EN IEC 63369-1:2026

• Abstract:

  IEC 63369-1:2026 addresses general requirements and methodology, whereas intended IEC 63369-2 and intended IEC 63369-3 address applications of the methodology and default values of the CFF parameters by geographic area (see Annex B). This document provides a comprehensive methodology for the calculation of carbon footprint of industrial type Li-ion battery systems from cradle to grave. Second life and/or usage that was not intended when the battery was put on the market is not taken into account in this document. This document, along with the other parts of this series, does not apply to batteries for portable, SLI and electric road vehicle traction applications. The definition of the parameters used for the carbon footprint calculation allows for comparability of results for all rechargeable Li-ion chemistries. Classes of representative products are defined in this document to allow comparison inside each class. This methodology, based on the data provided by the battery manufacturer, is mainly intended to allow a carbon footprint assessment of several battery solutions over the Cumulated Requested Service (CRS). This assessment can be used in the selection process of the battery purchaser. The methodology can also be used for a variety of purposes such as battery system development, eco-design and participation in voluntary or mandatory programs. The methodology in this document is based exclusively on attributional life cycle assessment (LCA). The carbon footprint calculation of charging equipment and power conversion equipment not necessary for battery functions is not covered in this document.

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 28-May-2026
• ICS: 13.020.60 - Product life-cycles
• Technical Committee: CLC/TC 21X - Secondary cells and batteries
• Drafting Committee: IEC/SC 21A - IEC_SC_21A
• Current Stage: 6060 - Document made available - Publishing
• Start Date: 29-May-2026
• Due Date: 20-Dec-2024
• Completion Date: 29-May-2026
• Ref Project: SIST EN IEC 63369-1:2026 - Carbon footprint calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion batteries - Part 1: General requirements and methodology

• Refers: EN ISO 14021:2016 - Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021:2016)
• Effective Date: 05-May-2026

Overview

EN IEC 63369-1:2026 sets the foundational framework for the calculation of the carbon footprint of industrial lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems. Issued by CLC, this standard establishes the general requirements and outlines a standardized methodology for assessing the carbon footprint of industrial type Li-ion battery systems from cradle to grave. The methodology relies exclusively on attributional lifecycle assessment (LCA) and is designed to support comparability and transparency in reporting across the battery industry.

The scope of this standard specifically excludes batteries intended for portable use, SLI (starting, lighting, ignition), and electric road vehicle traction applications. The focus is placed on industrial batteries used in sectors such as energy storage systems, rail, marine, and industrial vehicles. The methodology defined also excludes consideration of any second-life use or applications not foreseen at the time the battery is placed on the market.

Key Topics

• Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Calculation: The standard details the calculation of carbon footprint across all stages of an industrial Li-ion battery’s life cycle, including production, distribution, use, and end-of-life.
• Standardized Functional Units: It prescribes the use of functional units and reference flows to enable meaningful comparison of results across different battery solutions and chemistries.
• Class Definitions: Representative product classes are defined-such as repetitive cycling for mobile (REP-MOB) and stationary (REP-STA) applications, as well as on-demand supply for both mobile (OND-MOB) and stationary (OND-STA) uses.
• Primary and Secondary Data: Clear definitions and requirements are provided for primary (site-specific/company-specific) data and secondary (background) data, as well as data quality assessment protocols.
• Circularity Considerations: Integration of parameters relevant to the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF), including recycled content and recycling rates, supports circular economy goals.
• Methodology Alignment: The standard is harmonized with ISO 14067 and related environmental management standards, ensuring international compatibility.
• Verification Requirements: Guidance for third-party verification of calculated carbon footprints is given to promote confidence in reported values.

Applications

Organizations can apply EN IEC 63369-1:2026 in various domains:

• Battery Purchasing and Supply Chain Assessments: Purchasers can use the standardized carbon footprint results to objectively compare different industrial Li-ion battery solutions over their Cumulated Requested Service (CRS) or Reference Service Life (RSL).
• Product Development and Eco-Design: Manufacturers and developers benefit from a rigorous, LCA-based approach to measure and reduce the carbon footprint during battery design and material selection.
• Regulatory and Voluntary Programs: Companies can support compliance or participation in both mandatory regulations and voluntary environmental programs by leveraging standardized, verifiable carbon footprint reporting.
• Sustainability Communication: The methodology supports Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), green claims, and other modes of climate impact disclosure useful for stakeholders and customers.

Related Standards

When implementing EN IEC 63369-1:2026, consider these relevant and referenced standards to ensure methodological alignment:

• IEC 62619:2022 – Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for industrial applications.
• IEC TS 62933 series – Electrical energy storage (EES) systems – Parameters, testing, and performance assessment.
• IEC 62973-1:2018 – Batteries for auxiliary power supply systems in railway applications.
• ISO 14067:2018 – Greenhouse Gases: Carbon footprint of products – Quantification requirements and guidelines.
• ISO 14040 & ISO 14044 – Environmental management and life cycle assessment (LCA) principles and requirements.
• ISO 14025 – Environmental labels and declarations – Type III declarations.

Adopting EN IEC 63369-1:2026 supports the consistent, transparent, and credible calculation of carbon footprints for industrial lithium-ion battery systems, reinforcing sustainability best practices and enabling robust environmental communication within the energy storage and industrial battery value chain.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2026
Izračun ogljičnega odtisa za industrijske litij-ionske baterije - 1.del: Splošne
zahteve in metodologija
Carbon footprint calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion batteries - Part 1: General
requirements and methodology
Methodik zur Berechnung des Kohlenstoff-Fußabdrucks für industrielle Lithium-Ionen-
Batterien - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und Methodik
Calcul de l’empreinte carbone applicable aux batteries Lithium-ion industrielles - Partie 1:
Exigences générales et méthodologie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 63369-1:2026
ICS:
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
29.220.01 Galvanski členi in baterije na Galvanic cells and batteries
splošno in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 63369-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM May 2026
ICS 13.020.60
English Version
Carbon footprint calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion
batteries - Part 1: General requirements and methodology
(IEC 63369-1:2026)
Calcul de l'empreinte carbone applicable aux batteries Methodik zur Berechnung des Kohlenstoff-Fußabdrucks für
Lithium-ion industrielles - Partie 1: Exigences générales et industrielle Lithium-Ionen-Batterien - Teil 1: Allgemeine
méthodologie Anforderungen und Methodik
(IEC 63369-1:2026) (IEC 63369-1:2026)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2026-05-13. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 63369-1:2026 E

European foreword
The text of document 21A/948/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 63369-1, prepared by SC 21A "Secondary
cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes" of IEC/TC 21 "Secondary cells
and batteries" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2027-05-31
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2029-05-31
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 63369-1:2026 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 62619:2022 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 62619:2022 (not modified)
Approved as prEN IEC 62973-1:2025 (not modified) to be
IEC 62973-1:2018 NOTE
published
ISO 14067:2018 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 14067:2018 (not modified)
IEC 62620:2014 NOTE Approved as EN 62620:2015 (not modified)
IEC 61427-2:2015 NOTE Approved as EN 61427-2:2015 (not modified)
IEC 61427-
NOTE Approved as EN 61427-2:2015/A1:2024 (not modified)
2:2015/AMD1:2024
IEC 60254-1:2005 NOTE Approved as EN 60254-1:2005 (not modified)
ISO 14040:2006 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 14040:2006 (not modified)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1  Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2  Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cencenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
ISO 14021 2016 Environmental labels and declarations - EN ISO 14021 2016
Self-declared environmental claims (Type
II environmental labelling)
IEC 63369-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2026-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Carbon footprint calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion batteries -
Part 1: General requirements and methodology
ICS 13.020.60  ISBN 978-2-8327-1145-3

IEC 63369-1:2026-04(en)
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 11
4 General information . 12
5 Classification of services offered by industrial Li-ion batteries . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Repetitive energy supply . 13
5.2.1 Repetitive energy supply in mobile equipment ("REP-MOB") class . 13
5.2.2 Repetitive energy supply in stationary equipment ("REP-STA") class. 13
5.3 On-demand energy supply . 13
5.3.1 On-demand energy supply in mobile equipment ("OND-MOB") class . 13
5.3.2 On-demand energy supply in stationary equipment ("OND-STA") class . 14
5.4 Potential combination of service classes . 14
6 Functional unit. 14
6.1 Functional unit: overview . 14
6.2 Functional unit and reference flow for repetitive energy supply (REP-MOB
and REP-STA). 17
6.2.1 General. 17
6.2.2 Example of REP-MOB load profile – Forklift . 18
6.2.3 Example of REP-STA load profile – Battery energy storage system
(BESS) . 19
6.3 Functional unit and reference flow for on-demand energy supply (OND-MOB
and OND-STA) . 20
6.3.1 General. 20
6.3.2 Example of OND-MOB load profile – Battery system for railway

applications . 24
6.3.3 Example of OND-STA load profile – UPS application . 25
7 Calculation methodology . 26
7.1 General . 26
7.2 Concept of virtual representative product . 26
7.3 Composition of the virtual representative product . 27
7.4 Derivation of the virtual representative products . 28
7.4.1 General. 28
7.4.2 REP-MOB: Example of material handling equipment (forklift) . 29
7.4.3 REP-STA: Example of a stationary energy storage battery . 29
7.4.4 OND-MOB: Example of a railway battery . 29
7.4.5 OND-STA: Example of a battery for uninterruptible power supply duty
(UPS) in data centres . 30
7.5 System boundaries . 31
7.6 Raw material acquisition stage and product manufacturing stage . 34
7.7 Distribution . 36
7.8 Use stage . 37
7.9 End-of-life and recycling stages . 37
7.10 Carbon footprint assessment . 38
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
7.11 Limitation . 39
7.11.1 General limitations . 39
7.11.2 Benchmark limitations . 39
8 Electricity modelling . 39
8.1 General . 39
8.2 Case 1 – Energy supplied from grid, with no consideration of attribute
tracking instruments . 40
8.3 Case 2 – Electricity supplied from a production asset connected to the
energy using plant by means of a direct and dedicated connection . 40
8.4 Case 3 – Energy attribute instruments contracted by means of a power
purchasing agreement (PPA) entered into with a remote production asset
injecting the underlying electrical energy produced into the grid . 41
9 Data quality requirements . 42
9.1 General . 42
9.2 Company-specific datasets . 43
9.3 Secondary datasets . 45
10 End of life modelling . 46
10.1 General . 46
10.2 Circular footprint formula (CFF) . 46
10.3 Description for each parameter of the CFF . 47
10.4 A factor – Unitless . 48
10.5 B factor – Unitless . 48
10.6 Quality ratios – Unitless: QS / QP and QS / QP . 48
in out
10.7 Recycled content (R ) – Unitless . 49
10.8 Recycling output rate (R ) – Unitless . 49
10.9 E (E ) and E (E ) . 51
recycled rec recyclingEoL recEoL
∆
10.10 E . 51
v
11 Battery carbon footprint results . 52
Annex A (informative) Data source for transportation. 53
A.1 General . 53
A.2 Sea and fluvial flow . 53
A.3 Rail . 53
A.4 Air . 53
A.5 Road transport . 53
Annex B (informative) Content of IEC 63369-2 and IEC 63369-3 (under consideration) . 54
B.1 General . 54
B.2 IEC 63369-2 content . 54
B.3 Intended IEC 63369-3 content . 54
Bibliography . 55

Figure 1 – Life cycle inventory dataset . 10
Figure 2 – Example of REP-MOB load profile for forklift applications. 18
Figure 3 – Example of a REP-STA load profile in BESS applications. 19
Figure 4 – Example of an OND-MOB load profile in regional train applications . 24
Figure 5 – Example of an OND-STA load profile for UPS in data centers . 25
Figure 6 – Components of the virtual representative products . 28
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
Figure 7 – System boundaries – Example of a life cycle of a Li-ion battery system . 33
Figure 8 – Example of Li-ion battery system cradle-to-gate manufacturing processes . 36
Figure 9 – Example of disassembly and recycling processes . 38
Figure 10 – Typical daily PV generation and load curve . 41
Figure 11 – Graphical representation of a partially disaggregated dataset . 43
Figure 12 – Simplified example of point of substitution when using recycled material in
the manufacturing of a product. 51

Table 1 – Example of a repetitive-cycling functional unit and resulting carbon footprint . 15
Table 2 – Key aspects used to define the functional unit for REP-MOB . 19
Table 3 – Key aspects used to define the Functional Unit for REP-STA . 20
Table 4 – Example with illustrative values of the on-demand functional unit and
resulting carbon footprint . 22
Table 5 – Key aspects used to define the functional unit for OND-MOB . 25
Table 6 – Key aspects used to define the functional unit for OND-STA . 26
Table 7 – Virtual product description for REP-MOB . 29
Table 8 – Virtual product description for REP-STA . 29
Table 9 – Virtual product description for OND-MOB . 30
Table 10 – Virtual product description for OND-STA . 30
Table 11 – Virtual representative products of the four functionality classes . 31
Table 12 – Life cycle stages, activities and processes involved . 32
Table 13 – BCF calculation indicator . 39
Table 14 – Daata quality levels for each data quality criterion . 42
Table 15 – Overall data quality level of compliant datasets, according to the achieved
DQR . 43
Table 16 – How to assign the values to DQR criteria when using company-specific
information . 45
Table 17 – How to assign the values to DQR criteria when using secondary datasets . 46

IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Carbon footprint calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion batteries -
Part 1: General requirements and methodology

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC [had/had not] received notice of (a) patent(s),
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
https://patents.iec.ch. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 63369-1 has been prepared by subcommittee SC 21A: Secondary cells and batteries
containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes, of IEC technical committee 21: Secondary
cells and batteries. It is an International Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
21A/948/FDIS 21A/968/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 63369 series, published under the general title Carbon footprint
calculation applicable to industrial lithium-ion batteries, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
– reconfirmed,
– withdrawn, or
– revised.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
1 Scope
This part of IEC 63369 addresses general requirements and methodology, whereas intended
1 2
IEC 63369-2 and intended IEC 63369-3 address applications of the methodology and default
values of the CFF parameters by geographic area (see Annex B).
This document provides a comprehensive methodology for the calculation of carbon footprint
of industrial type Li-ion battery from cradle to grave.
NOTE Industrial-type Li-ion battery is described in IEC 62619 or IEC 62620.
Second life and/or usage that was not intended when the battery was put on the market is not
taken into account in this document.
This document, along with the other parts of this series, does not apply to batteries for portable,
SLI and electric road vehicle traction applications. The definition of the parameters used for the
carbon footprint calculation allows for comparability of results for all rechargeable Li-ion
chemistries. Classes of representative products are defined in this document to allow
comparison inside each class.
This methodology, based on the data provided by the battery manufacturer, is mainly intended
to allow a carbon footprint assessment of several battery solutions over the Cumulated
Requested Service (CRS). This assessment can be used in the selection process of the battery
purchaser.
The methodology can also be used for a variety of purposes such as battery system
development, eco-design and participation in voluntary or mandatory programs.
The methodology in this document is based exclusively on attributional life cycle assessment
(LCA).
The carbon footprint calculation of charging equipment and power conversion equipment not
necessary for battery functions is not covered in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
ISO 14021:2016, Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims
(Type II environmental labelling)
___________
Under consideration.
Under consideration.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
– IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
– ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1.1
primary data
foreground data
company-specific data
quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement, or a calculation
based on direct measurements
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.6.1, modified – The terms "foreground data" and
"company-specific data" have been added, and notes to entry omitted.]
3.1.2
secondary data
background data
data which do not fulfil the requirements for primary data
Note 1 to entry: As an example, secondary data can include data from databases and published literature, default
emission factors from national inventories, calculated data, estimates or other representative data, when validated
by competent authorities. Further industry average data (e.g., from published production data, government statistics,
and industry associations), literature studies, engineering studies and patents, and may also be based on financial
data. These industry average contain other generic data can be also considered secondary or background data.
Note 2 to entry: As an example, secondary data can include data obtained from proxy processes or estimates not
directly collected, measured, or estimated by the company, but sourced from a third party LCI database or other
sources.
Note 3 to entry: As an example, secondary data can include data not originating from a specific process within the
supply-chain of the company performing the carbon footprint calculation report.
Note 4 to entry: As an example, secondary data can include primary data that went through a horizontal aggregation
step.
Note 5 to entry: Details on secondary data selection is provided in intended IEC 63369-2 (see Annex B).
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.6.3, modified – term "background data" added, Note 2 to
Note 5 added]
3.1.3
battery system
battery
system intended to provide the cumulated requested service as stated by the user
which comprises one or more cells, modules or battery packs and all other components needed
as per IEC 62619 and IEC 62620
Note 1 to entry: In situations where a single battery system is unable to supply the CRS, multiple battery systems
need to be placed sequentially into service. The sum of those battery systems used over time to meet the CRS
constitutes the battery system.
Note 2 to entry: See examples of a battery system structure in IEC 62619 or IEC 62620.
Note 3 to entry: The other equipment required to connect to the DC link or power grid such as converters, control
and monitoring systems, inductors, application protection devices, etc are not part of the battery system.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
3.1.4
battery manufacturer
entity which supplies the battery system(s) to meet the CRS of the application as expressed in
the technical specifications from the user
Note 1 to entry: Component manufacturer that does not perform the sizing of the battery system is not defined as
the battery manufacturer in this document.
3.1.5
set of conditions
group or collection of ambient and operating conditions present during the use stage
3.1.6
cumulated requested service
CRS
total amount of service requested by the buyer or the end user, expressed in duration (months
or years) or delivered energy in kWh or its multiple, under e.g. representative ambient and
operating conditions, as expressed in the set
3.1.7
battery system sizing
activity that defines the optimal battery system by taking in account its usage pattern and
associated constraints defined by the battery system user
Note 1 to entry: The battery sizing is carried out by the battery system manufacturer and includes replacements if
needed to meet the CRS.
3.1.8
battery system sizing result
total number of battery systems requested to provide the full application cumulated requested
service, as calculated by the battery system manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: The sizing result is an integer, in case the battery components at the end of the CRS are still
capable to provide service for extra time, the remaining part is not to be deducted
3.1.9
component manufacturer
entity which supplies a component of the battery system
Note 1 to entry: The cell or module manufacturer, as component manufacturer, does not perform the battery system
sizing.
3.1.10
functionality class
group of usage pattern of battery that presents similarities in the essential
characteristics of the demand placed on the considered battery systems
Note 1 to entry: Only battery systems operating in the same functionality class can be compared in terms of battery
carbon footprint.
3.1.11
functional unit
quantified performance, as stated in the end-user specifications, of the cumulated requested
service provided by an industrial battery system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20, modified – deleted "of a product system for use as a
reference unit" and replaced by "as stated in the user specifications, of the service provided by
an industrial battery system"]
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
3.1.12
reference flow
amount of product needed to fulfil the cumulated requested service measured in kg of battery
systems over time
Note 1 to entry: This value is expressed in kg of battery system required per kWh of total energy (REP usage) or
calendar life (OND usage).
Note 2 to entry: "Reference flow" is a standard wording in LCA. All quantitative input and output data collected in
the calculation report are calculated in relation to this reference flow.
3.1.13
input
product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process
Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products and releases.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006+A1:2020, 3.21]
3.1.14
output
product, material or energy flow that leaves a unit process
Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products and releases.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006+A1:2020, 3.25]
3.1.15
elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied
that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.12]
3.1.16
product flow
products entering from or leaving to another product system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.27]
3.1.17
load profile
charge and/or discharge cycle providing the energy and power as required by the application
to be repeated over time
Note 1 to entry: As an example, a graph showing the variation of electrical discharge load over time, that is repeated
multiple times throughout its CSR.
3.1.18
hotspot
top contributing components and processes that together contribute more than 80 % to the
carbon footprint
Note 1 to entry: Hotspot is a synonym of most relevant component and process.
Note 2 to entry: Hotspot refers to the battery system under study.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
3.1.19
life cycle inventory
LCI
combined set of exchanges of elementary, waste and product flows in a dataset
Note 1 to entry: Note that the acronym LCI in this document refers to 'life cycle inventory' while ISO 14040 and
ISO 14044 refer to 'life cycle inventory analysis".
3.1.20
life cycle inventory dataset
LCI dataset
information on elementary, waste and product flows including metadata and evidence pertaining
to process, modelling, validation and administrative data
Note 1 to entry: Structure of LCI process dataset is shown on Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: An LCI process dataset can be a partially or fully aggregated dataset or can be a unit process
dataset.
Figure 1 – Life cycle inventory dataset
Note 3 to entry: In this document, LCI dataset covers also LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) dataset.
3.1.21
compliant dataset
LCI dataset which meets all the LCI dataset requirements in this document, where each data
quality indicator is rated to be at least of good quality
Note 1 to entry: A compliant dataset can be a company-specific dataset or a secondary dataset.
Note 2 to entry: The requirements for data quality are listed in Clause 9.
3.1.22
partially disaggregated dataset
dataset with a life cycle inventory that contains elementary flows and activity data, and that only
in combination with its complementing underlying datasets yields a complete aggregated LCI
data set
3.1.23
aggregated dataset
complete or partial life cycle of a product system that – next to the elementary flows– itemises
only the product(s) of the process as reference flow(s) in the input/output list, but no other
goods or services
Note 1 to entry: Aggregated datasets are also called 'LCI results' datasets.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
3.1.24
point of substitution
point in the value chain where secondary materials substitute primary materials
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ACF Application carbon footprint
BCF Battery system carbon footprint (in kg of CO equivalent)
BESS Battery energy storage system
BOM Bill of materials
BTMS Battery thermal management system
CFF Circular footprint formula
equivalent) for components or accessories
CFP Carbon footprint of product (in kg of CO
CRS Cumulated requested service
CO CO equivalent
2 eq 2
DC link Direct current link
DQR Data quality rating
EF Elementary flow
EmF Emission factor
EOL End of life
ESS Energy storage system
FSS Fire suppression system
FU Functional unit
GHG Greenhouse gas
GOO Guarantee of origin
GWP Global warming potential
IEA International energy agency
IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change
LCA Life cycle assessment
LCI Life cycle inventory
LFP Lithium iron phosphate
LMO Lithium manganese oxide
LTO Lithium titanium oxide
MOB Mobile equipment
NMC Nickel manganese cobalt
OEM Original equipment manufacturer
OND Applications with sporadic on-demand energy delivery
PCB Printed circuit board
PCS Power conversion system
PE Polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
PPA Power purchase agreement
PV Photovoltaic
PWB Printed wiring board
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
REC Renewable energy certificate
REP Applications with frequent and repetitive charge and discharge cycles
SLI Starting, lighting and ignition
STA Stationary equipment
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
Wh Watt hour (energy unit)
4 General information
This document, together with the other intended parts of the IEC 63369 series, provides the
necessary guidance and structure to ensure that all BCF calculations for industrial Li-ion
batteries and their components are derived, verified and presented in a consistent and
comparable way.
The methodology can be used to assess the carbon footprint of single, multiple or all stages of
the life of a battery, e.g. limited to collect data for components in the case of single stage (for
instance cell manufacturing) or multiple stages (for instance cell and module manufacturing).
In all cases, the knowledge of the CRS is a prerequisite for such a calculation, as the calculation
is done based on the whole CRS with cumulated number of battery systems requested to
provide the full application CRS.
Electrical energy provided or accepted by the battery in the application is already taken into
account at the application level, i.e. it is not to be accounted for in the BCF calculation.
However, any electrical, thermal or mechanical energy consumed during charge, discharge and
storage by auxiliary components of the battery, as defined in 7.3, shall be taken in account in
the BCF calculation (e.g. powering of the BTMS is impacting the expected service life).
5 Classification of services offered by industrial Li-ion batteries
5.1 General
Industrial Li-ion batteries are used in a large variety of applications and for proper battery
carbon footprint calculations, their main services shall be identified and categorized in classes
in order to compare only the carbon footprint of batteries providing similar services.
The following classes are covered in this document and other intended parts:
– applications with frequent repetitive charge and discharge cycles in mobile equipment (REP-
MOB);
– applications with frequent repetitive charge and discharge cycles in stationary equipment
(REP-STA);
– applications with sporadic on-demand energy delivery in mobile equipment (OND-MOB);
– applications with sporadic on-demand energy delivery in stationary equipment (OND-STA).
Each of these service classes requires an application-oriented adaptation of their design when
their application is either mobile or stationary, due to very different and distinctive construction
features, operating environments and safety requirements. This results in significant differences
in their BOM.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
Mobile equipment is defined in this document as being equipment which can move or be moved
while in operation, for example as mentioned in IEC 62619, forklift trucks, golf carts and similar
lightweight vehicles, automated guided vehicles, railway vehicles, marine vessels, at the
exclusion of batteries for SLI and electric road vehicle traction applications.
Stationary equipment is defined in this document as being all fixed equipment or equipment
that cannot be easily moved.
The specific uses of industrial Li-ion cells and batteries considered in this document are
itemized in 5.2 to 5.4.
5.2 Repetitive energy supply
5.2.1 Repetitive energy supply in mobile equipment ("REP-MOB") class
The battery very frequently, e.g. daily, stores and supplies energy for mobile equipment as
required over its service life.
The metric for this duty is the total energy to be discharged in kWh over the CRS. Every cycle
should meet "the ability to achieve the requested power profile" over the CRS.
NOTE In such an application, the specific volumetric and gravimetric energy density of the battery is of key
importance.
5.2.2 Repetitive energy supply in stationary equipment ("REP-STA") class
The battery stores and very frequently supplies energy to stationary equipment as required over
its service life.
The metric for this duty is the total energy to be discharged in kWh over the CRS. Every cycle
should meet "the ability to achieve the requested power profile" over the CRS.
NOTE 1 In such an application, the specific volumetric energy density of the battery is of key importance.
In order to compare the BCF of batteries with similar functionalities, this classification is divided
into two parts to reflect significant differences in the bill of materials (see 7.4.2), e.g. fire
suppression systems in large industrial BESS applications are not necessarily needed in some
smaller ones.
NOTE 2 The capability of a BESS is typically conveyed with a Watt (power) and Wh (energy) value e.g.,
35 MW/70 MWh. Such key performance values imply that nominally 35 MW of discharge power can result in a delivery
of 70 MWh of energy or at most over 2 h of discharge duration. (70 MWh/35 MW=2 h).
5.3 On-demand energy supply
5.3.1 On-demand energy supply in mobile equipment ("OND-MOB") class
The battery supplies auxiliary energy in mobile equipment whenever main power is lost and as
required over its service life.
The metric for this duty is the ability to meet the requested power profile over the CRS
expressed in years.
NOTE In such an application, the specific volumetric and gravimetric energy density of the battery is of key
importance.
IEC 63369-1:2026 © IEC 2026
5.3.2 On-demand energy supply in stationary equipment ("OND-STA") class
The battery supplies auxiliary energy in stationary equipment whenever main power is lost and
as required over its service life.
The metric for this duty is the ability to meet the requested power profile over the CRS
expressed in years.
NOTE In such an application, the specific volumetric energy density of the battery is of key importance.
5.4 Potential combination of service classes
The battery system should be attributed to a single service class.
To include cases where it is unclear if the battery usage is "repetitive-energy supply" or "on-
demand energy supply", the end-user shall define which case between repetitive and on-
demand e
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