skills (see A.5).
A.2 Competencies
A trainee who successfully completes the training course that satisfies the requirements of this document
shall be able to conduct the flights indicated below with an uncrewed aircraft that is operated within their
visual line of sight. If the training course is for a specific configuration (par. 5.1 in 23665) or type of UA, this
shall be specified.
Achieved competencies for a trainee who completes the training course.
A.3 Fitness to act as remote pilot
To operate the UAS in a safe manner, the trainee shall be able to recognise any health issues that would likely
impede the control of the aircraft.
In particular, the trainee shall be able to:
a) clearly see with naked eyes or corrected vision the aircraft at all times and be able to judge its orientation
at any distance at which it is likely to be operated;
b) identify any other air users or obstructions that can pose a collision risk for the UA;
c) communicate with other crew members, operators and stakeholders.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
A.4 Theory knowledge
A.4.1 Air law/responsibilities
A.4.1.1 Terminology
The trainee shall be able to explain the relevant air law and regulatory terminology.
A.4.1.2 Legislation
A.4.1.2.1 Relevant articles and definitions
The trainee shall be able to summarise:
a) the legal framework that governs airspace in the regulatory environment or jurisdiction of operation;
b) the legal articles or regulations relevant to UA flight in that jurisdiction.
A.4.1.2.2 Use of airspace
A.4.1.2.2.1 General
The trainee shall be able to:
a) explain the limitations and conditions to enter airspace in the open category in the relevant jurisdiction;
b) identify the rules and regulatory processes for UAS operations in the open risk-based category;
c) identify the rules and regulatory processes for UAS operations in the specific risk-based category;
d) identify the rules and regulatory processes for UAS operations in the certified risk-based category.
Note 3 risk based categories, based on ICAO provision, are described in ISO 21384-3.
A.4.1.2.2.2 Avoidance of collisions ("see and avoid")
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) the PIC’s responsibility for "see and avoid" and how this relates to avoidance of collisions with crewed/
uncrewed aircraft;
b) the procedures that the UA should follow in a conflict situation according to the information provided
by the manufacturer or required by regulations or by the procedures of the UAS operator.
A.4.2 UAS rules and regulatory guidance applicable in the jurisdiction of operation
The trainee shall be able to summarise:
a) the legally binding rules and related guidance material;
b) taxonomy of categories and sub-categories of UAS operation;
c) mass grades eligible for operations in the sub-categories of the open category;
d) restrictions, limitations and conditions applicable in different operating environments, including, if
applicable in the relevant jurisdiction, UAS geozones.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
A.4.3 Incident and accident reporting
A.4.3.1 General
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) the definition of "accident" as it regards to uncrewed aviation;
b) the definition of "incident" as it regards to uncrewed aviation;
c) the responsibility of the PIC as it regards to mandatory reporting of UAS incidents and accidents;
d) the relevant agencies to whom to address different types of reports;
e) the mechanisms for reporting;
f) the procedures for voluntary reporting of UAS incidents and accidents.
A.4.3.2 Aircraft proximity reporting
The trainee shall be able to explain the definition of an aircraft proximity situation (airprox).
A.4.3.3 Investigation handling/assistance
The trainee shall be able to explain the legal obligations to assist any accident or incident investigation
including presentation of logs, records and documentation.
A.4.4 Insurance
The trainee shall be able to summarise the need for insurance based on national requirements or
international recommendations relevant to UAS operations and able to list the items to checked before flight
(e.g. validity of the insurance policy).
A.4.5 UAS airspace operating principles
A.4.5.1 Flight information region (FIR)
The trainee shall be able to list:
a) Flight Information Region, CTR, ATZ;
b) airspace sovereignty;
c) national or host nation source of airspace information.
A.4.5.2 Airspace classifications
A.4.5.2.1 General
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) TMA, CTR and ATZ and limits;
b) difference between controlled and noncontrolled airspace;
c) classes of airspace;
d) airspace restrictions and UAS geozones;
e) 3D nature of airspace;
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
f) IFR and VFR rules;
g) ATS units.
A.4.5.2.2 Differing considerations
The trainee shall be able to explain likely traffic considerations for the UAS pilot to be concerned about.
A.4.5.2.3 Controlled airspace
The trainee shall be able to demonstrate understanding of ;
a) how airspace responsible body is assigned;
b) when authorization from air traffic control is required and/or appropriate for specific airspace types.
c) Aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ):
1) factors to be considered when operating in liaison with airspace owners;
2) typical or likely traffic flow or operations close to airfields;
3) how to recognize ATZs on airspace charts.
d) Control zone (CTR):
1) how to act in high-traffic areas;
2) likely traffic flow in high-traffic areas;
3) how to recognize CTR zones on airspace charts.
A.4.6 Unclassified airspace volumes
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) the definitions, avoidance criteria and risks associated with danger areas and where to find information
on them;
b) the definition of prohibited areas, their meaning for UAS pilots and where to find information on them;
c) the definition of restricted areas, their meaning for UAS pilots and where to find information on them,
including for possible UAS geozones established by the State.
A.4.7 Obtaining information/approvals
The trainee shall be able to summarise when it is appropriate to contact other parties and the information
needed, for example (but not limited to):
a) air traffic service (ATS);
b) national aviation authority;
c) police;
d) landowner;
e) neighbouring property owners;
f) bystanders.
ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
A.4.8 UAS operations
The trainee shall be able to explain the meaning of each of these terms and their operating limitations:
a) visual line of sight (VLOS);
b) extended visual line-of-sight (EVLOS);
c) beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS).
A.4.9 Airmanship and aviation safety
A.4.9.1 Good airmanship principles
A.4.9.1.1 General
Airmanship comprises a sound acquaintance with the principles of flight, the ability to operate an aircraft
with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air, and the exercise of sound judgment that
results in optimal operational safety and efficiency.
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) how airmanship is a range of skills, knowledge and attitudes and is not limited to the motor skills of
flying an aircraft;
b) how airmanship principles can contribute to aviation safety and risk management in the uncrewed
aircraft environment;
c) how to put into practice good airmanship principles in real operational situations.
A.4.9.1.2 Aircraft safe to operate
The trainee shall be able to explain:
a) the requirement to conduct appropriate maintenance checks on the aircraft;
b) the appropriate action when an aircraft requires repairs or maintenance;
c) interpretation of the records on maintenance and repairs;
d) the need to stop the operation if the aircraft is not safe to operate at any point in the operation (go/no go
decision);
e) the need to conduct pre-flight checks to ensure the aircraft is safe to operate and airworthy before each.
A.4.9.1.3 Planning
The trainee shall be able to demonstrate the basic principles of the following:
a) planning and preparation of the flight to remain compliant with the limitations and conditions to
operate in the open category;
b) building situational awareness using thorough planning and applicable checklist prior to the UAS flight;
c) determining the workload of a particular operation prior to the flight and allocating correct resources; and
d) conducting effective briefing of normal and emergency actions immediately prior to the flight to help
perform the UAS flight successfully.

ISO/DIS 23665:2025(en)
A.4.9.1.4 Hazard identification
The trainee shall be able to:
a) explain the hazards and risks at the planning stage, on which the pre-flight checklist is based;
b) use and generate risk assessments at an appropriate level of detail;
c) continually assess emerging hazards during the flight and take appropriate actions throughout the
flight as the operating environment changes.
A.4.9.2 Flight safety
A.4.9.2.1 Avoiding collisions
The trainee shall be able to explain maintaining situational awareness of the operating environment so that
collisions with people, vehicles, vessels, structures and any obstacles are avoided.
A.4.9.2.2 Perception
The trainee shall be able to explain the following items.
a) Distance:
1) using onboard sensors or other means to assess distance;
2) making effective use of remote flight crew members, e.g. visual observer.
b) Height:
1) using onboard sensors to assess height;
2) making effective use of remote flight crew members.
c) Speed:
1) correctly using onboard sensors to assess speed;
2) making effective use of re
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