SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
(Main)Environmental Engineering (EE) - Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
Environmental Engineering (EE) - Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS and LTE (including LTE-A). In particular the present document defines metrics
for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in operational
networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy efficiency.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks where energy efficiency is measured in standardized
way. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks energy
efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a MNO,
etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
Okoljski inženiring (EE) - Ocenjevanje energijske učinkovitosti mobilnega omrežja
Cilj tega dokumenta je opredelitev topologije in ravni analize za ocenjevanje energijske učinkovitosti mobilnih omrežij. Na področje uporabe tega dokumenta spada del radijskega dostopa v povezavi z mobilnimi omrežji, tj. radijske bazne postaje, vmesni povezovalni sistemi, radijski krmilniki in druga infrastrukturna oprema radijskih mest. Zajete so tehnologije GSM, UMTS in LTE (vključno z LTE-A). Ta dokument določa zlasti metrike za energijsko učinkovitost mobilnih omrežij ter metode za ocenjevanje (in merjenje) energijske učinkovitosti v operativnih omrežjih. Namen tega dokumenta je zagotavljanje boljšega razumevanja energijske učinkovitosti omrežij.
Ta dokument obravnava tako homogeno kot heterogeno »omrežje« na podlagi omrežja, katerega velikost in obseg je mogoče določiti v okviru topoloških, geografskih ali demografskih omejitev. Za omrežja, določena v okviru topoloških omejitev, možen primer omrežja, ki ga zajema ta dokument, vključuje nadzorno vozlišče (če je na voljo), njegova podprta vozlišča za dostop in povezane elemente omrežja. Omrežja so lahko določena v okviru geografskih omejitev (npr. mestna, državna ali kontinentalna omrežja) in demografskih omejitev (npr. mestna ali podeželska omrežja).
Ta dokument obravnava tako imenovana »delna« omrežja, katerih energijska učinkovitost se meri na standardiziran način. Specifikacija razširi meritve v delnih omrežjih na ocene energijske učinkovitosti širših, tako imenovanih »celotnih« omrežij (tj. omrežje v geografskem območju, omrežje v celotni državi, omrežje operaterja mobilnega omrežja itd.).
Terminalska oprema (oprema končnih uporabnikov) ne spada na področje uporabe tega dokumenta in ni obravnavana v okviru meritve energijske učinkovitosti.
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ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Reference
RES/EE-EEPS18
Keywords
access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the
print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
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Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2017.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Network under test definition . 10
4.1 Introduction . 10
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 11
4.3 Network classification . 12
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 12
4.3.1 Demography . 12
4.3.2 Topography . 13
4.3.3 Climate zones . 13
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 14
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 14
5.0 Introduction of clause . 14
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 14
5.2 Performance metrics . 17
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 17
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 18
6.0 Introduction of clause . 18
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 18
6.2 Measurement procedures . 18
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 18
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 19
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 19
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 19
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 20
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 20
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 20
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 23
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 23
7.1 Extrapolation method . 23
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 23
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 24
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 24
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 24
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 24
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 24
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 25
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 25
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 25
8 Assessment report . 26
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 26
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 26
ETSI
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4 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
8.2 Report of sites under test . 27
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 28
9 Implementation guidelines . 29
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 30
A.1 Implementation examples. 30
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 30
Annex B (informative): Cloud RAN energy efficiency . 35
B.0 Introduction . 35
B.1 Generic CRAN architecture layout and definitions . 35
B.2 Energy consumption and efficiency assessment . 36
History . 37
ETSI
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5 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1330 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy efficiency performance of
Mobile Radio Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small
networks, for feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy
efficiency evaluations and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network
operation process. The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing
laboratories of the efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The measurement of this performance is useful for many reasons, and an implementation guidelines clause is given
(clause 9) to help using the present document in the most convenient way.
The present document provides also an extrapolation method to extend the applicability of the assessment of energy
efficiency to wider networks (clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is given for better readability and ease of use in
annex A.
ETSI
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6 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS and LTE (including LTE-A). In particular the present document defines metrics
for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in operational
networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy efficiency.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks where energy efficiency is measured in standardized
way. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks energy
efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a MNO,
etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
ETSI
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7 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1330: "Energy efficiency measurement and metrics for
telecommunication networks".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
ETSI
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8 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains radio heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a central element
connecting BS to network infrastructure
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: Energy Efficiency of a Mobile Network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more Mobile Networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecom site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC))
and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualized Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
ETSI
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9 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the Site
SI
EDC Edge Cloud
EECRAN Energy Efficiency of the Cloud RAN
EE Energy Efficiency of the Mobile Network
MN
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
ICT Information Communications Technology
IP Internet Protocol
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication
LTE Long Term Evolution
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MJ MegaJoule
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
NA Not Applicable
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Services
RA Radio Access
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Network
RAP Radio Access Point
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
ETSI
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10 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU Rural
SE Switching Equipment
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
SEE SEE for Central Cloud
CC
SEE SEE for Edge Cloud
EDC
SEE SEE for Radio Access Point
RAP
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SU Sub Urban
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TE Telco Equipment
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UE-BS User Equipment to Base Station
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UN United Nations
USA United States of America
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VNF Virtualized Network Function
VNFS Virtualized Network Function Servers
X2 Interface allowing to interconnect eNBs with each other
4 Network under test definition
4.1 Introduction
The Mobile Radio Access Network (MN) under investigation shall include all the equipment that is necessary to run a
radio access network or sub-network. Equipment to be included in the Mobile Network under investigation:
• Base Stations (see ETSI TS 125 104 [1] and ETSI TS 136 104 [2]):
- Wide area BS.
- Medium range BS.
- Local Area BS.
- Home BS.
NOTE: Home BS (and Wi-Fi access points) are not dealt with in the present document, being possibly considered
for future versions.
• Site equipment (air conditioners, rectifiers/batteries, fixed network equipment, etc.).
• Backhaul equipment required to interconnect the BS used in the assessment with the core network.
• Radio Controller (RC).
Power consumption and energy efficiency measurements of individual mobile network elements are described in
several standards (for example ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2] for radio base stations). The present document describes energy
consumption and MN energy efficiency measurements in operational networks.
As a complete and detailed energy consumption measurement of the complete network of a country or MNO is in most
cases impossible or economically not viable, the total network is split into a small number of networks with limited size
("sub-networks").
ETSI
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11 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
These sub-networks are defined to represent some specific characteristics, for example:
• capacity limited networks representing urban and dense urban networks;
• sub-urban networks with high requirements for coverage and capacity;
• rural networks, which are usually coverage limited.
The size and scale of the sub-networks are defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks
defined by topologic boundaries, a possible example of a network c
...
Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
Reference
RES/EE-EEPS18
Keywords
access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the
print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2017.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Network under test definition . 10
4.1 Introduction . 10
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 11
4.3 Network classification . 12
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 12
4.3.1 Demography . 12
4.3.2 Topography . 13
4.3.3 Climate zones . 13
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 14
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 14
5.0 Introduction of clause . 14
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 14
5.2 Performance metrics . 17
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 17
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 18
6.0 Introduction of clause . 18
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 18
6.2 Measurement procedures . 18
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 18
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 19
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 19
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 19
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 20
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 20
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 20
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 22
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 22
7.1 Extrapolation method . 23
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 23
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 23
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 24
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 24
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 24
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 24
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 24
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 25
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 25
8 Assessment report . 25
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 25
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 25
ETSI
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4 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
8.2 Report of sites under test . 27
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 28
9 Implementation guidelines . 29
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 30
A.1 Implementation examples. 30
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 30
Annex B (informative): Cloud RAN energy efficiency . 35
B.0 Introduction . 35
B.1 Generic CRAN architecture layout and definitions . 35
B.2 Energy consumption and efficiency assessment . 36
History . 37
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
5 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This final draft ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE),
and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval Procedure.
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1330 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy efficiency performance of
Mobile Radio Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small
networks, for feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy
efficiency evaluations and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network
operation process. The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing
laboratories of the efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The measurement of this performance is useful for many reasons, and an implementation guidelines clause is given
(clause 9) to help using the present document in the most convenient way.
The present document provides also an extrapolation method to extend the applicability of the assessment of energy
efficiency to wider networks (clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is given for better readability and ease of use in
annex A.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
6 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS and LTE (including LTE-A). In particular the present document defines metrics
for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in operational
networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy efficiency.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks where energy efficiency is measured in standardized
way. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks energy
efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a MNO,
etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
7 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1330: "Energy efficiency measurement and metrics for
telecommunication networks".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi, "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
8 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains radio heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a central element
connecting BS to network infrastructure
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: Energy Efficiency of a Mobile Network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more Mobile Networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecom site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC))
and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualized Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CoA Coverage Area
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
9 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the Site
SI
EDC Edge Cloud
EECRAN Energy Efficiency of the Cloud RAN
EE Energy Efficiency of the Mobile Network
MN
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
ICT Information Communications Technology
IP Internet Protocol
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication
LTE Long Term Evolution
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MJ MegaJoule
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
NA Not Applicable
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Services
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Network
RAP Radio Access Point
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU Rural
SE Switching Equipment
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
SEE for Central Cloud
SEECC
SEE SEE for Edge Cloud
EDC
SEE SEE for Radio Access Point
RAP
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SU Sub Urban
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
10 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.0 (2017-02)
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UE-BS User Equipment to Base Station
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UN United Nations
USA United States of America
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VNF Virtualized Network Function
VNFS Virtualized Network Function Servers
X2 Interface allowing to interconnect eNBs with each other
RA Radio Access
CC Central Cloud
TE Telco Equipment
4 Network under test definition
4.1 Introduction
The Mobile Radio Access Network (MN) under investigation shall include all the equipment that is necessary to run a
radio access network or sub-network. Equipment to be included in the Mobile Network under investigation:
• Base Stations (see ETSI TS 125 104 [1] and ETSI TS 136 104 [2]):
- Wide area BS.
- Medium range BS.
- Local Area BS.
- Home BS.
NOTE: Home BS (and Wi-Fi access points) are not dealt with in the present document, being possibly considered
for future versions.
• Site equipment (air conditioners, rectifiers/ batteries, fixed network equipment, etc.).
• Backhaul equipment required to interconnect the BS used in the assessment with the core network.
• Radio Controller (RC).
Power consumption and energy efficiency measurements of individual mobile network elements are described in
several standards (for example ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2] for radio base stations). The present document describes energy
consumption and MN energy efficiency measurements in operational networks.
As a complete and detailed energy consumption measurement of the complete network of a country or MNO is in most
cases impossible or economically not viable, the total network is split into a small number of networks with limited size
("sub-networks").
These sub-networks are defined to represent some specific characteristics, for example:
• capacity limited networks representing urban and dense urban networks;
• sub-urban networks with high requirements for coverage and capacity;
• rural networks, which are usually coverage limited.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
11 Final dra
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
01-september-2017
2NROMVNLLQåHQLULQJ (( 2FHQMHYDQMHHQHUJLMVNHXþLQNRYLWRVWLPRELOQHJDRPUHåMD
Environmental Engineering (EE) - Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
ICS:
19.040 Preskušanje v zvezi z Environmental testing
okoljem
27.015 (QHUJLMVNDXþLQNRYLWRVW Energy efficiency. Energy
2KUDQMDQMHHQHUJLMHQD conservation in general
VSORãQR
33.070.01 Mobilni servisi na splošno Mobile services in general
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
2 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Reference
RES/EE-EEPS18
Keywords
access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
ETSI
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The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2017.
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DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
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of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
3 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Network under test definition . 10
4.1 Introduction . 10
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 11
4.3 Network classification . 12
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 12
4.3.1 Demography . 12
4.3.2 Topography . 13
4.3.3 Climate zones . 13
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 14
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 14
5.0 Introduction of clause . 14
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 14
5.2 Performance metrics . 17
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 17
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 18
6.0 Introduction of clause . 18
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 18
6.2 Measurement procedures . 18
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 18
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 19
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 19
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 19
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 20
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 20
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 20
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 23
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 23
7.1 Extrapolation method . 23
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 23
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 24
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 24
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 24
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 24
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 24
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 25
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 25
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 25
8 Assessment report . 26
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 26
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 26
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
4 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
8.2 Report of sites under test . 27
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 28
9 Implementation guidelines . 29
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 30
A.1 Implementation examples. 30
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 30
Annex B (informative): Cloud RAN energy efficiency . 35
B.0 Introduction . 35
B.1 Generic CRAN architecture layout and definitions . 35
B.2 Energy consumption and efficiency assessment . 36
History . 37
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
5 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1330 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy efficiency performance of
Mobile Radio Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small
networks, for feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy
efficiency evaluations and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network
operation process. The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing
laboratories of the efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The measurement of this performance is useful for many reasons, and an implementation guidelines clause is given
(clause 9) to help using the present document in the most convenient way.
The present document provides also an extrapolation method to extend the applicability of the assessment of energy
efficiency to wider networks (clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is given for better readability and ease of use in
annex A.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
6 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS and LTE (including LTE-A). In particular the present document defines metrics
for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in operational
networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy efficiency.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks where energy efficiency is measured in standardized
way. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks energy
efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a MNO,
etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ES 203 228 V1.2.1:2017
7 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.2.1 (2017-04)
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1330: "Energy efficiency measurement and metrics for
telecommunication networks".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
ETSI
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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains radio heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a central element
connecting BS to network infrastructure
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: Energy Efficiency of a Mobile Network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more Mobile Networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecom site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC))
and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualized Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
ETSI
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3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the Site
SI
EDC Edge Cloud
EECRAN Energy Efficiency of the Cloud RAN
EE Energy Efficiency of the Mobile Network
MN
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
ICT Information Communications Technology
IP Internet Protocol
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication
LTE Long Term Evolution
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MJ MegaJoule
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
NA Not Applicable
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Services
RA Radio Access
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Network
RAP Radio Access Point
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
ETSI
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RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU Rural
SE Switching Equipment
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
SEE SEE for Central Cloud
CC
SEE SEE for Edge Cloud
EDC
SEE SEE for Radio Access Point
RAP
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SU Sub Urban
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TE Telco Equipment
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UE-BS User Equipment to Base Station
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UN United Nations
USA United States of America
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VNF Virtualized Network Function
VNFS Virtualized Network Function Servers
X2 Interface allowing to interconnect eNBs with each other
4 Network under test definition
4.1 Introduction
The Mobile Radio Access Network (MN) under investigation shall include all the equipment that is necessary to run a
radio access network or sub-network. Equipment to be included in the Mobile Network under investigation:
• Base Stations (see ETSI TS 125 104 [1] and ETSI TS 136 104 [2]):
- Wide area BS.
- Medium range BS.
- Local Area BS.
- Home BS.
NOTE: Home BS (and Wi-Fi access points) are not dealt with in the present document, being possibly considered
for future versions.
• Site equipment (air conditioners, rectifiers/batteries, fixed network equipment, etc.).
• Backhaul equipment required to interconnect the BS used in the assessment with the core network.
• Radio Contro
...
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