SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
(Main)Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 1: Photomicrographs and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 1: Photomicrographs and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
This part of ISO 4499 specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 1: Gefügebilder und Beschreibung (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Diese Teil von ISO 4499 legt die Verfahren für metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur von Hartmetallen unter Benutzung von Gefügebildern fest.
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 1: Prises de vue photomicrographiques et description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
L'ISO 4499-1:2008 spécifie les méthodes de détermination métallographique de la microstructure de métaux‑durs au moyen de prises de vue photomicrographiques.
Trdine - Metalografsko določevanje mikrostrukture - 1. del: Fotomikrografi in opisi (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Ta del ISO 4499 določa metode metalografskega določevanja mikrostrukture trdin z uporabo fotomikrografov.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
01-julij-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 24499:2000
7UGLQH0HWDORJUDIVNRGRORþHYDQMHPLNURVWUXNWXUHGHO )RWRPLNURJUDILLQRSLVL
,62
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 1: Photomicrographs
and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 1: Gefügebilder und
Beschreibung (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 1: Prises de
vue photomicrographiques et description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4499-1:2010
ICS:
77.040.99 Druge metode za Other methods of testing of
preskušanje kovin metals
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4499-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2010
ICS 77.040.99; 77.160 Supersedes EN 24499:1993
English Version
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure -
Part 1: Photomicrographs and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der
microstructure - Partie 1: Prises de vue Mikrostruktur - Teil 1: Gefügebilder und Beschreibung (ISO
photomicrographiques et description (ISO 4499-1:2008) 4499-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 April 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4499-1:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
EN ISO 4499-1:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
EN ISO 4499-1:2010 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 4499-1:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 “Powder metallurgy” of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 4499-1:2010.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 24499:1993.
ISO 4499-1, together with ISO 4499-2, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically
revised.
In ISO 4499-2, a new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of
hardmetals. ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are additional parts that will deal with the microstructures of
hardmetals containing cubic carbides and Ti (C, N)-based hardmetals, and miscellaneous microstructural
features, such as defects and non-stoichiometric phases (e.g. carbon and eta-phase). ISO 4499-3 and
ISO 4499-4 are currently in development.
In standard WC/Co hardmetals the density is generally controlled so that only two phases WC and Co are
present. The Co phase is an alloy and contains some W and C in solid solution. The WC phase is
stoichiometric. If the composition is either high or low in total carbon content then it is possible to see a third
phase in the structure. For a high C content this is graphite; for a low C content it is eta phase (η), typically an
M6C or M12C carbide where M is (CoxWy). Metallographic determination of these phases will be outlined in
ISO 4499-3.
ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure:
Part 1: Photomicrographs and description
Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4499-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4499-1:2010 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4499-1
First edition
2008-09-15
Hardmetals — Metallographic
determination of microstructure —
Part 1:
Photomicrographs and description
Métaux-durs — Détermination métallographique de la microstructure —
Partie 1: Prises de vue photomicrographiques et description
Reference number
ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2008
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Apparatus .1
5 Preparation of testpiece section .2
6 Procedure .2
7 Test report .8
Bibliography .9
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4499-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4,
Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals.
ISO 4499-1, together with ISO 4499-2, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically
revised.
In ISO 4499-2, a new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of
hardmetals. ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are additional parts that will deal with the microstructures of
hardmetals containing cubic carbides and Ti (C, N)-based hardmetals, and miscellaneous microstructural
features, such as defects and non-stoichiometric phases (e.g. carbon and eta-phase). ISO 4499-3 and
ISO 4499-4 are currently in development.
In standard WC/Co hardmetals the density is generally controlled so that only two phases WC and Co are
present. The Co phase is an alloy and contains some W and C in solid solution. The WC phase is
stoichiometric. If the composition is either high or low in total carbon content then it is possible to see a third
phase in the structure. For a high C content this is graphite; for a low C content it is eta phase (η), typically an
M C or M C carbide where M is (Co W ). Metallographic determination of these phases will be outlined in
6 12 x y
ISO 4499-3.
ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure:
⎯ Part 1: Photomicrographs and description
⎯ Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure —
Part 1:
Photomicrographs and description
1 Scope
This part of ISO 4499 specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of
hardmetals using photomicrographs.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3878:1983, Hardmetals — Vickers hardness test
ISO 4499-2, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 2: Measurement of WC
grain size
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
α-phase
tungsten carbide
3.2
β-phase
binder phase (for example, based on Co, Ni, Fe)
3.3
γ-phase
carbide having a cubic lattice (for example, TiC, Tac) which may contain other carbides (for example WC) in
solid solution
4 Apparatus
4.1 Metallographic microscope, permitting observations at magnifications up to 1 500 ×.
4.2 Scanning electron microscope for magnification over 1 500 ×.
4.3 Equipment for preparation of testpiece sections.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E)
5 Preparation of testpiece section
The testpiece section shall be prepared as for metallographic examination, and the surface to be examined
shall be free from grinding and polishing marks. Care shall be taken to avoid tearing-out of particles, which
may lead to a wrong evaluation of microstructure.
NOTE There are several methods for preparation of hardmetal surfaces for metallographic examination. Firstly,
careful coarse grinding is carried out to remove sufficient material to ensure that the true structure is revealed. After
grinding with fine diamond-grit wheels, polishing is effected by using diamond paste or diamond powders, of progressively
finer grain size down to 1 µm, on rigidly supported laps of, for example, thin plastic, thin felt or paper. A Good Practice
[1]
Guide has been written by the UK National Physical Laboratory that gives detailed guidelines on microstructural
preparation. Key points from the Good Practice Guide are included in 6.1. ASTM has also prepared a thorough standard
[2]
on sample preparation that merits study (ASTM B665) .
6 Procedure
6.1 Metallographic preparation
6.1.1 General
Good metallographic preparation is essential to produce a plane polished sample that when etched reveals
the true microstructure of the hardmetal. Bad preparation can lead to grain tear-out, uneven etching and
misleading detail in the microstructure which will affect any subsequent measurement.
Preparation and etching procedures may require toxic or dangerous chemicals. Personnel should be
adequately trained, and facilities and precautions as laid down in the relevant safety guidelines in place at the
laboratory concerned should be observed.
6.1.2 Sectioning
In many cases, the hardmetal sample may have to be sectioned into smaller samples for metallographic
preparation. Diamond tooling is normally required to cut hardmetals into smaller samples. There is a wide
variety of cut-off machines which use blades with diamond embedded on the rim of the disc. Fast cutting times
are easily achieved. Wire-cutting machines, in which diamond is embedded in a wire, offer a cheaper method.
Very fine slices can be obtained using this method but only at a relatively slow rate of cutting. A faster method
is electro-discharg
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 1: Gefügebilder und Beschreibung (ISO 4499-1:2008)Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 1: Prises de vue photomicrographiques et description (ISO 4499-1:2008)Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 1: Photomicrographs and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)77.160Metalurgija prahovPowder metallurgy77.040.99Druge metode za preskušanje kovinOther methods of testing of metalsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:FprEN ISO 4499-1kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010en,fr,de01-januar-2010kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN ISO 4499-1
October 2009 ICS 77.040.99; 77.160 Will supersede EN 24499:1993English Version
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 1: Photomicrographs and description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 1: Prises de vue photomicrographiques et description (ISO 4499-1:2008)
Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur -Teil 1: Gefügebilder und Beschreibung (ISO 4499-1:2008) This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/SS M11.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. FprEN ISO 4499-1:2009: EkSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
FprEN ISO 4499-1:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3 kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
FprEN ISO 4499-1:2009 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 4499-1:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 “Powder metallurgy” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as FprEN ISO 4499-1:2009. This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure. This document will supersede EN 24499:1993. ISO 4499-1, together with ISO 4499-2, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically revised.
In ISO 4499-2, a new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of hardmetals. ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are additional parts that will deal with the microstructures of hardmetals containing cubic carbides and Ti (C, N)-based hardmetals, and miscellaneous microstructural features, such as defects and non-stoichiometric phases (e.g. carbon and eta-phase). ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are currently in development. In standard WC/Co hardmetals the density is generally controlled so that only two phases WC and Co are present. The Co phase is an alloy and contains some W and C in solid solution. The WC phase is stoichiometric. If the composition is either high or low in total carbon content then it is possible to see a third phase in the structure. For a high C content this is graphite; for a low C content it is eta phase (η), typically an M6C or M12C carbide where M is (CoxWy). Metallographic determination of these phases will be outlined in ISO 4499-3. ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure: Part 1: Photomicrographs and description Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size Endorsement notice The text of ISO 4499-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as a FprEN ISO 4499-1:2009 without any modification.
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
Reference numberISO 4499-1:2008(E)© ISO 2008
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO4499-1First edition2008-09-15Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 1: Photomicrographs and description Métaux-durs — Détermination métallographique de la microstructure —Partie 1: Prises de vue photomicrographiques et description
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
©
ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
copyright@iso.org Web
www.iso.org Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.iv 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Apparatus.1 5 Preparation of testpiece section.2 6 Procedure.2 7 Test report.8 Bibliography.9
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E) iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4499-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4, Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals. ISO 4499-1, together with ISO 4499-2, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically revised.
In ISO 4499-2, a new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of hardmetals. ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are additional parts that will deal with the microstructures of hardmetals containing cubic carbides and Ti (C, N)-based hardmetals, and miscellaneous microstructural features, such as defects and non-stoichiometric phases (e.g. carbon and eta-phase). ISO 4499-3 and ISO 4499-4 are currently in development. In standard WC/Co hardmetals the density is generally controlled so that only two phases WC and Co are present. The Co phase is an alloy and contains some W and C in solid solution. The WC phase is stoichiometric. If the composition is either high or low in total carbon content then it is possible to see a third phase in the structure. For a high C content this is graphite; for a low C content it is eta phase (η), typically an M6C or M12C carbide where M is (CoxWy). Metallographic determination of these phases will be outlined in ISO 4499-3. ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure: ⎯ Part 1: Photomicrographs and description ⎯ Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size
kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4499-1:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 1: Photomicrographs and description 1 Scope This part of ISO 4499 specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3878:1983, Hardmetals — Vickers hardness test ISO 4499-2, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 α-phase tungsten carbide 3.2 β-phase binder phase (for example, based on Co, Ni, Fe) 3.3 γ-phase carbide having a cubic lattice (for example, TiC, Tac) which may contain other carbides (for example WC) in solid solution 4 Apparatus 4.1 Metallographic microscope, permitting observations at magnifications up to 1 500 ×. 4.2 Scanning electron microscope for magnification over 1 500 ×. 4.3 Equipment for preparation of testpiece sections. kSIST FprEN ISO 4499-1:2010
ISO 4499-1:2008(E) 2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 5 Preparation of testpiece section The testpiece section shall be prepared as for metallographic examination, and the surface to be examined shall be free from grinding and polishing marks. Care shall be taken to avoid tearing-out of particles, which may lead to a wrong evaluation of microstructure. NOTE There are several methods for preparation of hardmetal surfaces for metallographic examination. Firstly, careful coarse grinding is carried out to remove sufficient material to ensure that the true structure is revealed. After grinding with fine diamond-grit wheels, polishing is effected by using diamond paste or diamond powders, of progressively finer grain size down to 1 µm, on rigidly supported laps of, for example, thin plastic, thin felt or paper. A Good Practice Guide[1] has been written by the UK National Physical Laboratory that gives detailed guidelines on microstructural preparation. Key points from the Good Practice Guide are included in 6.1. ASTM has also prepared a thorough standard on sample preparation that merits study (ASTM B665)[2]. 6 Procedure 6.1 Metallographic preparation 6.1.1 General Good metallographic preparation is essential to produce a plane polished sample that when etched reveals the true microstructure of the hardmetal. Bad preparation can lead to grain tear-out, uneven etching and misleading detail in the microstructure which will affect any subsequent measurement. Preparation and etching procedures may require toxic or dangerous chemicals. Personnel should be adequately trained, and facilities and precautions as laid down in the relevant safety guidelines in place at the laboratory concerned should be observed. 6.1.2 Sectioning In many cases, the hardmetal sample may have to be sectioned into smaller samples for metallographic preparation. Diamond tooling is normally required to cut hardmetals into smaller samples. There is a wide variety of cut-off machines which use blades with diamond embedded on the rim of the disc. Fast cutting times are easily achieved. Wire-cutting machines, in which diamond is embedded in a wire, offer a cheaper method. Very fine slices can be obtained using this method but only at a relatively slow rate of cutting. A faster method is electro-discharge machining, but sufficiently fast machines are not generally suited to a metallographic preparation facility. 6.1.3 Mounting Mounting of the sample into a resin has several advantages: it is more suitable for automatic preparation, the sample is easier to handle, and the specimen codes or identification can be inscribed or written onto the mount. Cold-setting and thermo-setting resins are available. Thermo-setting powders (such as phenolic or diallyl phthalate powde
...
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