CEN/TC 227/WG 4 - Hydraulic bound and unbound mixtures (including byproducts and waste materials)

This document specifies a number of test methods for the determination of the relationship between the water content and the density of unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures under specified test conditions. The test results provide an estimate of the mixture density that can be achieved and provides a reference parameter for assessing the density of the compacted layer of the mixture.
The test results are used as a basis for specifying requirements for hydraulically bound and unbound mixtures.
The test result also allows a conclusion to be drawn as to the water content at which a mixture can be satisfactorily compacted in order to achieve a given density.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the relationship between the dry density and water content of a mixture using vibrating hammer compaction.
This document applies to mixtures which contain no more than 10 % by mass of the mixture retained on the 40 mm test sieve.
This document also describes the procedure for calculating and plotting the curves corresponding to 0, 5 and 10 % air voids.

This document specifies the test methods for the laboratory determination of the California bearing ratio and immediate bearing index.
The tests are appropriate to that part of the mixture up to a maximum particle size of 22,4 mm.
When immersion in water is specified as part of the curing of the specimen, this document also includes the determination of vertical swelling of the specimen before the determination of the California bearing ratio.

This document describes a test method for the determination of the compressive strength of specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures. This document applies to specimens manufactured in the laboratory or prepared from cores.

This European Standard specifies requirements for unbound mixtures used for construction and maintenance of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas.
This European Standard applies to unbound mixtures of natural, manufactured and recycled aggregates with an upper sieve size (D) from 5,6 mm to 90 mm and lower sieve size (d) = 0 at the point of delivery.
NOTE 1   Mixtures with an upper sieve size (D) greater than 90 mm are not covered by this European Standard but may be specified in the place of use.
NOTE 2   Water content of the mixture and the density of the installed layer are not specified mixture requirements. Both parameters are related to the control of the construction of the layer and are outside the scope of this European Standard.
The aggregate requirements are defined with appropriate cross-reference to EN 13242.
Use of aggregates as soil is not covered by this standard.

This European Standard specifies hydraulically stabilized soils for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
This European Standard covers the stabilization of soils using one or a combination of: cement, fly ash, hydraulic road binder, lime and blast-furnace slag.

This Technical Specification specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of a hydraulically bound mixture to the cyclic action of freezing and thawing.
The method described is suitable for hydraulically bound mixtures, including hydraulically stabilised soils, in accordance with EN 14227 (all parts) and the range of strengths covered by that standard.
When required, a method for determining the change in length of a hydraulically bound subject to freeze thaw is specified in Annex A (normative).
When required, a method for determining the freeze thaw resistance of a hydraulically bound mixture in the presence of salt is specified in Annex B (normative).

This European Standard specifies fly ash bound granular mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas, and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
In this European Standard, fly ash refers to siliceous or calcareous fly ash complying with EN 14227-4. Where fly ash is part of cement conforming to EN 197-1 or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 13282-1 and EN 13282-2, then reference should be made to EN 14227-1 or EN 14227-5 respectively.

This European Standard specifies slag bound granular mixtures for, roads, airfields, and other trafficked areas, and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this European Standard slag refers to slag from the iron and steel industry.

This European Standard specifies siliceous and calcareous fly ash used in hydraulically bound mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. This European Standard applies to fly ash produced by the combustion of pulverised coal or lignite in energy generating plants.

This European Standard specifies cement bound granular mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.

This European Standard specifies hydraulic road binder bound granular mixtures for road construction, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.

CEN/TC 227 - Editorial correction to B.5.4 in the English version + Editorial and translation corrections in the German version.

This European Standard specifies test methods for the determination of the relationship between the water content and the dry density of hydraulically bound or unbound mixtures after compaction under specified test conditions using Proctor compaction. It allows an estimate of the mixture density that can be achieved on construction sites and provides a reference parameter for assessing the density of the compacted layer of the mixture.
This European Standard applies only to unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures of aggregates used in road construction and civil engineering work. It is not applicable to soils for earthworks. The results of this test method can be used as a basis for comparing mixtures before use in road construction. The test results also allow a conclusion to be drawn as to the water content at which mixtures can be satisfactorily compacted in order to achieve a given dry density.
This test is suitable for mixtures with different values of upper sieve (D) size up to 63 mm and an oversize up to 25 % by mass.

This European Standard specifies a test method for the determination of the degree of pulverization of cohesive material after mixing with lime and/or hydraulic binder.

This document specifies a test method for making cylindrical specimens of hydraulically bound mixture to a predetermined density using Proctor equipment or vibrating table compaction. The method is appropriate for mixtures, or that part of a mixture, containing aggregate up to a maximum size of 31,5 mm.

This document specifies a test method for making specimens of hydraulically bound mixture to a predetermined density and water content by vibrocompression compaction.
This document is appropriate to mixtures, or that part of a mixture, containing aggregate up to a maximum size of 31,5 mm.
This method is not applicable to mixtures with a high proportion of fines.

This European Standard describes an accelerated swelling test for soil treated by lime and/or hydraulic binder.
The test method is applicable to mixtures that have sufficient fines or cohesion to permit, immediately after manufacture, the extrusion of the specimen from the mould without damage.

This European Standard described test methods to determine the workability period of a hydraulically bound mixture using granular materials.
Two methods are described: delayed compaction and sonic propagation. The latter method is not suitable for hydraulically bound mixture with D less than or equal to 6,3 mm.

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the direct tensile strength of test specimens of hydraulically-bound mixtures. The standard applies to medium or coarse grained material specimens made from either laboratory or production mixes. It does not apply to fine grained materials.

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the indirect tensile strength of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures (HBM). The standard applies to specimens made from either laboratory or production mixes with a maximum aggregate size of 31,5 mm.

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of elasticity of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures (HBM). The standard applies to specimens made from either laboratory or production mixes with a maximum aggregate size of 31,5 mm. The determination of the modulus is obtained by either of the two following methods: - by compression or in direct tensile test; - by indirect tensile test.

This standard specifies the method for the determination of the Moisture Condition Value of mixtures. The standard describes the principle of the test, the apparatus required, the test procedures, and the expression and reporting of the results. The standard is applicable to the testing of laboratory prepared or production mixtures and to mixtures susceptible to crushing during compaction. The tests are appropriate to that part of the mixture up to a maximum particle size of 20 mm.

This standard specifies two methods for determining the resilient and the permanent behaviour of unbound mixtures under conditions that simulate the physical conditions and stress states of these materials in layers beneath the surface layer of a pavement subjected to moving loads. The two test methods are provided according to the maximum size of particles: - Method A: The Variable Confining Pressure (VCP) method in which the cell pressure is cycled in phase with the axial load. This method applies to unbound mixtures in which all particles pass the 31,5 mm test sieve.

This document specifies test methods for making cylindrical or cubical specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures compacted to refusal density using a vibrating hammer. This document applies to mixtures, or that part of a mixture, containing aggregate up to a maximum size of 31,5 mm.

This document specifies a test method for making cylindrical specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures to a predetermined density and moisture content by axial compression. This document applies to mixtures, or that part of a mixture, containing aggregate up to a maximum size of 22,4 mm, and for mixtures that have sufficient fines or cohesion to allow extrusion without damage immediately after compaction.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the maximum reference dry bulk density and the difficulty of compaction of a hydraulically bound or unbound mixture using a compacting machine called "controlled parameters vibro compression" (CPVC). This European Standard applies to unbound mixtures as well as to mixtures bound with hydraulically binders before setting. This method is applicable to mixture with a maximum size aggregate D equal to 31,5 mm.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the maximum dry density of cohesionless materials when compacted using a vibrating table. The method utilizes vibratory compaction to obtain maximum density under saturated condition. Materials for which this method is applicable may contain up to 12% by mass fines (< 0,063 mm). Maximum particle size of the materials to be tested is 80 mm.

This standard defines the procedure for measuring the alpha coefficient of vitrified blast furnace slag. It applies to vitrified blast furnace slag obtained by granulation or by pelletizing.

This European Standard specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of a hydraulically bound mixture to the cyclic action of freezing and thawing.
When required, a method for determining the change in length of a hydraulically bound subject to freeze thaw is specified in Annex A (normative).
When required, a method for determining the freeze thaw resistance of a hydraulically bound mixture in the presence of salt is specified in Annex B (normative).

This European Standard specifies the test methods for the laboratory determination of the California bearing ratio and immediate bearing index.
The tests are appropriate to that part of the mixture up to a maximum particle size of 22,4 mm.
When immersion in water is specified as part of the curing of the specimen, this European Standard also includes the determination of vertical swelling of the specimen before the determination of the California bearing ratio.

This European Standard specifies a number of methods for the determination of the relationship between the moisture content and the density under specified test conditions. The test results provide an estimate of the mixture density that can be achieved on construction sites and provides a reference parameter for assessing the density of the compacted layer of the mixture.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the relationship between the dry density and moisture content of a mixture when compacted using a vibrating hammer. It applies to mixtures used in road construction which contain not more than 30% by mass retained on the 20 mm test sieve.

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the compressive strength of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures. This standard applies to specimens made from either laboratory or production mixture with a maximum aggregate size of 31,5 mm.

This European Standard specifies requirements for unbound mixtures used for construction and maintenance of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. The requirements are defined with appropriate cross-reference to EN 13242.
This European Standard applies to unbound mixtures of natural, artificial and recycled aggregates with a upper sieve size (D) from 8 mm to 90 mm and lower sieve size (d) = 0 at the point of delivery.
NOTE 1   Mixtures with an upper sieve size (D) greater than 90 mm are not covered by this European Standard but may be specified in the place of use.
NOTE 2   Water content of the mixture and the density of the installed layer are not specified mixture requirements. Both parameters are related to the control of the construction of the layer and are outside the scope of this European Standard.

This European Standard specifies soils treated by slag for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
In this European Standard slag refers to granulated blast furnace slag, generally ground or partially ground, complying with EN 14227-2.

This European Standard applies to the treatment with lime of natural soils and other materials for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
Two types of treatment are covered, improvement and stabilization.
This European Standard relates only to lime-treated layers for trafficked areas (as opposed to lime columns or piles for example) but can be used for other civil engineering purposes although additional requirements might be necessary to complement or replace those required by this European Standard.

This European Standard specifies soil treated by cement for the pavement layers of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for its constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. It provides for the use of aggregates with grading curves, which are not constrained by the limits defined in EN 14227-1 for cement bound granular mixtures.
This European Standard does not specify requirements for strength prior to trafficking or frost resistance, which might be covered by requirements at the place of use.
Production control recommendations are included in the informative Annex B.

This European Standard specifies soils treated by fly ash for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
This European Standard covers soils treated by siliceous or calcareous fly ash conforming to EN 14227-4. It does not cover soils treated by fly ash as part of cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, requirements for which are given in EN 14227-10 and EN 14227-13 respectively.

This European Standard specifies soils treated by hydraulic road binder for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.

This European Standard specifies requirements, test methods and compliance criteria for cement bound granular mixtures used for construction and maintenance of bases and sub-bases of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas.
This European Standard specifies the characteristics of cement bound granular mixtures (CBGM) by reference to the properties of their constituents, the mixture and the properties of specimens of the mixed materials.
NOTE   In addition to conforming to the requirements of this European Standard cement bound granular mixture may have other requirements, not included in this European Standard, which may be required by national regulation. The additional requirements may include any requirements selected from the following:
-frost damage resistance;
-compacity (as defined in EN 14227-2);
-workability period (measured in conformity with prEN 13286-45);
-immediate bearing index (measured in conformity with prEN 13286-47);
-such other requirements as are referred to within this European Standard, as being the subject of national regulations.

This European Standard specifies siliceous and calcareous fly ash used in hydraulically bound mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. This European standard applies to fly ash produced by the combustion of pulverized coal or lignite in energy generating plants.

This European Standard specifies "fly ash bound mixtures" for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this European Standard, fly ash refers to siliceous or calcareous fly ash complying with EN 14227-4. Where fly ash is part of cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, then reference should be made to prEN 14227-1 and EN 14227-5 respectively.This European Standard specifies hydraulic road binder bound mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.

This European Standard specifies "fly ash bound mixtures" for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this European Standard, fly ash refers to siliceous or calcareous fly ash complying with EN 14227-4. Where fly ash is part of cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, then reference should be made to prEN 14227-1 and prEN 14227-5 respectively.

This European Standard specifies "slag bound mixtures" for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this European Standard slag refers to slag from the iron and steel industry.

The standard specifies the method for the laboratory determination of the California bearing ratio (CBR) and immediate bearing index (IBI). The standard describes the principle of the tests, the apparatus required, the preparation of the test specimens, the curing of the specimens if required, the testing of the specimens, and the expression and reporting of the results. The preparation of the test specimens for CBR and IBI determination is by dynamic compaction using Proctor or modified Proctor compactive effort as specified in prEN 00227411.

This document specifies test methods for the determination of the relationship between the water content and the dry density of hydraulically bound or unbound mixtures after compaction under specified test conditions using Proctor compaction. It allows an estimate of the mixture density that can be achieved on construction sites and provides a reference parameter for assessing the density of the compacted layer of the mixture.
This document applies only to unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures of aggregates used in road construction and civil engineering work. It is not applicable to soils for earthworks. The results of this test method can be used as a basis for comparing mixtures before use in road construction. The test results also allow a conclusion to be drawn as to the water content at which mixtures can be satisfactorily compacted in order to achieve a given dry density.
This test is suitable for mixtures with different values of upper sieve (D) size up to 63 mm and an oversize up to 25 % by mass.

The purpose of the European Standard is - with appropriate regard to other relevant European Standards - to provide technical requirements in terms of specifications, test methods and compliance criteria for unbound mixtures used for construction and maintenance of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. The requirements of this Standard apply to unbound mixtures for road pavements at the point of delivery.