SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004
(Main)Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
This European Standard defines basic terminology and methodology used in achieving safety of machinery.
The provisions stated in this standard are intended for the designer.
This standard does not deal with damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Grundbegriffe, allgemeine Gestaltungsleitsätze - Teil 1: Grundsätzliche Terminologie, Methodologie (ISO 12100-1:2003)
Diese Norm legt die grundsätzliche Terminologie und die Methodologie fest, die für das Erreichen der Sicherheit von Maschinen angewandt werden.
Die Festlegungen in dieser Norm sind für Konstrukteure vorgesehen.
Diese Norm behandelt keine Schäden an Haustieren, Eigentum und Umwelt
Sécurité des machines - Notions fondamentales, principes généraux de conception - Partie 1: Terminologie de base, méthodologie (ISO 12100-1:2003)
Cette norme définit la terminologie de base et la méthodologie appliquée pour réaliser la sécurité des machines. Elle peut etre appliquée aussi a d'autres produits techniques présentant des risques/phénomenes dangereux similaires. Cette norme ne traite pas des dommages causés aux animaux domestiques, aux biens ou a l'environnement.
Varnost strojev - Osnovni pojmi, splošna načela načrtovanja - 1. del: Osnovna terminologija, metodologija (ISO 12100-1:2003)
Ta evropski standard določa osnovno terminologijo in metodologijo, uporabljeno za doseganje varnosti strojev. Predpisi, navedeni v tem standardu, so namenjeni za načrtovalca.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004
STANDARD
junij 2004
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terminologija, metodologija (ISO 12100-1:2003)
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
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01.040.13; 13.110
SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004(en)
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 12100-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2003
ICS 01.040.13; 13.110 Supersedes EN 292-1:1991
English version
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for
design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-
1:2003)
Sécurité des machines - Notions fondamentales, principes Sicherheit von Maschinen - Grundbegriffe, allgemeine
généraux de conception - Partie 1: Terminologie de base, Gestaltungsleitsätze - Teil 1: Grundsätzliche Terminologie,
méthodologie (ISO 12100-1:2003) Methodologie (ISO 12100-1:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 June 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12100-1:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN ISO 12100-1:2003 (E)
CORRECTED 2003-12-17
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 12100-1:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 199
"Safety of machinery" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 "Safety of
machinery", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2004, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2004.
This document supersedes EN 292-1:1991.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZB, which is an integral part of this
document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12100-1:2003 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 12100-1:2003 without any
modifications.
NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative).
2
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EN ISO 12100-1:2003 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their relevant European publications
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of
any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies (including amendments).
NOTE Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated
by (mod.), the relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN Year
ISO 12100-2 2003 Safety of machinery - Basic EN ISO 12100-2 2003
concepts, general principles for
design - Part 2: Technical
principles
3
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EN ISO 12100-1:2003 (E)
Annex ZB
(informative)
Relationship of this document with EC Directives
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of EC
Directive(s) :
Machinery Directive 98/37/EC, amended by Directive 98/79/EC.
Compliance with this document provides one means of conforming with the specific essential
requirements of the Directive concerned and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING: Other requirements and other EC Directives may be applicable to the product(s)
falling within the scope of this document.
4
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12100-1
First edition
2003-11-01
Safety of machinery — Basic concepts,
general principles for design —
Part 1:
Basic terminology, methodology
Sécurité des machines — Notions fondamentales, principes généraux
de conception —
Partie 1: Terminologie de base, méthodologie
Reference number
ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
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ii © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Hazards to be taken into account when designing machinery . 8
4.1 General. 8
4.2 Mechanical hazard. 8
4.3 Electrical hazard. 9
4.4 Thermal hazard. 9
4.5 Hazard generated by noise . 10
4.6 Hazards generated by vibration . 10
4.7 Hazards generated by radiation . 10
4.8 Hazards generated by materials and substances . 10
4.9 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design . 10
4.10 Slipping, tripping and falling hazards. 11
4.11 Hazard combinations. 11
4.12 Hazards associated with the environment in which the machine is used . 11
5 Strategy for risk reduction . 11
5.1 General provisions. 11
5.2 Specification of the limits of the machine. 12
5.3 Hazard identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation . 12
5.4 Elimination of hazards or reduction of risk by protective measures . 14
5.5 Achievement of risk reduction objectives. 14
Annex A (informative) Schematic representation of a machine . 17
Trilingual index . 18
Bibliography . 33
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12100-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery.
This edition cancels and replaces ISO/TR 12100-1:1992, which has been technically revised.
This standard results from the revision of EN 292:1991 / ISO/TR 12100:1992, carried out by a Special
Working Group composed of experts from ISO, CEN, IEC and CENELEC.
ISO 12100 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Basic concepts,
general principles for design:
Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology, expressing the basic overall methodology to be followed when
designing machinery and when producing safety standards for machinery, together with the basic
terminology related to the philosophy underlying this work;
Part 2: Technical principles, giving advice on how this philosophy can be applied using available
techniques.
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
Introduction
The primary purpose of ISO 12100 is to provide designers with an overall framework and guidance to enable
them to produce machines that are safe for their intended use. It also provides a strategy for standard makers.
The concept of safety of machinery considers the ability of a machine to perform its intended function(s)
during its lifecycle where risk has been adequately reduced.
This standard is the basis for a set of standards which has the following structure:
type-A standards (basic safety standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design, and general
aspects that can be applied to all machinery;
type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one safety aspect or one type of safeguard that
can be used across a wide range of machinery:
type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);
type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure sensitive
devices, guards);
type-C standards (machine safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
This standard is a type-A standard.
When a type-C standard deviates from one or more provisions dealt with by Part 2 of this standard or by a
type-B standard, the type-C standard takes precedence.
It is recommended that this standard be incorporated in training courses and manuals to convey basic
terminology and general design methods to designers.
ISO/IEC Guide 51 has been taken into account as far as practicable at the time of drafting of this standard.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for
design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology
1 Scope
This standard defines basic terminology and methodology used in achieving safety of machinery.
The provisions stated in this standard are intended for the designer.
This standard does not deal with damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 2 : Technical
principles.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of ISO 12100-1 and -2, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
machinery
machine
assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate machine actuators,
control and power circuits, joined together for a specific application, in particular for the processing, treatment,
moving or packaging of a material.
The terms "machinery" and "machine" also cover an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the
same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole.
NOTE Annex A provides a general schematic representation of a machine.
3.2
reliability (of a machine)
ability of a machine or its components or equipment, to perform a required function under specified conditions
and for a given period of time without failing
3.3
maintainability (of a machine)
ability of a machine to be maintained in a state which enables it to fulfil its function under conditions of
intended use, or restored into such a state, the necessary actions (maintenance) being carried out according
to specified practices and using specified means
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
3.4
usability (of a machine)
ability of a machine to be easily used thanks to, among others, properties or characteristics that enable its
function(s) to be easily understood.
3.5
harm
physical injury or damage to health
3.6
hazard
potential source of harm
NOTE 1 The term "hazard" can be qualified in order to define its origin (e.g. mechanical hazard, electrical hazard) or
the nature of the potential harm (e.g. electric shock hazard, cutting hazard, toxic hazard, fire hazard).
NOTE 2 The hazard envisaged in this definition:
either is permanently present during the intended use of the machine (e.g. motion of hazardous moving elements,
electric arc during a welding phase, unhealthy posture, noise emission, high temperature);
or may appear unexpectedly (e.g. explosion, crushing hazard as a consequence of an unintended / unexpected start-
up, ejection as a consequence of a breakage, fall as a consequence of acceleration / deceleration).
3.7
relevant hazard
hazard which is identified as being present at or associated with the machine
NOTE A relevant hazard is identified as the result of one step of the process described in ISO 14121.
3.8
significant hazard
hazard which has been identified as relevant and which requires specific action by the designer to eliminate or
to reduce the risk according to the risk assessment
3.9
hazardous situation
circumstance in which a person is exposed to at least one hazard. The exposure can immediately or over a
period of time result in harm
3.10
hazard zone
danger zone
any space within and/or around machinery in which a person can be exposed to a hazard
3.11
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
3.12
residual risk
risk remaining after protective measures have been taken (see also figure 1)
NOTE This standard distinguishes:
the residual risk after protective measures have been taken by the designer;
the residual risk after all protective measures have been implemented.
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
3.13
risk assessment
overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation
3.14
risk analysis
combination of the specification of the limits of the machine, hazard identification and risk estimation
3.15
risk estimation
defining likely severity of harm and probability of its occurrence
3.16
risk evaluation
judgement, on the basis of risk analysis, of whether the risk reduction objectives have been achieved
3.17
adequate risk reduction
risk reduction at least in accordance with the legal requirements under consideration of the current state of the
art
NOTE Criteria for determining when adequate risk reduction is achieved are given in 5.5.
3.18
protective measure
measure intended to achieve risk reduction, implemented:
by the designer (inherently safe design, safeguarding and complementary protective measures,
information for use) and
by the user (organization: safe working procedures, supervision, permit-to-work systems; provision and
use of additional safeguards; use of personal protective equipment; training).
See figure 1.
3.19
inherently safe design measure
protective measure which either eliminates hazards or reduces the risks associated with hazards by changing
the design or operating characteristics of the machine without the use of guards or protective devices
NOTE ISO 12100-2:2003, clause 4, deals with risk reduction by inherently safe design measures.
3.20
safeguarding
protective measure using safeguards to protect persons from the hazards which cannot reasonably be
eliminated or from the risks which cannot be sufficiently reduced by inherently safe design measures
NOTE ISO 12100-2:2003, clause 5, deals with safeguarding.
3.21
information for use
protective measure consisting of communication links (e.g. texts, words, signs, signals, symbols, diagrams)
used separately or in combination, to convey information to the user
NOTE ISO 12100-2:2003, clause 6, deals with information for use.
3.22
intended use of a machine
use of a machine in accordance with the information provided in the instructions for use
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
3.23
reasonably foreseeable misuse
use of a machine in a way not intended by the designer, but which may result from readily predictable human
behaviour
3.24
safeguard
guard or protective device
3.25
guard
physical barrier, designed as part of the machine, to provide protection
NOTE 1 A guard may act:
alone; it is then only effective when it is "closed" for a movable guard or "securely held in place" for a fixed guard;
in conjunction with an interlocking device with or without guard locking; in this case, protection is ensured whatever
the position of the guard.
NOTE 2 Depending on its design, a guard may be called e.g. casing, shield, cover, screen, door, enclosing guard.
NOTE 3 See ISO 12100-2:2003, 5.3.2, and ISO 14120 for types of guards and their requirements.
3.25.1
fixed guard
guard affixed in such a manner (e.g. by screws, nuts, welding) that it can only be opened or removed by the
use of tools or destruction of the affixing means
3.25.2
movable guard
guard which can be opened without the use of tools
3.25.3
adjustable guard
fixed or movable guard which is adjustable as a whole or which incorporates adjustable part(s). The
adjustment remains fixed during a particular operation
3.25.4
interlocking guard
guard associated with an interlocking device so that, together with the control system of the machine, the
following functions are performed:
the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard cannot operate until the guard is closed;
if the guard is opened while hazardous machine functions are operating, a stop command is given;
when the guard is closed, the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard can operate. The
closure of the guard does not by itself start the hazardous machine functions
NOTE ISO 14119 gives detailed provisions.
3.25.5
interlocking guard with guard locking
guard associated with an interlocking device and a guard locking device so that, together with the control
system of the machine, the following functions are performed:
the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard cannot operate until the guard is closed and
locked;
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
the guard remains closed and locked until the risk due to the hazardous machine functions "covered" by
the guard has disappeared;
when the guard is closed and locked, the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard can
operate. The closure and locking of the guard do not by themselves start the hazardous machine
functions
NOTE ISO 14119 gives detailed provisions.
3.25.6
interlocking guard with a start function
control guard
special form of an interlocking guard which, once it has reached its closed position, gives a command to
initiate the hazardous machine function(s) without the use of a separate start control
NOTE ISO 12100-2:2003, 5.3.2.5, gives detailed provisions regarding the conditions of use.
3.26
protective device
safeguard other than a guard
NOTE Examples of protective devices are given in 3.26.1 to 3.26.9.
3.26.1
interlocking device
interlock
mechanical, electrical or other type of device, the purpose of which is to prevent the operation of hazardous
machine functions under specified conditions (generally as long as a guard is not closed)
3.26.2
enabling device
additional manually operated device used in conjunction with a start control and which, when continuously
actuated, allows a machine to function
NOTE IEC 60204–1:1997, 9.2.5.8 gives provisions on enabling devices.
3.26.3
hold-to-run control device
control device which initiates and maintains hazardous machine functions only as long as the manual control
(actuator) is actuated
3.26.4
two-hand control device
control device which requires at least simultaneous actuation by both hands in order to initiate and to maintain
hazardous machine functions, thus providing a protective measure only for the person who actuates it
NOTE ISO 13851 gives detailed provisions.
3.26.5
sensitive protective equipment (SPE)
equipment for detecting persons or parts of persons which generates an appropriate signal to the control
system to reduce risk to the persons detected. The signal may be generated when a person or part of a
person goes beyond a predetermined limit – e.g. enters a hazard zone – (tripping) or while a person is
detected in a predetermined zone (presence sensing), or in both cases
3.26.6
active opto-electronic protective device (AOPD)
device whose sensing function is performed by opto-electronic emitting and receiving elements detecting the
interruption of optical radiation, generated within the device, by an opaque object present in the specified
detection zone
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
NOTE IEC 61496-2 gives detailed provisions.
3.26.7
mechanical restraint device
device which introduces into a mechanism a mechanical obstacle (e.g. wedge, spindle, strut, scotch) which,
by virtue of its own strength, can prevent any hazardous movement
3.26.8
limiting device
device which prevents a machine or hazardous machine condition(s) from exceeding a designed limit
(e.g.space limit, pressure limit, load moment limit)
3.26.9
limited movement control device
control device, a single actuation of which, together with the control system of the machine, permits only a
limited amount of travel of a machine element
3.27
impeding device
any physical obstacle – e. g. low barrier, rail – which, without totally preventing access to a hazard zone,
reduces the probability of access to this zone by offering an obstruction to free access
3.28
safety function
function of a machine whose failure can result in an immediate increase of the risk(s)
3.29
unexpected start-up
unintended start-up
any start-up which, because of its unexpected nature, generates a hazard. This can be caused by, e. g.:
a start command which is the result of a failure in, or an external influence on, the control system;
a start command generated by inopportune action on a start control or other parts of the machine as, e. g.,
a sensor or a power control element;
restoration of the power supply after an interruption;
external / internal influences (e.g. gravity, wind, self-ignition in internal combustion engines) on parts of
the machine
NOTE Machine start-up during normal sequence of an automatic cycle is not unintended, but can be considered to be
unexpected from the point of view of the operator. Prevention of accidents in this case involves the use of safeguarding
measures (see ISO 12100-2:2003, clause 5).
[from ISO 14118:2000, 3.2]
3.30
failure to danger
any malfunction in the machinery, or in its power supply, that increases the risk
3.31
fault
the state of an item characterized by inability to perform a required function, excluding the inability during
preventive maintenance or other planned actions, or due to lack of external resources
NOTE 1 A fault is often the result of a failure of the item itself, but may exist without prior failure.
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ISO 12100-1:2003(E)
[IEV 191-05-01]
NOTE 2 In the field of machinery, the English term 'fault' is commonly used in accordance with the definition in IEV 191-
05-01, whereas the French term "défaut" and the German term "Fehler" are used rather than the terms "panne" and
"Fehlzustand" that appear in the IEV with this definition.
NOTE 3 In practice, the terms "fault" and "failure" are often used synonymously.
3.32
failure
the termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function
NOTE 1 After failure, the item has a fault.
NOTE 2 "Failure" is an event, as distinguished from "fault", which is a state.
NOTE 3 T
...
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