prEN ISO 27548
(Main)Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and specified VOCs (including aldehydes) from Material Extrusion(ME) processes often used in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC) under specified test conditions. However, these tests may not accurately predict real-world results.
This document describes a conditioning method using an ETC with controlled temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) type desktop 3D printer using thermoplastic materials. The primary purpose of this document is to quantify particle and chemical emission rates emitted from a specific ME type desktop 3D printer which is operated using thermoplastic feedstocks.
However, not all possible emissions are covered by this method. Many feedstocks could release hazardous emissions that are not measured by the chemical detectors prescribed in this document. It is the responsibility of the user to understand the material being printed and the potential chemical emissions. An example is PVC feedstocks that could potentially emit chlorinated compounds, which would not be measured by this document.
Additive Fertigung von Kunststoffen - Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Partikelemissionsrate und der chemischen Emissionsrate von materialextrusionsbasierten Desktop-3D-Druckern (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
Fabrication additive de plastiques - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
[Not translated]
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
01-junij-2023
[Not translated]
Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for
determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D
printer (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
Additive Fertigung von Kunststoffen - Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren
zur Bestimmung der Partikelemissionsrate und der chemischen Emissionsrate von
materialextrusionsbasierten Desktop-3D-Druckern (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
Fabrication additive de plastiques - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai
pour la détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau (ISO/DIS 27548:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 27548
ICS:
13.040.40 Emisije nepremičnih virov Stationary source emissions
13.100 Varnost pri delu. Industrijska Occupational safety.
higiena Industrial hygiene
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 27548
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2023-05-02 2023-07-25
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle
and chemical emission rates from desktop material
extrusion 3D printer
ICS: 13.040.30; 25.030; 13.100
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
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USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 27548
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle
and chemical emission rates from desktop material
extrusion 3D printer
ICS: 13.040.30; 25.030; 13.100
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
© ISO 2023
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
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WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Website: www.iso.org ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
Published in Switzerland
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols .4
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 4
4.2 Symbols . 4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) . 6
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses . 6
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments . 7
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer and test specimen . 7
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer . 7
6.2.2 Filament. 7
6.2.3 Test specimen . 7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 8
7.1 ETC general conditions . 8
7.2 ETC background concentration . 9
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer . 9
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . . 9
7.5 Extruding phase . 10
7.6 Post-extruding phase . 10
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances . 10
7.7.1 Particles . 10
7.7.2 Chemical substances . 10
7.8 Measurement process . 11
8 Calculation of emission rate .12
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles .12
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 14
9 Test report .15
9.1 Data on test condition and method . 15
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 16
9.3 Description on standard test specimen . 17
9.4 Information about test laboratory . 17
9.5 Results . . 17
Annex A (Normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer .19
Annex B (normative) Test specimen .20
Annex C (Informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates .24
Bibliography .27
iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, Working
Group WG 6, Environment, health and safety.
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
Introduction
Academic communities have been releasing several papers warning that a significant number of
particles and chemical substances emitted from 3D printing would be hazardous to humans when
inhaled and absorbed into the human body.
However, currently, there is no well-known test method to measure particle and chemical substances
emitted from desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer installed in the office environment, classroom, and
residential space.
Therefore, the goal of this International Standard is to provide test procedures in line with specific
operating conditions for measuring particle and chemical emission rates emitted from desktop MEX-
TRB/P 3D printer which is widely used in the national marketplace.
Manufacturers of desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer will be able to take advantage of this document to
develop and improve their products by minimizing particle and chemical emission rates, and the end-
users also would purchase more safe and improved 3D printer from the market.
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle
and chemical emission rates from desktop material
extrusion 3D printer
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles)
and specified Volatile Organic Compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes
often used in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an Emission Test
Chamber under specified test conditions. However, these tests may not accurately predict real-world
results.
This document describes a conditioning method using an ETC with controlled temperature, humidity,
air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and
reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer which is typically sized for
placement on a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary
purpose of this document is to quantify particle and chemical emission rates from desktop MEX-TRB/P
3D printer.
However, not all possible emissions are covered by this method. Many feedstocks could release
hazardous emissions that are not measured by the chemical detectors prescribed in this document. It
is the responsibility of the user to understand the material being extruded and the potential chemical
emissions. An example is Poly Vinyl Chloride feedstocks that could potentially emit chlorinated
compounds, which could not be measured by the method described in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-3, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor
and test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6:2011, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using
MS/FID
ISO 16000-9, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from
building products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
ISO 27891, Aerosol particle number concentration — Calibration of condensation particle counters
ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018, Information technology — office equipment — Determination of chemical emission
rates from electronic equipment — Part 1: Using-consumables
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
1
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900, ISO/IEC 28360-1
and the following are applied.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
aerosol
system of solid or liquid particles suspended in gas
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.1]
3.2
loading factor
ratio of the device volume to the volume of the unloaded Emission Test Chamber
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this standard, the device subjected to the testing is typically a desktop MEX-
TRB/P machine, also popularly called a 3D printer
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E), 3.15, modified — “EUT” replaced by “device”]
3.3
emission test chamber
ETC
test apparatus with controlled parameters (temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, etc.) for the
determination of the chemical and the number of particles emitted from AM process
[SOURCE: ISO 16000-9:2006, 3.6, modified — Terminological entry is changed considering AM process]
3.4
differential electrical mobility classifier
DEMC
classifier that is able to select aerosol particles according to their electrical mobility and pass them to
its exit
Note 1 to entry: A DEMC classifies aerosol particles by balancing the electrical force on each particle with its
aerodynamic drag force in an electrical field. Classified particles are in a narrow range of electrical mobility
determined by the operating conditions and physical dimensions of the DEMC, while they can have different sizes
due to difference in the number of charges that they have.
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.7]
3.5
differential mobility analysing system
DMAS
system to measure the size distribution of submicrometre aerosol particles consisting of a DEMC, flow
meters, a particle detector, interconnecting plumbing, a computer and suitable software
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.8]
3.6
light scattering airborne particle counter
LSAPC
instrument capable of counting and sizing single airborne particles and reporting size data in terms of
equivalent optical diameter
Note 1 to entry: The specifications for the LSAPC are given in ISO 21501-4:2007.
2
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 14644-1:2015, 3.5.1]
3.7
accumulated particle number concentration
C
p
time-dependent number concentration in a specified size range
3.8
total particles
number of total particles that is calculated as the test result from the measured accumulated particle
number concentration based on the duration of particle emission
3.9
particle emission rate
PER
particles emitted from AM process per unit time (1/h) in a specified size range that is calculated from
accumulated particle number concentration divided by the print time in h
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018, 3.19, modified]
3.10
particle emission yield
Y
particle
number of particles emitted per mass of extruded material during the build cycle
3.11
chemical emission yield
Y
chemical
mass of chemical emitted per mass of extruded material during the build cycle
3.12
volatile organic compound
VOC
organic compound that is emitted from the test specimen and all those detected in the chamber outlet
air
Note 1 to entry: Due to practical reasons to be taken into account for test chambers, this definition differs from
that defined in ISO 16000-6:2004. In ISO 16000-6, the definition is based on the boiling point range (50 °C to
100 °C) to (240 °C to 260 °C).
Note 2 to entry: The emission test method described in this part of ISO 16000 is optimum for the range of
compounds specified by the definition of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC).
[S OU RC E: IS O16 000 -9: 2006 , 3 .15 ]
3.13
chemical emission rate
average mass of the analyte (total VOCs and individual aldehydes) emitted from the AM process per
unit print time
3.14
toluene response factor
toluene equivalents used to quantify the unidentified substances detected with a flame ionization
detector (GC-FID) or mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS)
3
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
3.15
total volatile organic compounds
sum of the concentrations of identified VOCs that elute between the retention times of n-hexane (C )
6
and n-hexadecane (C ) on a non-polar capillary GC column and the concentrations of the converted
20
areas of unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor
[SOURCE: ISO 16000-9:2006, 3.14, modified — Terminological entry is expanded considering the
analysis and calculation]
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols
4.1 Abbreviated terms
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadience Styrene
CPC Condensation Particle Counter
DEMC Differential Electrical Mobility Classifier
DMAS Differential Mobility Analysing System
DNPH Dinitrophenylhydrazine
ETC Emission Test Chamber
FP Fine Particles
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
LSAPC Light Scattering Airborne Particle Counter
PER Particle Emission Rate
PLA Poly Lactic Acid
RH Relative Humidity
RPD Relative Percentage Difference
RSD Relative Standard Deviation
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds
TP Total Particles
UFP Ultrafine Particles
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
Y Particle Emission Yield
particle
Y Chemical Emission Yield
chemical
4.2 Symbols
-1
β
particle loss-rate coefficient (h )
4
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
-3
C arithmetic average ofC t betweent and t (cm )
()
av p start stop
-3
C VOC concentration during the extrusion phase (µg·cm )
-3
C VOC concentration during the pre-extruding phase (µg·cm )
b
-3
C accumulated particle number concentration (#· cm )
p
3 -3
L loading factor (m ·m )
-1
PER(t) time-dependent particle emission rate (s )
-1
PER particle emission rate for an average hour (h )
hour
∆t time difference between two successive data points (s)
t time when print command sent (s)
start
t time when extrusion ends (s)
stop
t time between t and t (s)
print start stop
-1
n air exchange rate (h )
P final test specimen mass after extrusion completes (g)
m
3
V emission test chamber volume (m )
c
3
V sample volume during the extruding phase (m )
s
5 Method overview
This document specifies test methods to determine particle and chemical emission rates during the
operation of the desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer. Particle and chemical emissions are determined by the
chamber concentration emitted from the operation of the desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer inside an ETC
where temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, and air velocity are controlled. Test procedures are
divided into three phases: pre-extruding, extruding and post-extruding.
The observed chamber concentration during the extruding phase is converted to the particle emission
rate per hour or used material mass by mathematical calculations. The procedures for printing should
be under the standard operating conditions (see Clause A.2) of the desktop MEX-TRB/P 3D printer.
Chemical emissions (TVOC and aldehydes) are directly calculated from the chamber concentration as
mass per hour.
There are various reasons for performing these measurements. For example, determining the maximum
emissions for using machines or comparing emissions from different 3D printers. The procedures used
for the test could be tailored for the specific purpose of the test. In the case of determining maximum
emission rates, the 3D printer should be set at the conditions that result in maximum emissions,
which are typically the fastest extruding speed, the thickest layer, and the highest nozzle temperature
recommended by the manufacturer. For comparing emission rates from different 3D printers, the 3D
print settings could be referred to values that are outlined in Annex A.
5
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oSIST prEN ISO 27548:2023
ISO/DIS 27548:2023(E)
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement
6.1 General
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC)
The ETC shall be designed with stainless steel electropolished materials so that it does not emit or
absorb substances that can affect measurements during background and 3D printing process tests.
During operation, the ETC shall be controlled for constant temperature, humidity, and air exchange
rate (see 7.1), and they shall be continuously monitored by using data logging instruments that are
calibrated and traceable to primary standards.
General requirements for other materials comprising of an air supply system, mixing equipment and
air tightness which are used to construct ETC shall be tested in the ETC to confirm that they do not
contribute to the emission test chamber background concentration through emission or adsorption.
The test setup of ETC must not recirculate chamber air so as not to have the contaminated air put into
the ETC again.
When flow changes are made to chamber air, a tracer gas test shall be performed to confirm the
accuracy of the air exchange rate. The verification process for the test conditions of the ETC such as
a tracer gas test procedure and a recovery test shall be performed in accordance with ISO 16000-9 or
ASTM D6670.
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses
VOC emitted from 3D printing operation inside the ETC shall be analyzed by thermal desorption GC/
1) TM
MS with the use of Tenax TA® sorbent or multi-bed tube consisting of Tenax® GR plus Carbopakc B.
TM
The multi-bed tube consists of 30 mm Tenax® GR plus 25 mm of Carbopakc B separated by 3 mm
of preconditioned quartz wool, or one having in equal performance. These are commercially available
prepacked and preconditioned if required.
An electron impact instrument (EI) of GC/MS shall be operated in the scanning mode over a mass range
of at least m/z 35-350. The general analytical method for the emission of VOC from desktop 3D printer
using ETC shall be based on ISO 16000-6, EPA Method TO-17, and ASTM D6196.
Benzaldehyde, phenol, and acetophenone are some of the known artifacts present when sampling using
Tenax tubes. Therefore, Tenax TA® should be used with an ozone scrubber to avoid chemical artifact
formations to be formed via oxidation when sampling under high ozone concentrations. The method
and precautions related to GC/MS using a sorbent tube should be based on ISO 16000-6 and EPAF TO-
17.
The formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds which are collected from cartridges with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with an ozone scrubber shall be analyzed by HPLC with detection
by ultraviolet absorption. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde,
crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde and o-, m-, p-tolualdehydes shall be identified.
The general analytical method for determinat
...
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