CEN/TC 250/SC 1 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

1.1   Scope of EN 1991 1 2
(1)   The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.
(2)   EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.
(3)   EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.
(4)   EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.
(5)   EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:
-   the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;
-   conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;
-   the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
-   any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained;
-   the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.

(1)   This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2)   Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3)   The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4)   This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.

This Technical Report reviews current practice with regard to designing, constructing and maintaining the parts of bridges and tracks where railway rails are installed across discontinuities in supporting structures. Current Standards and Codes of Practice are examined and some particular case histories are reviewed. The Technical Report gives guidance with respect to current best practice and makes recommendations for future standards development and also identifies areas in which further research and development is needed.

Assessment of loads imposed by snow to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works on sites at altitudes below 1500 m.

Assessment of actions arising from accidental human activity including impact and collisions from wheeled vehicles, ships, derailed trains and helicopters on roofs and gas explosions in buildings - their analysis and determination of design values to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. Procedures for risk analysis and technical measures to reduce consequences.

TC - Modifications to the National Annex, 1.1, 4.2, 4.6 and A.2.4.

CEN/TC 250 - Modifications in Sections 1 and 2.

CEN/TC 250 - Editorial modifications to 1.2, 2.5, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.2.2.3, 6.1.2 and Annex C.

(1)  EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
(2)  This Part is applicable to:
   .  Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. See also (11).  
   .  Bridges  having  no  span  greater  than  200 m,  provided  that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (11) and 8.2.
(3)  This  part  is  intended  to  predict  characteristic  wind actions  on land-based structures, their components and appendages.
(4)  Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological  data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information.
(5)  Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including  displacement  height,  roughness  change,  influence  of  landscape  and  influence  of neighbouring structures.
(6)  Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd.
(7)  Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures.
(8)  Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects.
(9)  Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour
(10) This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes.
11) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:

Assessment of actions arising from accidental human activity including impact and collisions from wheeled vehicles, ships, derailed trains and helicopters on roofs and gas explosions in buildings - their analysis and determination of design values to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. Procedures for risk analysis and technical measures to reduce consequences.

Specifies actions, self-weights and imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with hoists, crabs and cranes on runway beams, static and dynamic actions induced in supporting structures by machinery and permanent, variable and accidental actions induced by transport vehicles (forklifts, wheeled, tracked and rail transportation vehicles, devices for maintenance and helicopters).

(1)P   This part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of silos for the storage of particulate solids and tanks for the storage of fluids and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1990, other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 to EN 1999.
   (2)   This part includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials, aspects of the differential settlements of batteries of silos)
(3)   The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos:
-   the silo cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1d, though minor variations may be accepted provided the structural consequences of the resulting changes in pressure are considered;
-   the following dimensional limitations apply:
hb/dc < 10
hb < l00 m
dc < 60 m
-   the transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a);
-   the silo does not contain an internal structure such as a cone or pyramid with its apex uppermost, cross-beams, etc. However, a rectangular silo may contain internal ties.
(4)   The following limitations on the stored solids apply to the design rules for silos:
-   each silo is designed for a defined range of particulate solids properties;
-   the stored solid is free-flowing, or the stored solid can be guaranteed to flow freely within the silo container as designed (see 1.5.12 and Annex C);
-   the maximum particle diameter of the stored solid is not greater than 0,03dc (see Figure 1.1d).
NOTE:   When particles are large compared to the silo wall thickness, account should be taken of the effects of single particles applying local forces on the wall.

EN 1991-1-6 provides principles and general rules for the determination of actions which should be taken into account during execution of buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE 1 : This Part of EN 1991 may be used as guidance for the determination of actions to be taken into account for different types of construction works, including structural alterations such as refurbishment and/or partial or full demolition.  Further guidance is given in Annexes A1, A2 and B.
NOTE 2 : Rules concerning the safety of people in and around the construction site are out of the scope of this European standard. Such rules may be defined for the individual project.
The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1.6 of EN 1991.
Section 1 : General
Section 2 : Classification of actions
Section 3: Design situations and limit states
Section 4 : Representation of actions
Annex A1 : Supplementary rules for buildings (normative)
Annex A2 : Supplementary rules for bridges (normative)
Annex B : Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition (informative)
EN 1991-1-6 also gives rules for the determination of actions which may be used for the design of auxiliary construction works as defined in 1.5, needed for the execution of buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE  Design rules for auxiliary construction works may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. Guidance may be found in the relevant European standards. For example, design rules for formworks and falseworks are given in EN 12812.

(1) EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
(2) This Part is applicable to:
- Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m, see also (11).
- Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (12) and 8.2.
(3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages.
(4) Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information.
(5) Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including displacement height, roughness change, influence of landscape and influence of neighbouring structures.
(6) Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd.
(7) Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures.
(8) Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects.
(9) Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour
(10)  This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes.
(11)  Guyed masts and lattice towers are treated in EN 1993-7-1 and lighting columns in EN 40
(12)  This part

(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural elements. Principles needed for cladding and other appendages of buildings are also provided.
(2) This Part describes the changes in the temperature of structural elements. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes. Structures not so exposed may not need to be considered for thermal actions.
(3) Structures in which thermal actions are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services etc) are treated in Section 7. Chimneys are treated in EN 13084-1.

(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects for the following subjects:
-   Densities of construction materials and stored materials;
-   Self-weight of construction  works;
- Imposed loads for buildings.
(2) Section 4 and Annex A give nominal values for densities of specific building materials, additional materials for bridges and stored materials. In addition for specific materials the angle of repose is provided.
(3) Section 5 provides methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction works.
(4) Section 6 gives characteristic values of imposed loads for floors and roofs according to category of use in the following areas in buildings:
- residential, social, commercial and administration areas;
- garage and vehicle traffic areas;
- areas for storage and industrial activities;
- roofs;
- helicopter landing areas.      
(5) The loads on traffic areas given in Section 6 refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 160 kN. The design for traffic areas for heavy vehicles of more than 160 kN gross weight needs to be agreed with the relevant authority. Further information may be obtained from EN 1991-2.
(6) For barriers or walls having the function of barriers, horizontal forces are given in Section 6. Annex B gives additional guidance for vehicle barriers in car parks.
NOTE  Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and EN 1991-2.
(7) For the design situations and effects of actions in silos and tanks caused by water or other materials see EN 1991-3.

TC - Modification in the E reference version of the mother standard regardig the Foreword, Clauses 1, 3 and 4 and Annexes A, B, C and D.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

TC - Correction brought to the former corrigendum EN 1991-1-4:2005/AC:2009 regarding a modification to Equation (E.17) in the three language versions of the mother standard.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

TC - Modifications in mother reference version, i.e. in the Foreword, Subclauses 3.3.2, 6.2.2, 6.3.1.2, 6.3.4.1 and 6.4 and Tables A.2, A.5, A.7 and A.9.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

TC - Modifications in the Foreword and in Subclauses 6.1.3.1, 6.1.3.3, 6.1.4.2, A.1 and A.2.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

TC - Editorial modifications in the English mother version.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

Assessment of loads imposed by snow to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works on sites at altitudes below 1500 m.

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if
relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.
(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.
(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of
− bridge, gantry and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways;
− fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.
(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting
structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).
(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.
NOTE For partial factors for actions, see Annex A.5 to EN 1990:2023+prA1:2024.
(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

1.1   Scope of prEN 1991-1-7
(1) prEN 1991 1 7 provides actions and rules for safeguarding buildings and other civil engineering works against identifiable accidental actions.
NOTE 1   Identifiable accidental actions include impact from vehicles and internal explosions.
NOTE 2    Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on a bridge deck are given in prEN 1991 2.
(2) prEN 1991 1 7 also covers actions and rules for tying systems and key members; information on risk assessment; dynamic design for impact; actions for internal explosions; actions from debris.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply to prEN 1991 1 7.
(2) prEN 1991 1 7 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.

1.1   Scope of EN 19914
(1) EN 1991-4 provides guidance for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.
NOTE 1   Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids: tanks are used for the storage of liquids.
NOTE 2   For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.
NOTE 3   For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.
(2) EN 1991 4 includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.
NOTE   Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This standard provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.
(3) EN 1991 4 is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.
NOTE   FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.
(4) EN 1991 4 may be used for the structural assessment of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or for assessing changes of use.
NOTE   Where the structural appraisal of an existing structure is being considered, reference can be made to the National Annex and to the client concerning the relevance of the current standard.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) EN 1991 4 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks.
1.3   Limitations on silos
1.3.1   Geometrical limitations
(1) The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos covered by this document:
-   the silo here defined is either an isolated structure or can be part of a battery of silos. For a silo battery, the term silo is used throughout this standard to refer to a single cell within the battery;
-   the silo planform cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1c.
NOTE 1   Minor variations to these shapes can be accepted provided the structural consequences of the resulting changes in pressure are expected to be considered. Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in 7;
NOTE 2   Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in Clause 7.
-   the relevant overall height of the silo hb (Figure 1.1a) is measured from the level of the equivalent surface of the stored solid (see 3.2.17) when the silo is filled to its maximum capacity, down to the apex of the cone of the hopper or to the flat base where there is no hopper;
NOTE   For the evaluation of ho to calculate hb, see (2).
-   the effective diameter dc of the silo should be determined as indicated in Figure 1.1c;
-   the following dimensional limitations on the overall height hb and aspect ratio hb/dc apply (see Figure 1.1):
hb/dc < 10   (1.1)
hb < 100 m   (1.2)
dc < 60 m   (1.3)
-   the structural transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a);
-   the relevant cylindrical section height of the silo hc (Figure 1.1a) should be measured from the level of the equivalent surface of the stored solid (see 3.2.17) when the silo is filled to its maximum capacity, down to the structural transition (see Figure 1.1a) or to the flat base where there is no hopper;
(2) For a symmetrically filled circular silo of diameter dc, h0 should be determined as:
   (1.4)
and for a symmetrically filled rectangular silo of characteristic dimension dc, h0 should be determined as:
   (1.5)
where:
...

EN 1991-1-4 gives principles and rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e.g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
This part is applicable to:
- buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 300m;
- bridges having no span greater than 200m.
This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages.
This part is also applicable to structures less than 1km offshore from the main coastline. For offshore structures more than 1km from the main coastline, the terrain effects defined in this part do not apply.

1.1   Scope of prEN 1991-1-6
(1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.
NOTE   Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.
(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.
NOTE   Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.
(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.
NOTE   For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.
(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.
(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.
(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.
(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.
NOTE   Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

1.1   Scope of EN 1991-1-5
(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural members. Principles needed for cladding and other attachments of buildings are also provided.
(2) This Part describes the changes in the temperature of structural members. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.
(3) This Part also gives principles for changes in the temperature of structural members due to the paving of hot asphalt on bridge decks.
(4) This Part also provides principles and rules for thermal actions acting in structures which are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services, etc.).
NOTE   Supplementary guidance for thermal actions on chimneys is provided in EN 13084-1.
1.2   Assumptions
The assumptions given in FprEN 1990:2022, 1.2 apply to EN 1991-1-5.

1.1   Scope of EN 1991-1-9
(1) EN 1991-1-9 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to atmospheric icing to be used for following types of structures:
-   masts,
-   towers,
-   antennas and antenna structures,
-   cables, stays, guy ropes, etc.,
-   rope ways (cable railways),
-   structures for ski-lifts,
-   buildings or parts of them exposed to potential icing,
-   towers for special types of construction such as for example transmission lines and wind turbines.
NOTE   Atmospheric icing on electrical overhead lines is covered by EN 50341-1.
(2) EN 1991-1-9 specifies values for:
-   dimensions and weight of accreted ice,
-   shapes of accreted ice.
(3) EN 1991-1-9 cover types of icing, ice loads acting on structures, and falling ice considerations.
NOTE   Wind actions on iced structures are covered by EN 1991-1-4.
1.2   Assumptions
The assumptions given in FprEN 1990:2022, 1.2 apply to EN 1991-1-9.

EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on
structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone/area.
This document describes the principles of defining the design sea conditions, including design water level variability for structures in the coastal area.
This document describes the design principles of determining actions from waves and currents of the following types in the coastal structures zone:
— fixed structures:
— cylindrical structures;
— suspended decks;
— sub sea pipelines;
— breakwaters:
— mound breakwaters;
— vertical face breakwaters;
— composite breakwaters;
— wave screens;
— floating breakwaters;
— coastal embankments:
— revetments;
— seawalls;
— permanent moored floating structures.
For floating structures additional guidance would normally be needed for:
— floating platforms related to oil and gas production or processing;
— floating platforms for renewable energy production.
The scope of this document is outside flood risk management structures like dykes or levees. The document does not include provisions for selection of breakwater layouts (i.e design of harbours), layout of structures to manage sediment transport, scour and beach stability.

1.1   Scope of EN 1991-1-3
(1) EN 1991-1-3 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to snow to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.
(2) This Part does not apply to sites at altitudes above 1500 m, unless otherwise specified.
NOTE   For rules for the treatment of snow loads for altitudes above 1500 m see 6.1.
(3) This Part does not give guidance on specialist aspects of snow loading, for example:
-   impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof;
-   changes in shape or size of the construction works due to the presence of snow or the accretion of ice which could affect the wind action;
-   loads in areas where snow is present all year round;
-   lateral loading due to snow creep (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);
-   loads due to artificial snow.
1.2   Assumptions
The assumptions given in FprEN 1990:2022, 1.2 apply to EN 1991-1-3.

(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives rules on the following aspects related to actions, which are relevant to the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects:
-   specific weight of construction materials and stored materials;
-   self-weight of construction works;
-   imposed loads for buildings.
(2) Mean values for specific weight of specific construction materials, additional materials for bridges, stored materials and products are given. In addition, for specific materials and products the angle of repose is provided.
(3) Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction works are given.
(4) Characteristic values of imposed loads are given for the following areas in buildings according to the category of use:
-   residential, social, commercial and administration areas;
-   areas for archive, storage and industrial activities;
-   garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges);
-   roofs;
-   stairs and landings;
-   terraces and balconies.
NOTE   The loads on traffic areas given in this standard refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 160 kN. Further information can be obtained from prEN 1991-2:2021.
(5) Characteristic values of horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers are provided.
NOTE   Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and prEN 1991-2:2021.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of FprEN 1990:2022 apply.
(2) EN 1991-1-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other Parts of EN 1991 and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.

TC - Modifications to "National annex for EN 1991-1-2", 1.6, Annex A, B.2, B.4.1 and B.4.2.

Assessment of actions to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works where they are required to give adequate performance in fire exposure.

TC - Modifications to the English reference version of the mother standard regarding the Foreword, "Additional information specific to EN 1991-2", "National Annex for EN 1991-2", Clauses 2, 4 and 6 and Annexes A, B, D and E.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

Assessment of imposed loads associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic including dynamic effects, centrifugal, braking, acceleration and accidental forces, to be used for the structural design of road, railway and pedestrian/cycle bridges. Guidance on combinations with non-traffic loads and other actions on road and railway bridges, and loads on parapets.

TC - Editorial modifications to 1.6, B.2 and B.4.2.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012

TC - Correction of national annex and improvement of NOTE 2 in 1.1 (1) Scope

TC - Modifications in the E mother reference version in "National annex for EN 1991-1-4", in Sections 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8, in Annexes A, C, D, E and F, and in the Bibliography.

Part 5 of ENV 1991 specifies imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with cranes on runway beams,staionary machines and transport vehicles which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and braking, acceleration and accidental forces. Section 1 defines common definitions and notation, section 2 specifies actions induced by cranes and runways, section 3 specifies action induced by stationary machines, section 4 specifies actions due to transport vehicles.

This Part gives the description of the design philisophy in case of accidental design situations in general and covers the accidental actions due to impact and explosions in detail. It refers to exceptional conditions applicable to the structure caused by human activities, e.g. fire, explosion or impact; actions arising from war-fare and sabotage are excluded. Accidental actions arising from the natural environment such as tornadoes, extreme erosion or falling rocks are not included. However, they may be incor- porated in design using principles similar to those contained in this part.

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No Enquiry nor standstill ++ REAL dates of ENV taken out bec. of 2-Y-R; REAL32 = /; REAL40/49=9306; ++ REAL41/51/53=9306; REAL60 = 9505.

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Splitting of WI 2. Dates refer to ENV. ++ 2-Y-Review (therefore reuse of old WI and use of stage 41).

(1) P ENV 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural designof building and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with ENV 1992-1999. (2) It may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in ENV 1992-1999 and where other materials or other structural design actions are involved.

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Splitting of WI 2. Dates refer to ENV ++ 2-Y-Review (therefore re-use of old WI and use of stage 41).

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No Enquiry nor standstill ++ Two Years Review (therefore re-use of old WI number and use of stage 41).