SIST-TP CEN/TR 17904:2023
(Main)Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
This document defines recommendations dealing with the quality of the air on civil aircraft concerning chemical compounds potentially originating from, but not limited, to, the ventilation air supplied to the cabin and flight deck.
A special emphasis is on the engine and APU bleed air contaminants potentially brought into the cabin through the air conditioning, pressurization and ventilation systems.
The document is applicable to civil aircraft in operation from the period that is defined as when the first person enters the aircraft until the last person leaves the aircraft.
The document recommends means to prevent exposure to certain types of chemical compounds, including those that could cause adverse effects, taking into account the Precautionary Principle.
Kabinenluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeugen - Chemische Parameter
Qualité de l'air en cabine d'avions civils - Composés chimiques
Kakovost zraka v kabini civilnih letal - Kemijske spojine
Ta dokument opredeljuje priporočila glede kakovosti zraka v kabini civilnih letal v zvezi s kemijskimi spojinami, ki lahko med drugim izvirajo iz prezračevalnega zraka, ki se dovaja v potniško in pilotsko kabino.
Poseben poudarek je na onesnaževalcih zraka, ki nastanejo pri odzračevanju motorja in pomožne pogonske enote (APU) ter zaidejo v kabino prek klimatskih naprav ter tlačnih in prezračevalnih sistemov.
Dokument se uporablja za kabine civilnih letal, in sicer za obdobje, ki traja od trenutka vstopa prvega potnika v letalo do izstopa zadnjega potnika iz letala.
Dokument priporoča načine za preprečevanje izpostavljenosti določenim vrstam kemijskih spojin, vključno s tistimi, ki bi lahko povzročile škodljive učinke, pri čemer se upoštevajo previdnostna načela.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17904:2023
01-januar-2023
Kakovost zraka v kabini civilnih letal - Kemijske spojine
Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
Kabinenluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeugen - Chemische Parameter
Qualité de l'air en cabine d'avions civils - Composés chimiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17904:2022
ICS:
13.040.01 Kakovost zraka na splošno Air quality in general
49.095 Oprema za potnike in Passenger and cabin
oprema kabin equipment
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17904:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17904:2023
CEN/TR 17904
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
November 2022
TECHNISCHER REPORT
ICS 49.095
English Version
Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
Qualité de l'air en cabine d'avions civils ¿ Composés Kabinenluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeugen - Chemische
chimiques Parameter
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 30 October 2022. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 436.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 17904:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TR 17904:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Cabin air quality — chemical compounds . 11
4.1 Chemical compounds in cabin air . 11
4.2 Sources of chemical compounds. 11
4.3 Sources of engine oil leakage in the bleed air system . 11
4.4 Fume event . 12
4.5 Marker compounds . 12
4.6 Environmental control systems (ECS) . 12
5 Precautionary Principle and hierarchy of controls . 12
5.1 General. 12
5.2 Precautionary Principle . 13
5.3 Hierarchy of controls . 13
5.4 Elimination measures . 14
5.5 Mitigation measures . 14
6 Filtration . 15
6.1 General. 15
6.2 Recirculation cabin air filtration. 15
6.3 Catalytic conversion filtration . 16
7 Air monitoring . 16
7.1 General. 16
7.2 Air monitoring planning/development . 17
7.2.1 Overview . 17
7.2.2 Overview of sampling environment and objectives . 17
7.2.3 Defining flight phases and whether occupied or unoccupied . 17
Table 1 — Possible aircraft system configuration settings by flight phase . 18
7.2.4 Defining sampling locations. 18
7.3 Air monitoring methodology . 19
7.3.1 Real-time monitoring . 19
7.3.2 Time-integrated monitoring . 19
8 Preventative and corrective actions . 21
8.1 General. 21
8.2 Preventative measures pre-flight . 21
8.3 Corrective measures in-flight . 21
8.4 Corrective measures post-flight . 22
8.5 Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) . 22
9 Monitoring of air crew and passengers . 22
9.1 Monitoring air crew . 22
9.2 Monitoring passengers . 23
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10 Data compilation, analysis and reporting . 23
10.1 General . 23
10.2 Data compilation . 24
10.2.1 Relevant airline operator reports . 24
10.2.2 Air crew fume event reports . 25
10.3 Analysis and reporting . 26
10.3.1 Analysis . 26
11 Airline worker education and training . 27
11.1 General . 27
11.2 Recommended programme elements, by work group . 27
11.2.1 Programme provisions applicable to pilots, cabin crew and maintenance workers 27
11.2.2 Pilot-specific training and education . 27
11.2.3 Cabin crew-specific training and education . 28
11.2.4 Maintenance worker-specific training and education . 28
Annex A (informative) Environmental Control Systems (ECS) . 29
A.1 General . 29
A.2 Bleed air environmental control systems (ECS) . 29
Figure A.1 — Typical schematic for a bleed air ECS . 30
A.3 Bleed-free environmental control system . 30
Figure A.2 — Typical bleed-free ECS architecture . 31
Annex B (normative) Chemical marker compounds . 32
Table B.1 — Sources of airborne contaminants and their associated chemical marker
compounds . 32
Table B.2 — Reliability ratings for the presence of chemical marker compounds, according
to each source of contamination . 34
Annex C (informative) Precautionary Principle . 37
C.1 Precautionary Principle . 37
C.2 Precautionary Principle considerations: background information . 38
Annex D (informative) Approaches for online monitoring . 40
D.1 General . 40
D.2 Indicative chemical marker compounds . 40
D.3 Pattern recognition . 40
D.4 Differential measurement . 40
Annex E (informative) Reference method for real-time and time-integrated measurement of
chemical marker compounds and (ultra) fine particles . 41
Table E.1 — Examples of standardized methods for real-time and time-integrated
measurements . 41
Table E.2 — Examples of possible methods for real-time measurement of chemical marker
compounds and ultrafine particles . 51
Annex F (informative) Examples of best practice intended to prevent or minimize
contamination . 53
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Table F.1 — Examples of best practice for manufacturers, airline operators, pilots and
maintenance operations to prevent or minimize contamination of the aircraft
ventilation supply air system . 53
Annex G (informative) Chemical marker compounds introduced into the cabin . 55
Table G.1 — Chemical marker compounds introduced into the cabin via the outside air to the
ventilation system . 55
Table G.2 — Chemical marker compounds generated within the aircraft cabin environment
. 57
Annex H (informative) Sources of engine oil leakage into the bleed air system and ventilation
supply air . 58
H.1 Description of oil lubrication system . 58
Figure H.1 — Typical oil-bearing pump . 58
H.2 Description of seal technology . 59
H.3 Oil path into bleed air system and ventilation supply air . 59
H.4 Maintenance response to oil fumes sourced to bleed air system (renumber H.4) . 60
Annex I (informative) Overview of aircraft cabin air and bleed air monitoring studies . 61
I.1 Introduction . 61
Table I.1 — Overview of aircraft cabin air and bleed air monitoring studies. 61
I.2 References cited in Table I.1 . 70
Bibliography . 73
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CEN/TR 17904:2022 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 17904:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 436 “Cabin
air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
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CEN/TR 17904:2022 (E)
Introduction
Air quality on civil aircraft requires particular attention, given the characteristics of the cabin
environment.
An environmental control system (ECS) is used to regulate the aircraft cabin pressure, temperature and
ventilation supply air to provide a safe and comfortable environment for the passengers and air crew.
The aircraft cabin by design and operation is enclosed and is a densely occupied environment (with only
a small amount of per person dilution volume), creating the potential for elevated levels of bio-effluents
in the cabin, such as carbon dioxide (see Annex A). ECS architecture on civil passenger aircraft can be
broadly separated in two categories: bleed air ECS systems and bleed free ECS systems (see Annex A).
Most aircraft manufactured today, and nearly all aircraft in service, have bleed air ECS.
This document focuses on the chemical compounds potentially present in cabin air. It sets out
recommendations and supporting annexes to enable airline operators, manufacturers and suppliers to
identify - and either prevent or mitigate - exposure to contaminants in the cabin air, with particular
emphasis on bleed air contaminants sourced to or generated from engine oil and hydraulic fluid. This
includes some limited measures intended to protect workers assigned to troubleshoot and service the
aircraft ventilation supply air systems.
NOTE Aircraft accident investigation agencies, aviation regulators from the EU and US, and the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have recognized that bleed air contamination can compromise flight safety.
The recommendations in this document take into account that the fluids used in aviation (including jet
engine oils) and their pyrolysis products are complex mixtures. Some of these mixtures contain
organophosphates, ultra-fine particles, and other chemical compounds.
The recommendations in the document take into account current and developing legal frameworks in
order to enable the industry to meet their legal obligation to provide a safe environment for air crew and
passengers. This document also acknowledges, at the European Commission level, the value of using the
Precautionary Principle in relation to risk management, and the use of risk assessment in this industry to
protect workers and the environment.
Within this document, emphasis is placed upon exposure prevention, sensor technology, worker training,
reporting systems, and collation of data and information from air crew and passengers. Safety
Management Systems (SMS) can be a useful tool to enable operators to apply these measures to monitor
and respond to system degradation.
This document does not define acceptability/suitability for health, comfort, safety, or airworthiness of
the cabin air.
Annex I contains a summary of maximum levels of the marker compounds listed in Annex B that have
been published.
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CEN/TR 17904:2022 (E)
1 Scope
This document defines recommendations dealing with the quality of the air on civil aircraft concerning
chemical compounds potentially originating from, but not limited, to, the ventilation air supplied to the
cabin and flight deck.
A special emphasis is on the engine and APU bleed air contaminants potentially brought into the cabin
through the air conditioning, pressurization and ventilation systems.
This document is applicable to civil aircraft in operation from the period that is defined as when the first
person enters the aircraft until the last person leaves the aircraft.
This document recommends means to prevent exposure to certain type of chemical compounds,
including those that could cause adverse effects, taking into account the Precautionary Principle.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
adverse effect
change in morphology, physiology, growth, development or lifespan of an organism which results in
impairment of its functional capacity or impairment of its capacity to compensate for additional stress or
increased susceptibility to the harmful effects of other environmental influences
[SOURCE: ISO 13073-3:2016, 2.1]
3.2
aerosol
system of solid particles and/or liquid droplets suspended in gas
3.3
air crew
people working on an aircraft in the period that is defined as when the first person boards the aircraft
until the last person leaves the aircraft, including pilots and cabin crew
3.4
airline operator
entity authorized by an Air carrier Operator Certificate (AOC) from its national Civil Aviation Authority
to operate civil transport aircraft flights for commercial carriage of passengers, cargo or mail
Note 1 to entry: The airline operator holds responsibility for compliance with civil aviation authority regulations
on its flights, including when the relevant tasks are performed by sub-contractors.
[SOURCE: ISO 16412:2005, 3.3, modified — The terms originally defined were “operator”, “airline” and
“carrier”.][2]
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3.5
auxiliary power unit
APU
gas turbine-powered unit delivering rotating shaft power, compressor air, or both, which is not intended
for direct propulsion of an aircraft
[SOURCE: EASA CS Definitions] [3]
3.6
best available technology
BAT
most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which
indicate the practical suitability of particular technologies for providing, in principle, the basis to mitigate,
or eliminate exposure to contaminants in cabin air
[SOURCE: Council Directive 2008/1/EC, modified] [4]
3.7
bleed air
air bled off the compressor stages of the aircraft engines or APU, prior to the combustion chamber; source
of ventilation air
3.8
cabin air
air within the section of an aircraft in which passengers and/or air crew travel (including the cabin and
flight deck)
3.9
cabin material
cabin interior which includes seats, flooring, walls, cabinets and overhead bins
3.10
chemical compound
chemical element or compound on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced,
used, or released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally
and whether or not placed on the market
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC Art. 2(a)][5]
3.11
contaminant
substance emitted into the air adversely affecting air quality
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:2020] [6]
3.12
early warning system
system or a procedure to detect the presence of contaminants that may require intervention
3.13
electrical-environmental control system
E-ECS
bleed-free ECS
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3.14
environment control system
ECS
system of an aircraft which provides ventilation supply air, temperature control, and cabin pressurization
for the crew and passengers
3.15
fresh air (see also: outside air)
air taken from outside the vehicle
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the vehicle is the aircraft.
3.16
fumes
odorous, gaseous emission of compound(s) and/or aerosols which may be sourced to the cabin/flight
deck ventilation supply air vents and is not visible
3.17
hazardous
substance or mixture fulfilling the criteria relating to physical hazards, health hazards, or environmental
hazards
[SOURCE: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 “CLP”, Article 3] [7]
Note 1 to entry: (i) any chemical agent which meets the criteria for classification as hazardous within any physical
and/or health hazard classes laid down in Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the
Council, whether or not that chemical agent is classified under that Regulation; and(ii) any chemical agent which,
whilst not meeting the criteria for classification as hazardous in accordance with point (i) may, because of its
physico-chemical, chemical or toxicological properties and the way it is used or is present in the workplace, present
a risk to the safety and health of workers, including any chemical agent that is assigned an occupational exposure
limit value under Article 3.
[SOURCE: Directive (EC) No 98/24, Article 2]
Note 2 to entry: This definition of hazardous is different to the definition applied in the airworthiness context.
3.18
marker compound
chemical compound representing/indicating specific/potential sources of airborne contaminants in the
cabin air
3.19
outside air (see also: fresh air)
air taken from outside the vehicle
[SOURCE: ISO 19659-1:2017, 3.4.1] [8]
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the vehicle is the aircraft.
3.20
real-time sampling
use of online monitoring using instrumental analysers with sensors; the output describes the change in
concentration of the analyte(s) as a function of time during the sampling period
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3.21
risk analysis
systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.10] [9]
3.22
safety management system
SMS
administrative framework that is designed to manage safety risks in workplaces and is applied to enable
the operator to systematically monitor and respond to fume events
3.23
sensor
electronic device that senses a physical condition or chemical compound and delivers an electronic signal
proportional to the observed characteristic
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29181-9:2017,3.14] [10]
3.24
soot
particulate matter with a particle size of 0 nanometres (nm) to 10 nm produced and deposited during or
after combustion
[SOURCE: EN ISO 472:2013, 2.1278 modified] [11]
3.25
steady state
condition during single engine power setting characterized by stable temperature and bleed pressure
[SOURCE: SAE (2018)] [12]
3.26
supply air
air introduced into an enclosure by mechanical means including engines, APU, onboard electric
compressors, or ground supply units
3.27
time-integrated sampling
either passive or active sampling methodology, followed by analysis of the collected sample in dedicated
equipment or a laboratory; the output describes the average concentration of the analyte(s) during the
sampling period
3.28
transient operating condition
condition other than steady state engine power setting characterized by unstable temperature and/or
changing pressure; examples include engine start, take-off top-of-descent and changes in engine regime
including changing the power setting from idle to take off power and back
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3.29
ultra-fine particles
ultra-fine particles (UFP) or ultrafine dust are the most commonly used definitions of airborne particles
with a diameter between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm)
[SOURCE: ISO 2007] [13]
4 Cabin air quality — chemical compounds
4.1 Chemical compounds in cabin air
The presence and concentration of many chemical compounds have been measured in the cabin air and
are reported in numerous studies, providing a large database of chemical compounds. Most of these data
were collected in the cabin or flight deck during normal operating conditions and not during a reported
“fume event” (see 4.4). Some of these data were collected directly from a bleed air source.
Monitoring the cabin air for the presence of appropriate chemical marker compounds is a method to
indicate the source(s) of contamination, rather than to assess any health effects of exposure.
4.2 Sources of chemical compounds
Chemical compounds can be sourced to the outside environment and can also originate from the aircraft
itself. These may include, but are not limited to the following:
— engine oil;
— hydraulic fluid;
— engine exhaust;
— fuel (unburned and vapours);
— de-icing fluid;
— chemical products used to wash engines or turbines;
— occupants;
— cabin materials and cleaning products;
— air conditioning equipment; and
— faulty/failed electrical items.
An overview of a subset of the chemical compounds associated with some of these sources that may be
introduced to the cabin air is provided in Annex G.
4.3 Sources of engine oil leakage in the bleed air system
The presence of oil fumes in the cabin air can, in some instances, be linked to the oil lubrication system.
A description of the oil lubrication system, the seal technology, and possible contamination of the cabin
air with engine oil are discussed in Annex H.
11
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...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17904:2022
01-september-2022
Kakovost zraka v kabini civilnih letal - Kemijske spojine
Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
Kabinenluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeugen - Chemische Parameter
Qualité de l'air en cabine d'avions civils - Composés chimiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17904
ICS:
13.040.01 Kakovost zraka na splošno Air quality in general
49.095 Oprema za potnike in Passenger and cabin
oprema kabin equipment
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17904:2022 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17904:2022
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17904:2022
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL REPORT
FprCEN/TR 17904
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
July 2022
ICS
English Version
Cabin air quality on civil aircraft - Chemical compounds
Qualité de l'air en cabine d'avions civils ¿ Composés Kabinenluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeugen - Chemische
chimiques Parameter
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
436.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17904:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17904:2022
FprCEN/TR 17904:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Cabin air quality — chemical compounds . 11
4.1 Chemical compounds in cabin air . 11
4.2 Sources of chemical compounds. 11
4.3 Sources of engine oil leakage in the bleed air system . 11
4.4 Fume event . 12
4.5 Marker compounds . 12
4.6 Environmental control systems (ECS) . 12
5 Precautionary Principle and hierarchy of controls . 12
5.1 General. 12
5.2 Precautionary Principle . 13
5.3 Hierarchy of controls . 13
5.4 Elimination measures . 14
5.5 Mitigation measures . 14
6 Filtration . 15
6.1 General. 15
6.2 Recirculation cabin air filtration. 15
6.3 Catalytic conversion filtration . 16
7 Air monitoring . 16
7.1 General. 16
7.2 Air monitoring planning/development . 17
7.2.1 Overview . 17
7.2.2 Overview of sampling environment and objectives . 17
7.2.3 Defining flight phases and whether occupied or unoccupied . 17
Table 1 — Possible aircraft system configuration settings by flight phase . 18
7.2.4 Defining sampling locations. 18
7.3 Air monitoring methodology . 19
7.3.1 Real-time monitoring . 19
7.3.2 Time-integrated monitoring . 19
8 Preventative and corrective actions . 21
8.1 General. 21
8.2 Preventative measures pre-flight . 21
8.3 Corrective measures in-flight . 21
8.4 Corrective measures post-flight . 22
8.5 Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) . 22
9 Monitoring of air crew and passengers . 22
9.1 Monitoring air crew . 22
9.2 Monitoring passengers . 23
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10 Data compilation, analysis and reporting . 23
10.1 General . 23
10.2 Data compilation . 24
10.2.1 Relevant airline operator reports . 24
10.2.2 Air crew fume event reports . 25
10.3 Analysis and reporting . 26
10.3.1 Analysis . 26
11 Airline worker education and training . 27
11.1 General . 27
11.2 Recommended programme elements, by work group . 27
11.2.1 Programme provisions applicable to pilots, cabin crew and maintenance workers 27
11.2.2 Pilot-specific training and education . 27
11.2.3 Cabin crew-specific training and education . 28
11.2.4 Maintenance worker-specific training and education . 28
Annex A (informative) Environmental Control Systems (ECS) . 29
A.1 General . 29
A.2 Bleed air environmental control systems (ECS) . 29
Figure A.1 — Typical schematic for a bleed air ECS . 30
A.3 Bleed-free environmental control system . 30
Figure A.2 — Typical bleed-free ECS architecture . 31
Annex B (normative) Chemical marker compounds . 32
Table B.1 — Sources of airborne contaminants and their associated chemical marker
compounds . 32
Table B.2 — Reliability ratings for the presence of chemical marker compounds, according
to each source of contamination . 34
Annex C (informative) Precautionary Principle . 37
C.1 Precautionary Principle . 37
C.2 Precautionary Principle considerations: background information . 38
Annex D (informative) Approaches for online monitoring . 40
D.1 General . 40
D.2 Indicative chemical marker compounds . 40
D.3 Pattern recognition . 40
D.4 Differential measurement . 40
Annex E (informative) Reference method for real-time and time-integrated measurement of
chemical marker compounds and (ultra) fine particles . 41
Table E.1 — Examples of standardized methods for real-time and time-integrated
measurements . 41
Table E.2 — Examples of possible methods for real-time measurement of chemical marker
compounds and ultrafine particles . 51
Annex F (informative) Examples of best practice intended to prevent or minimize
contamination . 53
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Table F.1 — Examples of best practice for manufacturers, airline operators, pilots and
maintenance operations to prevent or minimize contamination of the aircraft
ventilation supply air system . 53
Annex G (informative) Chemical marker compounds introduced into the cabin . 55
Table G.1 — Chemical marker compounds introduced into the cabin via the outside air to the
ventilation system . 55
Table G.2 — Chemical marker compounds generated within the aircraft cabin environment
. 57
Annex H (informative) Sources of engine oil leakage into the bleed air system and ventilation
supply air . 58
H.1 Description of oil lubrication system . 58
Figure H.1 — Typical oil-bearing pump . 58
H.2 Description of seal technology . 59
H.3 Oil path into bleed air system and ventilation supply air . 59
H.4 Maintenance response to oil fumes sourced to bleed air system (renumber H.4) . 60
Annex I (informative) Overview of aircraft cabin air and bleed air monitoring studies . 61
I.1 Introduction . 61
Table I.1 — Overview of aircraft cabin air and bleed air monitoring studies. 61
I.2 References cited in Table I.1 . 71
Bibliography . 74
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European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TR 17904:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 436
“Cabin air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the Vote on TR.
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Introduction
Air quality on civil aircraft requires particular attention, given the characteristics of the cabin
environment.
An environmental control system (ECS) is used to regulate the aircraft cabin pressure, temperature and
ventilation supply air to provide a safe and comfortable environment for the passengers and air crew.
The aircraft cabin by design and operation is enclosed and is a densely occupied environment (with only
a small amount of per person dilution volume), creating the potential for elevated levels of bio-effluents
in the cabin, such as carbon dioxide (see Annex A). ECS architecture on civil passenger aircraft can be
broadly separated in two categories: bleed air ECS systems and bleed free ECS systems (see Annex A).
Most aircraft manufactured today, and nearly all aircraft in service, have bleed air ECS.
This document focuses on the chemical compounds potentially present in cabin air. It sets out
recommendations and supporting annexes to enable airline operators, manufacturers and suppliers to
identify - and either prevent or mitigate - exposure to contaminants in the cabin air, with particular
emphasis on bleed air contaminants sourced to or generated from engine oil and hydraulic fluid. This
includes some limited measures intended to protect workers assigned to troubleshoot and service the
aircraft ventilation supply air systems.
NOTE Aircraft accident investigation agencies, aviation regulators from the EU and US, and the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have recognized that bleed air contamination can compromise flight safety.
The recommendations in this document take into account that the fluids used in aviation (including jet
engine oils) and their pyrolysis products are complex mixtures. Some of these mixtures contain
organophosphates, ultra-fine particles, and other chemical compounds.
The recommendations in the document take into account current and developing legal frameworks in
order to enable the industry to meet their legal obligation to provide a safe environment for air crew and
passengers. This document also acknowledges, at the European Commission level, the value of using the
Precautionary Principle in relation to risk management, and the use of risk assessment in this industry to
protect workers and the environment.
Within this document, emphasis is placed upon exposure prevention, sensor technology, worker training,
reporting systems, and collation of data and information from air crew and passengers. Safety
Management Systems (SMS) can be a useful tool to enable operators to apply these measures to monitor
and respond to system degradation.
This document does not define acceptability/suitability for health, comfort, safety, or airworthiness of
the cabin air.
Annex I contains a summary of maximum levels of the marker compounds listed in Annex B that have
been published.
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1 Scope
This document defines recommendations dealing with the quality of the air on civil aircraft concerning
chemical compounds potentially originating from, but not limited, to, the ventilation air supplied to the
cabin and flight deck.
A special emphasis is on the engine and APU bleed air contaminants potentially brought into the cabin
through the air conditioning, pressurization and ventilation systems.
This document is applicable to civil aircraft in operation from the period that is defined as when the first
person enters the aircraft until the last person leaves the aircraft.
This document recommends means to prevent exposure to certain type of chemical compounds,
including those that could cause adverse effects, taking into account the Precautionary Principle.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
adverse effect
change in morphology, physiology, growth, development or lifespan of an organism which results in
impairment of its functional capacity or impairment of its capacity to compensate for additional stress or
increased susceptibility to the harmful effects of other environmental influences
[SOURCE: ISO 13073-3:2016, 2.1]
3.2
aerosol
system of solid particles and/or liquid droplets suspended in gas
3.3
air crew
people working on an aircraft in the period that is defined as when the first person boards the aircraft
until the last person leaves the aircraft, including pilots and cabin crew
3.4
airline operator
entity authorized by an Air carrier Operator Certificate (AOC) from its national Civil Aviation Authority
to operate civil transport aircraft flights for commercial carriage of passengers, cargo or mail
Note 1 to entry: The airline operator holds responsibility for compliance with civil aviation authority regulations
on its flights, including when the relevant tasks are performed by sub-contractors.
[SOURCE: ISO 16412:2005, 3.3, modified — The terms originally defined were “operator”, “airline” and
“carrier”.][2]
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3.5
auxiliary power unit
APU
gas turbine-powered unit delivering rotating shaft power, compressor air, or both, which is not intended
for direct propulsion of an aircraft
[SOURCE: EASA CS Definitions] [3]
3.6
best available technology
BAT
most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which
indicate the practical suitability of particular technologies for providing, in principle, the basis to mitigate,
or eliminate exposure to contaminants in cabin air
[SOURCE: Council Directive 2008/1/EC, modified] [4]
3.7
bleed air
air bled off the compressor stages of the aircraft engines or APU, prior to the combustion chamber; source
of ventilation air
3.8
cabin air
air within the section of an aircraft in which passengers and/or air crew travel (including the cabin and
flight deck)
3.9
cabin material
cabin interior which includes seats, flooring, walls, cabinets and overhead bins
3.10
chemical compound
chemical element or compound on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced,
used, or released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally
and whether or not placed on the market
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC Art. 2(a)][5]
3.11
contaminant
substance emitted into the air adversely affecting air quality
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:2020] [6]
3.12
early warning system
system or a procedure to detect the presence of contaminants that may require intervention
3.13
electrical-environmental control system
E-ECS
bleed-free ECS
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3.14
environment control system
ECS
system of an aircraft which provides ventilation supply air, temperature control, and cabin pressurization
for the crew and passengers
3.15
fresh air (see also: outside air)
air taken from outside the vehicle
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the vehicle is the aircraft.
3.16
fumes
odorous, gaseous emission of compound(s) and/or aerosols which may be sourced to the cabin/flight
deck ventilation supply air vents and is not visible
3.17
hazardous
substance or mixture fulfilling the criteria relating to physical hazards, health hazards, or environmental
hazards
[SOURCE: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 “CLP”, Article 3] [7]
Note 1 to entry: (i) any chemical agent which meets the criteria for classification as hazardous within any physical
and/or health hazard classes laid down in Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the
Council, whether or not that chemical agent is classified under that Regulation; and(ii) any chemical agent which,
whilst not meeting the criteria for classification as hazardous in accordance with point (i) may, because of its
physico-chemical, chemical or toxicological properties and the way it is used or is present in the workplace, present
a risk to the safety and health of workers, including any chemical agent that is assigned an occupational exposure
limit value under Article 3.
[SOURCE: Directive (EC) No 98/24, Article 2]
Note 2 to entry: This definition of hazardous is different to the definition applied in the airworthiness context.
3.18
marker compound
chemical compound representing/indicating specific/potential sources of airborne contaminants in the
cabin air
3.19
outside air (see also: fresh air)
air taken from outside the vehicle
[SOURCE: ISO 19659-1:2017, 3.4.1] [8]
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the vehicle is the aircraft.
3.20
real-time sampling
use of online monitoring using instrumental analysers with sensors; the output describes the change in
concentration of the analyte(s) as a function of time during the sampling period
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3.21
risk analysis
systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.10] [9]
3.22
safety management system
SMS
administrative framework that is designed to manage safety risks in workplaces and is applied to enable
the operator to systematically monitor and respond to fume events
3.23
sensor
electronic device that senses a physical condition or chemical compound and delivers an electronic signal
proportional to the observed characteristic
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29181-9:2017,3.14] [10]
3.24
soot
particulate matter with a particle size of 0 nanometres (nm) to 10 nm produced and deposited during or
after combustion
[SOURCE: EN ISO 472:2013, 2.1278 modified] [11]
3.25
steady state
condition during single engine power setting characterized by stable temperature and bleed pressure
[SOURCE: SAE (2018)] [12]
3.26
supply air
air introduced into an enclosure by mechanical means including engines, APU, onboard electric
compressors, or ground supply units
3.27
time-integrated sampling
either passive or active sampling methodology, followed by analysis of the collected sample in dedicated
equipment or a laboratory; the output describes the average concentration of the analyte(s) during the
sampling period
3.28
transient operating condition
condition other than steady state engine power setting characterized by unstable temperature and/or
changing pressure; examples include engine start, take-off top-of-descent and changes in engine regime
including changing the power setting from idle to take off power and back
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3.29
ultra-fine particles
ultra-fine particles (UFP) or ultrafine dust are the most commonly used definitions of airborne particles
with a diameter between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm)
[SOURCE: ISO 2007] [13]
4 Cabin air quality — chemical compounds
4.1 Chemical compounds in cabin air
The presence and concentration of many chemical compounds have been measured in the cabin air and
are reported in numerous studies, providing a large database of chemical compounds. Most of these data
were collected in the cabin or flight deck during normal operating conditions and not during a reported
“fume event” (see 4.4). Some of these data were collected directly from a bleed air source.
Monitoring the cabin air for the presence of appropriate chemical marker compounds is a method to
indicate the source(s) of contamination, rather than to assess any health effects of exposure.
4.2 Sources of chemical compounds
Chemical compounds can be sourced to the outside environment and can also originate from the aircraft
itself. These may include, but are not limited to the following:
— engine oil;
— hydraulic fluid;
— engine exhaust;
— fuel (unburned and vapours);
— de-icing fluid;
— chemical products used to wash engines or turbines;
— occupants;
— cabin materials and cleaning products;
— air conditioning equipment; and
— faulty/failed electrical items.
An overview of a subset of the chemical compounds associated with some of these sources that may be
introduced to the cabin air is provided in Annex G.
4.3 Sources of engine oil leakage in the bleed air system
The presence of oil fumes in the cabin air can, in some instances, be linked to the oil lubrication system.
A description of the oil lubrication sy
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