SIST EN 60404-1:2017

Magnetic materials - Part 1: Classification (IEC 60404-1:2016)

This part of IEC 60404 is intended to classify commercially available magnetic materials.
The term "magnetic materials" denotes substances where the application requires the
existence of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic properties.
In this document, the classification of magnetic materials is based upon the generally
recognized existence of two main groups of products:
• soft magnetic materials (coercivity ≤1 000 A/m);
• hard magnetic materials (coercivity >1 000 A/m).
Within these main groups, the classification when appropriate recognizes the following
characteristics:
• the main alloying element and the metallurgical state and physical properties of the
material;
• when possible and convenient, the relationship between these characteristics is identified.
A classification by specific areas of application cannot be applied to all materials because
different materials can very often be used for the same application depending on the
characteristics required.

Magnetische Werkstoffe - Teil 1: Einteilung

Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 1: Classification

L'IEC 60404-1:2016 a pour objet la classification des matériaux magnétiques disponibles commercialement.
Le terme "matériaux magnétiques" décrit les substances dont l'application exige l'existence de propriétés ferromagnétiques ou ferrimagnétiques.
Dans le présent document, la classification des matériaux magnétiques est basée sur l'existence généralement reconnue de deux groupes principaux de produits:
- les matériaux magnétiques doux (coercitivité ≤ 1 000 A/m);
- les matériaux magnétiques durs (coercitivité >1 000 A/m).
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
a) Suppression de l'ensemble des tableaux et valeurs décrivant les propriétés types du matériau dans un souci de cohérence avec l'objectif du document visant à établir une classification et non une spécification.
b) Augmentation de la teneur en Ni pour les classes E1 et E3.
c) Augmentation de la teneur en Co pour les classes F3.
d) Ajout d'une nouvelle classe: classe U5 - aimants agglomérés terres rares-fer-azote.

Magnetni materiali - 1. del: Razvrstitev (IEC 60404-1:2016)

Ta del standarda IEC 60404 je namenjen razvrstiti komercialnih magnetnih materialov. Izraz "magnetni materiali" označuje snovi, za uporabo katerih se zahteva prisotnost feromagnetnih ali ferimagnetnih lastnosti.
V tem dokumentu razvrstitev magnetnih materialov temelji na splošno priznanem obstoju dveh glavnih skupin izdelkov:
• mehkih magnetnih materialov (koercivnost ≤1000 A/m);
• trdih magnetnih materialov (koercivnost > 1000 A/m).
Znotraj teh glavnih skupin razvrstitev upošteva naslednje značilnosti, kjer je to potrebno:
• glavni legirni element in metalurško stanje ter fizične lastnosti materiala;
• če je mogoče in priročno, razvrstitev upošteva razmerje med temi značilnostmi.
Razvrstitve po posebnih področjih uporabe ni mogoče uporabiti za vse materiale, ker se različni materiali lahko zelo pogosto uporabljajo za isti namen, odvisno od zahtevanih značilnosti.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Feb-2017
• ICS: 29.100.10 - Magnetic components
• Technical Committee: I11 - Imaginarni 11
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Due Date: 08-Apr-2017
• Completion Date: 07-Feb-2017
• Ref Project: EN 60404-1:2017 - Magnetic materials - Part 1: Classification

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60404-1:2017
01-april-2017
Magnetni materiali - 1. del: Razvrstitev (IEC 60404-1:2016)
Magnetic materials - Part 1: Classification (IEC 60404-1:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60404-1:2017
ICS:
29.100.10 Magnetne komponente Magnetic components
SIST EN 60404-1:2017 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017


EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60404-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2017
ICS 29.030

English Version
Magnetic materials - Part 1: Classification
(IEC 60404-1:2016)
Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 1: Classification Magnetische Werkstoffe - Teil 1: Klassifizierung
(IEC 60404-1:2016) (IEC 60404-1:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-11-28. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.


European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
 Ref. No. EN 60404-1:2017 E

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
EN 60404-1:2017
European foreword
The text of document 68/533/CDV, future edition 3 of IEC 60404-1, prepared by IEC/TC 68 "Magnetic
alloys and steels" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN 60404-1:2017.

The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2017-08-28
• latest date by which the document has to be
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2019-11-28
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60404-1:2016 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
2

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
EN 60404-1:2017
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.

NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60050-121 -  International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) -
Part 121: Electromagnetism
IEC 60050-151 -  International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) -
Part 151: Electrical and magnetic devices
IEC 60050-221 -  International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) -
Chapter 221: Magnetic materials and
components
IEC 60401-3 -  Terms and nomenclature for cores made EN 60401-3 -
of magnetically soft ferrites -
Part 3: Guidelines on the format of data
appearing in manufacturers' catalogues of
transformer and inductor cores
IEC 60404-2 -  Magnetic materials - EN 60404-2 -
Part 2: Methods of measurement of the
magnetic properties of electrical steel
sheet and strip by means of an Epstein
frame
IEC 60404-3 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 3: Methods of measurement of the
magnetic properties of magnetic sheet and
strip by means of a single sheet tester
Magnetic materials -
IEC 60404-4 -  EN 60404-4 -
Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c.
magnetic properties of iron and steel
IEC 60404-6 -  Magnetic materials - EN 60404-6 -
Part 6: Methods of measurement of the
magnetic properties of magnetically soft
metallic and powder materials at
frequencies in the range 20 Hz to 200 kHz
by the use of ring specimens
IEC 60404-7 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 7: Method of measurement of the
coercivity of magnetic materials in an open
magnetic circuit
3

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
EN 60404-1:2017
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60404-8-1 -  Magnetic materials - EN 60404-8-1 -
Part 8-1: Specifications for individual
materials - Magnetically hard materials
IEC 60404-8-3 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8-3: Specifications for individual
materials - Cold-rolled electrical non-
alloyed and alloyed steel sheet and strip
delivered in the semi-processed state
IEC 60404-8-4 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8-4: Specifications for individual
materials - Cold-rolled non-oriented
electrical steel strip and sheet delivered in
the fully-processed state
IEC 60404-8-5 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8: Specifications for individual
materials -
Section 5: Specification for steel sheet and
strip with specified mechanical properties
and magnetic permeability
IEC 60404-8-6 -  Magnetic materials - EN 60404-8-6 -
Part 8-6: Specifications for individual
materials - Soft magnetic metallic materials
IEC 60404-8-7 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8-7: Specifications for individual
materials - Cold-rolled grain-oriented
electrical steel strip and sheet delivered in
the fully-processed state
IEC 60404-8-8 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8: Specifications for individual
materials -
Section 8: Specification for thin magnetic
steel strip for use at medium frequencies
IEC 60404-8-9 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8: Specification for individual materials
- Section 9: Standard specification for
sintered soft magnetic materials
IEC 60404-8-10 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 8-10: Specifications for individual
materials - Magnetic materials (iron and
steel) for use in relays
IEC 60404-10 -  Magnetic materials - - -
Part 10: Methods of measurement of
magnetic properties of electrical steel strip
and sheet at medium frequencies
ISO 4948-1 -  Steels; Classification - - -
Part 1: Classification of steels into
unalloyed and alloy steels based on
chemical composition

4

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017



IEC 60404-1

®


Edition 3.0 2016-10




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD



















Magnetic materials –

Part 1: Classification



























INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL


COMMISSION





ICS 29.030 ISBN 978-2-8322-3671-0



  Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.


® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
– 2 – IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Magnetically soft materials (coercivity ≤1 kA/m) . 8
4.1 Class A – Irons . 8
4.1.1 Reference documents . 8
4.1.2 Chemical composition . 8
4.1.3 Basis of subclassification . 8
4.1.4 Available forms . 8
4.1.5 Physical characteristics . 8
4.1.6 Main applications . 8
4.2 Class B – Low carbon mild steels . 9
4.2.1 Class B1 – Bulk material . 9
4.2.2 Class B2 – Flat material. 9
4.3 Class C – Silicon steels . 10
4.3.1 Class C1 – Bulk material . 10
4.3.2 Class C2 – Flat material . 11
4.4 Class D – Other steels . 16
4.4.1 Class D1 – Bulk material . 16
4.4.2 Class D2 – Flat material . 18
4.4.3 Class D3 – Stainless steels . 18
4.5 Class E – Nickel-iron alloys . 19
4.5.1 Class E1 – Nickel content 70 % to 85 % . 19
4.5.2 Class E2 – Nickel content 54 % to 68 % . 20
4.5.3 Class E3 – Nickel content 40 % to 51 % . 21
4.5.4 Class E4 – Nickel content 35 % to 40 % . 22
4.5.5 Class E5 – Nickel content 29 % to 33 % . 23
4.6 Class F – Iron-cobalt alloys . 24
4.6.1 Class F1 – Cobalt content 47 % to 50 % . 24
4.6.2 Class F2 – Cobalt content 35 % . 24
4.6.3 Class F3 – Cobalt content 23 % to 30 % . 25
4.7 Class G – Other alloys . 26
4.7.1 Class G1 – Aluminium-iron alloys . 26
4.7.2 Class G2 – Aluminium-silicon-iron alloys . 27
4.8 Class H – Magnetically soft materials made by powder metallurgical
techniques . 27
4.8.1 Class H1 – Soft ferrites . 27
4.8.2 Class H2 – Magnetically soft sintered materials . 29
4.8.3 Class H3 – Powder composites . 29
4.9 Class I – Amorphous soft magnetic materials . 30
4.9.1 General . 30
4.9.2 Class I1 – Iron-based amorphous alloys . 30
4.9.3 Class I2 – Cobalt-based amorphous alloys . 31
4.9.4 Class I3 – Nickel-based amorphous alloys . 32
4.10 Class J – Nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials . 33

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016 – 3 –
4.10.1 Reference document . 33
4.10.2 Production process . 33
4.10.3 Chemical composition . 33
4.10.4 Basis of subclassification . 33
4.10.5 Available forms . 33
4.10.6 Physical characteristics . 33
4.10.7 Main applications . 34
5 Magnetically hard materials (coercivity > 1 kA/m) . 34
5.1 Class Q – Magnetostrictive alloys – Rare earth iron alloys (Class Q1) . 34
5.1.1 Reference document . 34
5.1.2 Chemical composition . 34
5.1.3 Basis of subclassification . 34
5.1.4 Available forms . 34
5.1.5 Physical characteristics . 34
5.1.6 Main applications . 35
5.2 Class R – Magnetically hard alloys . 35
5.2.1 Class R1 – Aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium (AlNiCo) alloys . 35
5.2.2 Class R3 – Iron-cobalt-vanadium-chromium (FeCoVCr) alloys . 36
5.2.3 Class R5 – Rare earth cobalt (RECo) alloys . 36
5.2.4 Class R6 – Chromium-iron-cobalt (CrFeCo) alloys . 37
5.2.5 Class R7 – Rare earth-iron-boron (REFeB) alloys . 38
5.3 Class S – Magnetically hard ceramics – Hard ferrites (Class S1) . 39
5.3.1 Reference document . 39
5.3.2 Chemical composition and manufacturing method . 39
5.3.3 Basis of subclassification . 39
5.3.4 Available forms . 39
5.3.5 Physical characteristics . 40
5.3.6 Main applications . 40
5.4 Class T – Other magnetically hard materials – Martensitic steels (Class T1) . 40
5.4.1 Reference document . 40
5.4.2 Composition . 40
5.4.3 Basis of subclassification . 40
5.4.4 Available forms . 40
5.4.5 Physical characteristics . 40
5.4.6 Main applications . 41
5.5 Class U – Bonded magnetically hard materials. 41
5.5.1 General . 41
5.5.2 Class U1 – Bonded aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium (AlNiCo)
magnets . 41
5.5.3 Class U2 – Bonded rare earth-cobalt (RECo) magnets . 42
5.5.4 Class U3 – Bonded neodymium-iron-boron (REFeB) magnets . 42
5.5.5 Class U4 – Bonded hard ferrite magnets . 43
5.5.6 Class U5 – Bonded rare earth-iron-nitrogen magnets . 44

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
– 4 – IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

MAGNETIC MATERIALS –

Part 1: Classification

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60404-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 68:
Magnetic alloys and steels.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2000 and constitutes a
technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) Removal of all tables and values describing typical properties of the material to be
consistent with the aim of the document to be a classification and not a specification.
b) Enlargement of the Ni content for the classes E1 and E3.
c) Enlargement of the Co content for the classes F3.
d) Addition of a new class: U5 bonded rare earth-iron-nitrogen magnets.

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
68/533/CDV 68/555/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60404 series, published under the general title Magnetic
materials, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
– 6 – IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016
MAGNETIC MATERIALS –

Part 1: Classification



1 Scope
This part of IEC 60404 is intended to classify commercially available magnetic materials.
The term "magnetic materials" denotes substances where the application requires the
existence of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic properties.
In this document, the classification of magnetic materials is based upon the generally
recognized existence of two main groups of products:
• soft magnetic materials (coercivity ≤1 000 A/m);
• hard magnetic materials (coercivity >1 000 A/m).
Within these main groups, the classification when appropriate recognizes the following
characteristics:
• the main alloying element and the metallurgical state and physical properties of the
material;
• when possible and convenient, the relationship between these characteristics is identified.
A classification by specific areas of application cannot be applied to all materials because
different materials can very often be used for the same application depending on the
characteristics required.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-121, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 121: Electromagnetism
IEC 60050-151, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 151: Electrical and magnetic
devices
IEC 60050-221, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 221: Magnetic materials
and components
IEC 60401-3, Terms and nomenclature for cores made of magnetically soft ferrites – Part 3:
Guidelines on the format of data appearing in manufacturers catalogues of transformer and
inductor cores
IEC 60404-2, Magnetic materials – Part 2: Methods of measurement of the magnetic
properties of electrical steel sheet and strip by means of an Epstein frame
IEC 60404-3, Magnetic materials – Part 3: Methods of measurement of the magnetic
properties of magnetic sheet and strip by means of a single sheet tester

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016 – 7 –
IEC 60404-4, Magnetic materials – Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c. magnetic
properties of iron and steel
IEC 60404-6, Magnetic materials – Part 6: Methods of measurement of the magnetic
properties of magnetically soft metallic and powder materials at frequencies in the range
20 Hz to 200 kHz by the use of ring specimens
IEC 60404-7, Magnetic materials – Part 7: Method of measurement of the coercivity of
magnetic materials in an open magnetic circuit
IEC 60404-8-1, Magnetic materials – Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials –
Magnetically hard materials
IEC 60404-8-3, Magnetic materials – Part 8-3: Specifications for individual materials – Cold-
rolled electrical non-alloyed and alloyed steel sheet and strip delivered in the semi-processed
state
IEC 60404-8-4, Magnetic materials – Part 8-4: Specifications for individual materials – Cold-
rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet delivered in the fully-processed state
IEC 60404-8-5, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Five: Specification for steel sheet and strip with specified mechanical properties and
magnetic permeability
IEC 60404-8-6, Magnetic materials – Part 8-6: Specifications for individual materials – Soft
magnetic metallic materials
IEC 60404-8-7, Magnetic materials – Part 8-7: Specifications for individual materials –Cold-
rolled grain-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet delivered in the fully processed state
IEC 60404-8-8, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section 8: Specification for thin magnetic steel strip for use at medium frequencies
IEC 60404-8-9, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section 9: Standard specification for sintered soft magnetic materials
IEC 60404-8-10, Magnetic materials – Part 8-10: Specifications for individual materials –
Magnetic materials (iron and steel) for use in relays
IEC 60404-10, Magnetic materials. Part 10: Methods of measurement of magnetic properties
of magnetic sheet and strip at medium frequencies
ISO 4948-1, Steels – Classification – Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy
steels based on chemical composition
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-121,
IEC 60050-151, IEC 60050-221 and in the product standards of the IEC 60404-8 series apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

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SIST EN 60404-1:2017
– 8 – IEC 60404-1:2016 © IEC 2016
4 Magnetically soft materials (coercivity ≤1 kA/m)
4.1 Class A – Irons
4.1.1 Reference documents
These materials are covered by IEC 60404-8-6 and IEC 60404-8-10.
4.1.2 Chemical composition
The basic constituent of these materials is pure iron, and they are often referred to as
"commercially pure" or "magnetically soft" irons. The material also contains unavoidable
impurities that may affect magnetic properties. The amount of impurities that adversely affect
the remanence, coercivity, saturation, magnetic polarization and stability of the magnetic
properties are limited to produce the required magnetic properties for the proposed
application. For information the most significant impurities when they are present in these
materials are carbon (up to 0,03 %), silicon (up to 0,1 %), manganese (up to 0,2 %),
phosphorus (up to 0,015 %), sulphur (up to 0,03 %), aluminium (up to 0,08 %), titanium (up to
0,1 %
...