SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
(Main)Petroleum products - Heating fuels - Need, feasibility and required deliverables for a common European specification
Petroleum products - Heating fuels - Need, feasibility and required deliverables for a common European specification
This report gives background information about LHO market volumes, fuel specifications, regulations, taxes, duties, logistics and distribution systems for LHO in different European countries.
It assesses the necessity, and whether it is appropriate, to recommend the development of a CEN standard for liquid heating fuels.
Erdölprodukte - Heizöle - Notwendigkeit, Möglichkeit und erforderliche Deliverables für eine allgemeine europäische Spezifikation
Produits pétroliers - Fioul domestique - Besoin, faisabilité et livrables pour des spécifications européennes communes
Naftni proizvodi - Kurilna olja - Potreba, izvedljivost in izsledki za pripravo skupne evropske specifikacije
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
01-december-2008
Naftni proizvodi - Kurilna olja - Potreba, izvedljivost in izsledki za pripravo skupne
evropske specifikacije
Petroleum products - Heating fuels - Need, feasibility and required deliverables for a
common European specification
Erdölprodukte - Heizöle - Notwendigkeit, Möglichkeit und erforderliche Deliverables für
eine allgemeine europäische Spezifikation
Produits pétroliers - Fioul domestique - Besoin, faisabilité et livrables pour des
spécifications européennes communes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15738:2008
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15738
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
September 2008
ICS 97.100.40; 75.160.20
English Version
Petroleum products - Heating fuels - Need, feasibility and
required deliverables for a common European specification
Produits pétroliers - Fioul domestique - Besoin, faisabilité et Erdölprodukte - Heizöle - Notwendigkeit, Möglichkeit und
livrables pour des spécifications européennes communes erforderliche Deliverables für eine allgemeine europäische
Spezifikation
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 23 March 2008. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15738:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Introduction.5
1 Summary.6
2 Scope .6
3 Market information .6
3.1 Definitions .6
3.2 Volumes.7
3.3 Market of burner and boiler equipment.11
4 Fuel specifications including alternative components.11
4.1 Europe.11
4.2 Alternative components.12
4.3 Heating oils.12
5 Legislation.12
5.1 Introduction.12
5.2 European Directives .12
5.3 National Legislation.13
5.4 Tax regulations .13
6 Distribution systems .15
6.1 General.15
6.2 UK, Ireland, Netherlands and France.15
6.3 Spain .15
6.4 Norway.15
6.5 Germany, Austria, Italy and Greece.16
6.6 Finland .16
6.7 Belgium.16
6.8 Portugal .17
6.9 Denmark.17
6.10 Sweden .17
6.11 Poland.17
7 Statement of European Heating Industries.17
8 Discussions and conclusion .18
8.1 General conclusion .18
8.2 LHO volume.18
8.3 Market .18
8.4 LHO specifications .19
8.5 LHO qualities.19
8.6 LHO distribution systems.19
8.7 National Regulations and taxes / duties.20
8.8 European LHO standard or reference fuel.20
Annex A (informative) WG 25 “Specification of heating fuel” membership .21
Annex B (informative) LHO Standards overview .22
Annex C (informative) Regulations regarding markers and dyes.26
Annex D (informative) LHO sulfur content .27
Annex E (informative) Excise duty tables of gas oil.28
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Annex F (informative) Excise duty in relation to sulfur content .30
Annex G (informative) Excise duty tables of kerosene.31
Annex H (informative) Excise duty for LHO .33
Annex I (informative) Gas oil quality specification.34
Bibliography.35
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15738:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous
and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat
of which is held by NEN.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Introduction
In Europe the subject of a common standard for heating fuels is not new. This topic often arises in times of
change related to heating fuel qualities or stronger market competition.
In discussions in the early 2000s on new low-sulfur light heating oil (LHO) qualities the question of a common
European standard for LHO was raised again in the mineral oil industry. In 2001, GEME, Non-Road Fuels
Task Force of CONCAWE (The Petroleum Companies Organization for Conservation of Clean Air and Water
in Europe), released a report on fuel specifications [1]. This report contains an overview on market volumes,
specifications and distribution systems for middle distillates including LHO at that time. The resulting
conclusions showed significant differences in the markets and that the most cost effective solution in 2001
was to adopt the situation as it was, i.e. different approaches in different Member States.
In joint meetings of the common Technical Board (TB) of the Association of European Heating Industries
(EHI) and Eurofuel (The European Heating Oil Association) the question of a common European LHO
standard was again discussed. The reason for pursuing the discussion about standardization work on LHO
was argued by EHI in the context of harmonization within the European markets. Therefore the need for a
common European standard analogous to EN 590 [2] for automotive diesel fuel was envisaged.
Furthermore, the finalization of standardization work for FAME in 2003 as a blending component for heating
fuels, and as a heating fuel itself, supported the question “Why doesn't European standard exist for LHO?”
This question was pushed by some market participants mainly by members of Eurofuel but also by some
members of the mineral oil industry. Based on this the subject of a common European standard for heating
fuels was discussed at the CEN/TC 19 plenary meeting in Oslo, 1-3 June 2005. The result of the discussion
is reported in CEN/TC 19 document N 1254 as resolution 51: “CEN/TC 19 requests the WG 25 convenor to
report back on requirements, feasibility and needed deliverables concerning a European Standard on liquid
(heating) fuel before July 2006”.
Receiving that request, CEN/TC 19/WG 25 started, after reconvening the group in April 2006 (see Annex A),
to collect information and data. The conclusions of the report were presented at the CEN/TC 19 plenary
meeting in May 2007 and thereafter being balloted for Technical Committee Approval. The text being
accepted, some of the informative data on taxes were updated to the most recently available information.
Within this report the ideas of the European mineral oil industry and those from EHI have been considered.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
1 Summary
Although the EUROSTAT definition of “medium distillates” includes residual fuel oil, the technical experts in
CEN/TC 19/WG 25 (see Annex A) decided that this was outside of the scope of the study and that it was not
necessary to develop a CEN standard for residual fuel oils.
Technically it would be ambitious, although not impossible, to establish a common European LHO standard.
However, other considerations must be taken into account when deciding on a common LHO standard.
The majority of the WG 25 members see no real benefit or necessity for standardising LHO on a European
level. Multiple uses of LHO qualities in some countries is well serviced by the existing supply chain, while for
other countries it would require separate processing or additional infrastructure installation. The impact on
refinery process technology as well as on refinery economics has to be evaluated on a European level
(crude selection, investments in plant technology, separated storage facilities). A cost benefit analysis would
be needed to justify such a large investment.
A common European LHO standard could affect national legislation/regulation in many Member States.
Therefore a political decision applying an EC Mandate may be required giving a clear indication that the
necessary changes in national legislation/regulation will be applied by each member state. This question is
far beyond WG 25 working content limits. The scope of WG 25 is limited to deal with standardisation of
heating fuels and related technical questions.
There is a belief that harmonisation of LHO standards could reduce production costs for oil heating
equipments. It could ease export of oil heating equipment within Europe and open up new markets to
manufacturers. However, the vast majority of experts of WG 25, based on the information made available by
EHI, do not accept these as enough justification to establish a European LHO standard as it will not fully
address the concerns expressed.
It is the WG 25 opinion that improving the reference fuel specification described in EN 267 [3] for this
application would assist in type approval for the equipment manufacturers. Thus, it would address the
concern of the heating equipment industry.
2 Scope
This report gives background information about LHO market volumes, fuel specifications, regulations, taxes,
duties, logistics and distribution systems for LHO in different European countries.
It assesses the necessity, and whether it is appropriate, to recommend the development of a CEN standard
for liquid heating fuels.
3 Market information
NOTE All market statistical data submitted in this report are based on publications of the International Energy
Agency (IEA) and Eurostat. Data reported for Switzerland were submitted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. All data
had been summarized by the Austrian Energy Agency (AEA) in a special report [4].
3.1 Definitions
1
According to the European Energy Balances , the group “medium distillates” covers three main product
groups:
1
Definitions taken from "The Eurostat Concepts and Definitions Database“.
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
a) gas oil / diesel: primarily a middle distillate with a distillation range of 180 °C to 380 °C, used as transport
diesel (road and non-road diesel), for heating and for other gas oil purposes (marine, rail traffic,
agriculture and petrochemical feed stock), blending components are included.
b) kerosene / jet fuels: covers kerosene-type jet fuels and other kerosene, these fuels are atmospheric
distillates having a volatility intermediate between those of gasoline and gas oil, with a distillation range
generally between the limits of 100 °C and 300 °C, includes kerosene blending components.
c) residual fuel oil: covers heavy fuel oils including residual components with a kinematic viscosity above
10 cSt at 80 °C (>6 cSt/100 °C), the flash point is always above 50 °C, the density higher than 0,9 g/cm³.
For the product range concerned in this document the term light heating oil, LHO, is used.
Although the definition of “medium distillates” includes residual fuel oil, the technical experts in
CEN/TC 19/WG 25 decided that this was outside of the scope of the study and that it was not necessary to
develop a CEN standard for residual fuel oil. Therefore, the data for residual fuel oils has not been included
in this report (for details of justification see also 7 and 8).
The product groups “gas oil/diesel” and “kerosene/jet fuels” are described further on as “middle distillates”
(MD) in this report.
The data from Eurostat is referenced both by sectors and on country basis. The definition of the different
2
sectors from Eurostat is given below :
households: covers the consumption of fuels used for space heating, cooking and water heating;
road transport: covers diesel used in passenger cars, commercial vehicles and public service vehicles,
including those operated by railway companies;
inland navigation: covers the consumption of fuels used by inland commercial shipping and leisure craft;
rail transport: covers the consumption by railways and urban transport systems;
air transport: covers quantities consumed in aircraft in national and international air traffic;
industry: covers the consumption of MD in all industrial sectors with the exception of the “Energy sector”;
services: covers the consumption by public administration and private services;
agriculture: covers the quantities consumed by agriculture, including engines used for agricultural
transportation.
3.2 Volumes
The different uses of MD cannot be compared directly by country in detail as each country has its own
classification system due to differing usage, tax and national specifications. Therefore the Eurostat statistics
can only provide an approximate overview of the different uses of MD in Europe. The data from 2004 is the
latest complete data set reported.
Table 1 shows the final energy consumption of the product groups “gas oil / diesel” and “kerosene / jet fuels”
in 2004 within the EU 25. A split into different consumption sectors allows some allocations of the fuels used
and is shown in Table 2. The European Energy Balances do not provide separate statistics for gas oil and
diesel. In order to estimate the consumption of diesel and gas oil for each sector some assumptions have to
2
Definitions taken from "The Eurostat Concepts and Definitions Database“.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
be made. Energy stream analysis allows rough estimations. As the use of LHO in the sectors agriculture and
industry are not reported separately, the amount could only be estimated.
Table 1 — MD 2004 consumption in the EU 25
MD 2004 kt %
kerosene / jet fuels 51 398 16,5
gas oil / diesel 260 821 83,5
total 312 219 100,0
After some discussion the experts of WG 25 decided to share the use of MD in the sectors of agriculture and
industry between diesel and gas oil in a ratio of 80/20 as the best assumption on the basis of all available
information. The amount of MD for the sector services will be shared between diesel and gas oil in the ratio
of about 40/60.
Table 2 — MD consumption during 2004 in the EU25 within different sectors (kt)
Sector Diesel Gas oil Kerosene
kt kt kt
3
164 671 - -
Road transport
Households - 41 336 3 495
Services 7 669 10 810 617
Agriculture 12 362 3 091 -
Industry 11 768 2 942 1 645
Inland navigation 3 711 - -
Railway 2 461 - -
Air transport - - 45 641
Total 202 642 58 179 51 398
Using the above assumptions, the total consumption of MD (gas oil and kerosene) for heating purposes can
be allocated to the consumer groups: households, partially agriculture, industry and services. The total
amount within EU 25 in 2004 is therefore about 58 000 kt, that is a share within MD of about 18 % (i.e.
Figure 1) [4].
As Switzerland is not a member of EU 25 but a significant user of LHO, 5 051 kt must be added to the
consumption tables in 2004. Similarly for Norway an additional 595 kt LHO and 125 kt kerosene for heating
purposes [5] has to be considered. Summarising the assessed data, heating oils within Europe in 2004 on
the product bases of kerosene and LHO had a total market share of about 20 % within the MD segment or
an estimated quantity of about 64 000 kt.
3
Some small amounts are used as heating oil.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Key
A Gas oil for heating 16 % D Gas oil for other use 12 %
B Kerosene for heating 2 % E Gas oil for transport 57 %
C Kerosene for air transport 13 %
Figure 1 — Share of MD for heating purposes within EU 25 in 2004 in %
It can also be seen that there are significant differences in the individual markets, with Germany and France
using by far the largest quantity of LHO (over 50 % of the total EU demand). Figure 2 shows the estimated
share of consumption of MD (gas oil and kerosene) for heating purposes per country in the EU 25, including
Switzerland and Norway in 2004 in kilo tonnes.
Figure 2 — Estimated share of consumption in kt of MD for heating purposes in 2004
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
The evaluation of the European MD market shows a significantly increasing use of diesel for road traffic.
Figure 3 shows that diesel consumption in the road traffic sector in EU 25 had increased by 77 % in the
4
period from 1990 to 2004 . This development was significantly related to an increasing demand for road
5
transport services (goods and passengers) and an increasing rate of individual mobility . According to the
International Energy Outlook 2006 [6] it is expected that this development will continue for the next decade.
Key
• EU 15 ∆ EU 25
Figure 3 — Consumption in kt of diesel in road transport in the EU
Compared to road transport the consumption of heating oils has declined within the period from 1990 to 2004.
4
This can clearly be seen, for example, in the households sector (e.g. Figure 4).
4
Source: Eurostat, Austrian Energy Agency
5
E.g. in the EU 15 the total transport of goods increased by 14 % from 1993 to 2004 and the share of road transport in
the total transport of goods increased from 75,6 % to 79,2 % in 2004 (source: EUROSTAT).
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
Key
• EU 15 ∆ EU 25
Figure 4 — Consumption in kt in the sector household of heating oil on basis of gas oil in the EU
Although the consumption of heating fuels also depends on a year’s climate conditions, particularly during
winter, the level in 2004 was about 10 % below the 1990 level. Some of the decline is due to substitution by
other fuels e.g. natural gas and energy saving technologies such as condensing systems. It can be assumed
that this trend will continue as today’s European energy policy prefers increasing consumption of renewable
energy for the production of heat also in the household sector [7].
3.3 Market of burner and boiler equipment
Some statistic information about the European Market of oil fired residential heating systems has been
submitted by European Heating Industries (EHI), technical secretary.
According to the current Eco-design of Boilers & Combi-boilers study [8] in Europe about 20 million oil
heating systems are in operation at this time.
Per year, about 900 000 oil fired units (burner and boiler) will be newly installed or replaced.
4 Fuel specifications including alternative components
4.1 Europe
In Europe separate standards for the main products in the sector of MDs already exist, especially those for
transport, diesel and jet fuel. For diesel it is the European standard, EN 590 [2]; the jet fuel standard is an
6
international one, ASTM D 1655 [9] kerosene type and AFQRJOS JET A1 respectively. Also the
requirements for MD marine fuels have been harmonized within an international standard, ISO 8217 [10].
6
Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems.
11
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
4.2 Alternative components
Additionally for alternative MD components on the basis of FAME, used either as a blending component or
as a neat product for road or heating applications, European standards had been elaborated separately. This
standardization work was initiated on the basis of an EC mandate (M/267) given in 1997 and finished in 2003.
These standards are now in force as EN 14214 [11], FAME for automotive use and EN 14213 [12], FAME for
heating purposes.
In the US “Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Middle Distillate Fuels”, ASTM
D 6751 [13], has been established for FAME and is similar to the European specifications EN 14213 and
EN 14214.
Quite a comprehensive overview on possible different liquid and alternative fuels for heating purposes for the
upcoming years is given in a report of CEN/BT/WG 149, “Liquid and Gaseous Alternative Fuels” [14].
4.3 Heating oils
Concerning heating oils, currently no generally harmonised quality requirements or standards exist on the
European level. Some Member states of the EC have elaborated national standards for LHO, some have
other regulations. These are given, for example, by customs authorities or others, such as those defined by
the mineral oil industry itself (e.g. Finland). Another point of complexity arises with the offering of different
LHO low-sulfur qualities in some countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden and Norway).
In Annex B a summary of today’s existing LHO specifications within Europe is given. For example, in the
United Kingdom, Italy and Poland, national standards have been established covering all different heating oil
qualities within one single standard. This is quite similar to the situation in the United States of America
where ASTM D 396 [15] covers all grades of heating oils intended for use in various types of fuel burning
equipment under various climatic and operating conditions.
Further, it can be seen that in some European countries LHO complying with the national heating oil
standard can be used for non-heating purposes, for example as a fuel for non-road diesel engines, stationary
diesel engines or in agricultural devices. These qualities are often differentiated by different dyes/markers
and/or different duty rates (see also 5).
5 Legislation
5.1 Introduction
Certain quality parameters and also emission limits for heating oils are defined separately by some EC
countries. This is often achieved by national laws or as part of national standards.
EC Directives define in some cases requirements for product quality and must be transposed into the
national regulations of the member states. Existing EC Directives which are in force having direct
consequences on quality and use of LHO are given in 5.2.
Taxation has an impact on the marketed price and this has consequences regarding the preference for
privileged energy sources within a country or region. National taxation levels can be quite different and have
a big impact on the market price and the usage of the products.
5.2 European Directives
5.2.1 Environmental Directive
These concern the so-called "Sulfur content of certain Liquid Fuels Directive" (SLFD [16]). For LHO in the
SLFD the sulfur content is not allowed to exceed over a defined maximum value:
from July 2000: gas oil max. 0,20 % (m/m) sulfur;
12
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15738:2008
CEN/TR 15738:2008
from 1 January 2008: gas oil max. 0,10 % (m/m) sulfur.
All national standards of members of the European Union are currently in line with this Directive.
For new member states, a transition time to fully meet the requirements will be agreed in each case.
5.2.2 Fiscal marking of gas oil and kerosene (Euromarker)
The tax related Directive (95/60/EC) [17] imposes the use of a common marker but allows additional national
defined markers and dyes to be added.
The requirements for fiscal marking have been introduced to prevent tax fraud and to ease movement of the
product throughout the EC countries. In the EC Decision of 2001 [18] the type of marker and concentra
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.