kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-Mar-2026
• ICS: 13.220.99 - Other standards related to protection against fire
• ICS: 19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
• ICS: 29.020 - Electrical engineering in general
• Technical Committee: I09 - Imaginarni 09
• Current Stage: 5020 - Formal vote (FV) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 28-Jul-2026
• Due Date: 15-Sep-2026
• Completion Date: 02-Sep-2026
• Ref Project: FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 - Fire hazard testing - Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent - Summary and relevance of test methods

kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 is a SIST standard in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60695 series on fire hazard testing. It summarizes test methods used to assess the corrosivity of fire effluent and explains how relevant those methods are for electrotechnical products and their materials. Product committees, test laboratories, designers and safety engineers use it to choose a test, interpret the result and judge how far the result reflects a real fire scenario.

What does kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 specify?

kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 gives a brief review of the test methods in common use for assessing the corrosivity of fire effluent. It focuses on electrotechnical products and their materials, and it includes comments on how each method relates to real fire scenarios and when it is useful in practice.

The document is organized into clauses on scope, references, definitions, method classification, published test methods, and an overall comparison of their relevance. It is accompanied by two informative annexes.

Annex	What it covers
Annex A	Differences between acidity and conductivity test methods for aqueous solutions
Annex B	Comparative tests and repeatability/reproducibility information for solutions of combustion gases

Clause 5 reviews methods that are already published in international, national or industry standards. The document is not a replacement for those full test standards.

What are the key requirements of kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026?

How the document classifies corrosivity tests

Clause 4 classifies the methods by three practical questions: what is burned, what fire model is used, and how corrosivity is measured. That matters because two methods can give different rankings if they use different specimens or different fire conditions.

• Clause 4.2 separates product testing from material or composite sample testing. In practice, this tells a user whether the method is intended for a finished item, a representative part, or a base material.
• Clause 4.3 says the fire model must be relevant to the fire stage being represented. This matters because fuel, ventilation, irradiance and temperature strongly affect what corrosive species are produced.
• Clause 4.4 separates three measurement approaches:
  • product as target
  • simulated product as target
  • indirect assessment This helps a reader decide whether the test measures function loss, metal loss, or only a gas property.

What the published methods measure

Clause 5 reviews four families of published methods and explains what each one can, and cannot, tell you.

• Clause 5.2 covers halogen acid in combustion gases. It is an indirect analytical test, mainly for cable materials, and it measures halogen acid gas other than hydrofluoric acid. In practice, a high result suggests high corrosive potential, but a low result does not prove low corrosive potential because other corrosive species are not captured.
• Clause 5.3 covers acidity and conductivity of combustion gases dissolved in water. The gas is bubbled through distilled or demineralized water, then pH and/or conductivity are measured. This method can rank materials within a similar family, but only if a correlation between the measured value and corrosivity has been established for the scenario being studied.
• Clause 5.4 covers copper corrosion in ASTM D 2671 sections 89 to 95. It is a qualitative method for heat-shrinkable insulating tubing and uses copper as the target. The method indicates whether the specimen can generate species that corrode copper during non-flaming oxidative decomposition.
• Clause 5.5 covers the cone corrosimeter method. It measures metal loss from a target after exposure to combustion effluents from a material, component or product. In practice, this is the most direct of the methods reviewed here, but the target thickness and the heat flux used must match the intended application.

How the results should be used

Clause 6 gives the main warning for users: these methods are for controlled laboratory comparison, not for describing or appraising the corrosion risk of materials, products or systems in actual fire conditions. That distinction matters for specifications, because a laboratory rank order is only one part of a real fire hazard assessment.

Clause 6 also says product committees that adopt or modify a method shall make sure the method is appropriate for the intended use. It further says corrosion ranking should be combined with heat and flame response characteristics such as ignitability, surface spread of flame and rate of heat release, together with end-use factors like fuel load, ventilation, humidity and the nature of the exposed surfaces.

What terms does kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 define?

• Corrosion damage - Physical or chemical damage, or impaired function, caused by chemical action.
• Corrosion target - A sensor used to determine the degree of corrosion damage under specified test conditions.
• Fire effluent - All gases and aerosols, including suspended particles, created by combustion or pyrolysis and released to the environment.
• Fire scenario - A qualitative description of the course of a fire over time, including the key events that define that fire.
• Physical fire model - A laboratory process, including apparatus, environment and procedure, that represents a particular phase of a fire.
• Pyrolysis - Chemical decomposition of a substance by heat, often before flaming combustion begins.
• Smoke - The visible part of fire effluent.

Who uses kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026?

kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 is used by IEC technical committees and product committees that need to judge corrosion effects from fire effluent. It is also useful for test laboratories, product designers, materials engineers and fire hazard assessors working on electrotechnical products.

Typical users include people responsible for cables, printed circuit boards, switchboards, computers, heat-shrinkable insulating tubing and other materials or products exposed to fire effluent. The document is especially relevant where corrosion can affect high-value or safety-related products and installations.

Which standards are used with kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026?

Standard	What it contributes
IEC 60695-4	Terminology for fire tests
IEC 60695-5-1	General guidance and field of application for corrosion damage effects of fire effluent
ISO 13943:2017	Fire safety vocabulary used for the defined terms
IEC 60695-1-10	General guidelines for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products
IEC 60695-1-11	Fire hazard assessment guidance
IEC 60695-1-12	Fire safety engineering guidance
IEC 60754-1	Method basis for determining halogen acid gas content in cable materials
IEC 60754-2	Method basis for acidity and conductivity of gases dissolved in water
IEC 60754-3	Low-level halogen measurement by ion chromatography, noted as not relevant to predicting corrosivity
ISO 19706:2011	Fire stage classification used in Table 1

What does the kSIST FprEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 document contain?

The document contains a fire-stage classification table, an overview table comparing the corrosivity methods, and a schematic figure of a corrosion target used in the cone corrosimeter method. It also includes annexes that compare different pH and conductivity test methods and summarize comparative repeatability and reproducibility results.

Clause 5 contains the practical descriptions of the test set-ups: tube furnace gas collection, bubbling combustion gases through water, copper corrosion procedures, and radiant-heating exposure with a corrosion target. Annex B also reports comparative laboratory data for pH and resistivity testing, which is useful when judging how stable those measurements are across laboratories.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
01-marec-2026
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 5-2. del: Poškodbe zaradi korozijskega učinka
izžarevanja ognja - Povzetek in relevantnost preskusnih metod
Fire hazard testing - Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent - Summary and
relevance of test methods
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
ICS:
13.220.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
varstvom pred požarom protection against fire
19.020 Preskuševalni pogoji in Test conditions and
postopki na splošno procedures in general
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
89/1641/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 60695-5-2 ED2
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2026-01-16 2026-04-10
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
89/1614/CD, 89/1638/CC
IEC TC 89 : FIRE HAZARD TESTING
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
Germany Mr Bernd Komanschek
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: HORIZONTAL FUNCTION(S):
TC 10,TC 14,TC 20,SC 22F,SC 23A,TC 46,TC 61,SC
86A,TC 99,TC 104,TC 112,SC 121A,ACOS
ASPECTS CONCERNED:
Safety
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft
for Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant “In Some
Countries” clauses to be included should this proposal proceed. Recipients are reminded that the CDV stage is the
final stage for submitting ISC clauses. (SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).

TITLE:
Fire hazard testing - Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent - Summary and relevance
of test methods
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2029
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee
positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other
purpose without permission in writing from IEC.

oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
IEC CDV 60695-5-2 © IEC 2025
1 CONTENTS
2 FOREWORD . 4
3 INTRODUCTION . 6
4 1 Scope . 7
5 2 Normative references . 7
6 3 Terms and definitions . 7
7 4 Classification of test methods . 8
8 4.1 General . 8
9 4.2 Test specimen . 8
10 4.2.1 Product testing . 8
11 4.2.2 Material or composite sample testing . 8
12 4.3 The physical fire model . 8
13 4.4 The nature of the corrosivity measurement . 9
14 4.4.1 Product as target . 9
15 4.4.2 Simulated product as target . 9
16 4.4.3 Indirect assessment . 11
17 5 Published test methods . 11
18 5.1 General . 11
19 5.2 Tests for the determination of halogen acid in combustion gases . 11
20 5.2.1 Standards . 11
21 5.2.2 Purpose and principle . 11
22 5.2.3 Test specimen . 11
23 5.2.4 Test method . 11
24 5.2.5 Repeatability and reproducibility . 11
25 5.2.6 Relevance of test data to corrosion hazard assessment . 11
26 5.3 Tests for the determination of the acidity and conductivity of combustion
27 gases dissolved in an aqueous solution . 12
28 5.3.1 Standards . 12
29 5.3.2 Purpose and principle . 12
30 5.3.3 Test specimen . 12
31 5.3.4 Test method . 12
32 5.3.5 Repeatability and reproducibility . 12
33 5.3.6 Relevance of test data to corrosion hazard assessment . 12
34 5.4 Tests for the determination of corrosive gases by evaluation of copper
35 corrosion in ASTM D 2671 – Sections 89 to 95 [9] . 13
36 5.4.1 Purpose and principle . 13
37 5.4.2 Test specimen . 13
38 5.4.3 Test methods . 13
39 5.4.4 Special observations . 13
40 5.4.5 Repeatability and reproducibility . 13
41 5.4.6 Relevance of test data to corrosion hazard assessment . 13
42 5.5 Cone corrosimeter method . 13
43 5.5.1 Standards . 13
44 5.5.2 Purpose and principle . 13
45 5.5.3 Test specimen . 14
46 5.5.4 Corrosion target . 14
47 5.5.5 Test method . 14
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48 5.5.6 Special observation . 15
49 5.5.7 Repeatability and reproducibility . 15
50 5.5.8 Relevance of test data to corrosion hazard assessment . 15
51 6 Overview of methods and relevance of data . 15
52 Annex A (informative) Acidity and conductivity of aqueous solutions – Test methods . 18
53 Annex B (informative) Determination of repeatability and reproducibility –
54 Comparative tests of solutions of combustion gases . 19
55 Bibliography . 23
57 Figure 1 – Schematic drawing of a typical corrosion target of defined metal thickness …….15
59 Table 1 – Characteristics of fire stages (from Table 1 in ISO 19706:2011) . 10
60 Table 2 – Overview of corrosivity test methods . 17
61 Table A.1 – Test methods for the measurement of acidity and conductivity of aqueous
62 solutions obtained after bubbling combustion effluent through water . 18
63 Table B.1 – Determination of repeatability and reproducibility – Comparative pH tests
64 on solutions of combustion gases . 20
65 Table B.2 – Determination of repeatability and reproducibility – Comparative resistivity
66 tests on solutions of combustion gases . 20
67 Table B.3 – Results obtained on brominated polycarbonate . 22
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70 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
71 ____________
73 FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
75 Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent –
76 Summary and relevance of test methods
78 FOREWORD
79 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
80 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
81 co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
82 in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
83 Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
84 preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
85 may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
86 with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
87 Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
88 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
89 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
90 interested IEC National Committees.
91 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
92 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
93 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
94 misinterpretation by any end user.
95 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
96 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
97 any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
98 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
99 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
100 services carried out by independent certification bodies.
101 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
102 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
103 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
104 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
105 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
106 Publications.
107 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
108 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
109 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
110 rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
111 International Standard IEC 60695-5-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 89: Fire
112 hazard testing.
113 It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and
114 ISO/IEC Guide 51.
115 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
89/XXXX/FDIS 89/YYYY/RVD
117 Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
118 the above table.
119 This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
120 This International Standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60695-5-1.
oSIST prEN IEC 60695-5-2:2026
IEC CDV 60695-5-2 © IEC 2025
121 A list of all parts in the IEC 60695 series, published under the general title Fire hazard testing,
122 can be found on the IEC website.
123 IEC 60695-5 consists of the following parts:
124 Part 5-1: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent - General guidance
125 Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent – Summary and relevance of test methods
126 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
127 stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
128 specific document. At this date, the document will be
129 • reconfirmed,
130 • withdrawn,
131 • replaced by a revised edition, or
132 • amended.
133 The National Committees are requested to note that for this document the stability date is 2029.
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135 INTRODUCTION
136 In the design of an electrotechnical product the risk of fire and the potential hazards associated
137 with fire need to be considered. In this respect the objective of component, circuit and
138 equipment design, as well as the choice of materials, is to reduce the risk of fire to a tolerable
139 level even in the event of reasonably foreseeable (mis)use, malfunction or failure.
140 IEC 60695-1-10 [1] , IEC 60695-1-11 [2], and IEC 60695-1-12 [3] provide guidance on how this
141 is to be accomplished.
142 Fires involving electrotechnical products can also be initiated from external non -electrical
143 sources. Considerations of this nature are dealt with in an overall fire hazard assessment.
144 The aim of the IEC 60695 series is to save lives and property by reducing the number of fires
145 or reducing the consequences of the fire. This can be accomplished by:
146 • trying to prevent ignition caused by an electrically energised component part and, in the
147 event of ignition, to confine any resulting fire within the bounds of the enclosure of the
148 electrotechnical product.
149 • trying to minimise flame spread beyond the product’s enclosure and to minimise the harmful
150 effects of fire effluents including heat, smoke, and toxic or corrosive combustion products.
151 All fire effluent is corrosive to some degree and the level of potential to corrode depends on the
152 nature of the fire, the combination of combustible materials involved in the fire, the nature of
153 the substrate under attack, and the temperature and relative humidity of the environment in
154 which the corrosion is taking place. There is no evidence that fire effluent from electrotechnical
155 products offers greater risk of corrosion damage than the fire effluent from other products such
156 as furnishings, building materials, etc.
157 The performance of electrical and electronic components can be adversely affected by
158 corrosion damage when subjected to fire effluent. A wide variety of combinations of small
159 quantities of effluent gases, smoke particles, moisture and temperature may provide conditions
160 for electrical component or system failures from breakage, overheating or shorting.
161 Evaluation of potential corrosion damage is particularly important for high value and safety-
162 related electrotechnical products and installations.
163 Technical committees responsible for the products will choose the test(s) and specify the level
164 of severity.
165 The study of corrosion damage requires an interdisciplinary approach involving chemistry,
166 electricity, physics, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and electrochemistry. In the
167 preparation of this part of IEC 60695, all of the above have been considered.
168 IEC 60695-5-1 defines the scope of the guidance and indicates the field of application.
169 IEC 60695-5-2 provides a summary of test methods including relevance and usefulness.
Numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
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172 FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
174 Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent –
175 Summary and relevance of test methods
179 1 Scope
180 This part of IEC 60695 summarises the test methods that are used in the assessment of the
181 corrosivity of fire effluent. It presents a brief summary of test methods in common use, either
182 as international standards, national or industry standards. It includes special observations on
183 their relevance, for electrotechnical products and their materials, to real fire scenarios and gives
184 recommendations on their use.
185 2 Normative references
186 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
187 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
188 For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
189 amendments) applies.
190 IEC 60695-4, Fire hazard testing – Part 4: Terminology concerning fire tests
191 IEC 60695-5-1, Fire hazard testing – Part 5-1: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent -
192 General guidance
193 ISO 13943:2017, Fire safety – Vocabulary
194 3 Terms and definitions
195 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60695-4 and
196 ISO 13943:2017 (some of which are reproduced below) apply.
197 3.1
198 corrosion damage
199 physical and/or chemical damage or impaired function caused by chemical action
200 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.69]
201 3.2
202 corrosion target
203 sensor used to determine the degree of corrosion damage (3.1), under specified test conditions
204 Note 1 to entry: This sensor may be a product, a component. It may also be a reference material or object used to
205 simulate the behaviour of a product or a component.
206 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.70]
207 3.3
208 fire effluent
209 all gases and aerosols, including suspended particles created by combustion or pyrolysis (3.6)
210 and emitted to the environment
211 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.123]
212 3.4
213 fire scenario
214 qualitative description of the course of a fire with respect to time, identifying key events that
215 characterize the studied fire and differentiate it from other possible fires
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216 Note 1 to entry: See fire scenario cluster (ISO 13943:2017, 3.154) and representative fire scenario
217 (ISO 13943:2017, 3.153).
218 Note to entry: It typically defines the ignition and fire growth processes, the fully developed fire stage, the fire decay
219 stage, and the environment and systems that will impact on the course of the fire.
220 Note to entry: Unlike deterministic fire analysis, where fire scenarios are individually selected and used as design
221 fire scenarios, in fire risk assessment, fire scenarios are used as representative fire scenarios within fire scenario
222 clusters.
223 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.152]
224 3.5
225 physical fire model
226 laboratory process, including the apparatus, the environment and the fire test procedure
227 intended to represent a certain phase of a fire
228 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.298]
229 3.6
230 pyrolysis
231 chemical decomposition of a substance by the action of heat
232 Note 1 to entry: Pyrolysis is often used to refer to a stage of fire before flaming combustion has begun.
233 Note 2 to entry: In fire science, no assumption is made about the presence or absence of oxygen.
234 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.316]
235 3.7
236 smoke
237 visible part of a fire effluent (3.3)
238 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, 3.347]
239 4 Classification of test methods
240 4.1 General
241 The test methods included in this document can generally be classified according to the
242 following three criteria:
243 a) the nature of the test specimen which is burnt;
244 b) the physical fire model used in the test;
245 c) the nature of the measurement of corrosivity.
246 4.2 Test specimen
247 4.2.1 Product testing
248 The test specimen is a manufactured product or a representative portion of a product. Examples
249 include a printed circuit board, a switchboard, a computer or a cable.
250 4.2.2 Material or composite sample testing
251 The test specimen is a basic material (solid or liquid), or composite of materials.
252 4.3 The physical fire model
253 Test methods use a wide variety of heat sources and geometries. The amount, the rate of
254 production and the corrosive nature of fire effluent released from a given material or product is
255 not an inherent property of that material or product, but is critically dependent on the conditions
256 under which that material or product is burnt. In a fire scenario or a fire test, the chemical nature
257 of the fuel, the decomposition temperature and the amount of ventilation are the main variables
258 which affect the composition of fire effluent.
259 It is critical to show that the test conditions defined in a standardized test method are relevant
260 to, and replicate, the desired stage of a real fire. ISO has published a general classification of
261 fire stages in ISO 19706:2011, shown in Table 1. The important factors affecting effluent
262 production are oxygen concentration, irradiance and temperature.
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263 4.4 The nature of the corrosivity measurement
264 4.4.1 Product as target
265 The corrosion target is a manufactured product or a representative portion of a product, which
266 can be represented by a test specimen. Examples include: printed wiring boards, switchboards,
267 washing machines and computers.
268 The corrosion damage effects of fire effluent on the product can be assessed by degradation of
269 function as determined by inspection or measurement.
270 4.4.2 Simulated product as target
271 When a simulated product is used as the target, the corrosion target is typically a reference
272 circuit, a thin sheet of metal or a metal mirror. The corrosion damage effects of fire effluent on
273 the target can be assessed by changes in appearance, mass or measurements of mechanical,
274 physical or electrical characteristics.
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275 Table 1 – Characteristics of fire stages (from Table 1 in ISO 19706:2011)
Max. temperature Oxygen volume
Heat flux to
100[CO ]
[CO] 2
Fuel/air
fuel surface
C %
Fire stage equivalence [CO2]
[CO2]+[CO]
ratio (plume)
v/v
kW/m Fuel surface Upper layer Entrained Exhausted
% efficiency
1 Non-flaming
a self-sustaining not
d
450 to 800 25 to 85 20 20 – 0,1 to 1 50 to 90
(smouldering) applicable
b oxidative pyrolysis
a
b c c
from externally applied – 300 to 600 20 20  1
radiation
c anaerobic pyrolysis
b c c
from externally applied – 100 to 500 0 0  1
radiation
d e
2 Well-ventilated flaming 0 to 60 350 to 650 50 to 500  20  20  1  0,05  95
f
3 Underventilated flaming
a small, localized fire,
generally in a poorly
a
0 to 30 300 to 600 50 to 500 15 to 20 5 to 10  1 0,2 to 0,4 70 to 80
ventilated
compartment
g h i
b post-flashover fire 50 to 150 350 to 650  600  15  5  1 0,1 to 0,4 70 to 90
a
The upper limit is lower than for well-ventilated flaming combustion of a given combustible.
b
The temperature in the upper layer of the fire room is most likely determined by the source of the externally applied radiati on and room geometry.
c
There are few data, but for pyrolysis this ratio is expected to vary widely depending on the material chemistry and the local ventilation and thermal conditions.
d
The fire’s oxygen consumption is small compared to that in the room or the inflow, the flame tip is below the hot gas upper l ayer or the upper layer is not yet significantly
vitiated to increase the CO yield significantly, the flames are not truncated by contact with another object, and the burning rate is controlled by the availability of fuel.
e
The ratio can be up to an order of magnitude higher for materials that are fire-resistant. There is no significant increase in this ratio for equivalence ratios up to  0,75, and
between  0,75 and 1, some increase in this ratio may occur.
f
The fire’s oxygen
...