CEN/TR 14745:2003
(Main)Solid Recovered Fuels
Solid Recovered Fuels
This technical report considers the production of solid recovered fuels from selected, non-hazardous, mono- and mixed-wastes.
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General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2004
Trdna biogoriva
Solid Recovered Fuels
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 14745:2003
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 14745
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2003
ICS 13.030.40; 75.160.10
English version
Solid Recovered Fuels
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 18 july 2003. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 2.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 14745:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword. 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Terminology. 5
3 Abbreviations . 6
4 Summary of conclusions and recommendations. 6
5 Status of the waste market . 8
6 Status of the market for solid recovered fuels . 10
6.1 Market drivers and barriers. 10
6.1.1 Community energy policy. 10
6.1.2 Community environmental policy . 10
6.1.3 Community legislation . 11
6.1.4 The Kyoto Protocol. 13
6.1.5 Economic and environmental considerations. 14
6.2 Solid recovered fuel producers. 15
6.3 Solid recovered fuel users. 15
6.4 Methods of processing. 16
6.5 Current market size and potential for growth. 16
6.6 Integrated resource and waste management and Cost-Benefit Analysis. 19
7 Review of current standards and related CEN activities . 20
7.1 Austria. 20
7.2 Finland . 20
7.3 France . 20
7.4 Germany. 20
7.5 Italy. 20
7.6 Sweden. 20
7.7 ISO . 20
7.8 Related CEN activities . 21
8 Proposed approach to standardisation. 21
8.1 Preliminary ideas on classification. 21
8.2 Systems for quality assurance. 21
9 Conclusions and recommendations. 22
Annex A (informative) Terminology. 23
A.1 Definitions from European Directives . 23
A.2 Terms and definitions derived from the work of CEN/TC292. 24
A.3 Terms and definitions derived from THERMIE Report “Fuel and Energy Recovery”. 25
Annex B (informative) CO emissions from selected fuels. 28
Annex C (informative) Solid recovered fuel producers in CEN Member countries . 30
C.1 Directory of companies . 30
C.2 National commentaries . 37
C.3 Composition of solid recovered fuel . 41
Annex D (informative) Associations of solid recovered fuel producers in the EU. 47
Annex E (informative) Summary of a Cost-Benefit Analysis on Waste to Recovered Fuel. 49
E.1 Introduction . 49
E.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis.49
E.3 Basic assumptions and scenarios.50
E.4 Results.51
E.5 Conclusions .53
E.6 Discussion.53
Annex F (informative) Standards for solid recovered fuels.55
Annex G (informative) Preliminary ideas on classification and identification systems .58
G.1 Background and objective.58
G.2 Terms and definitions .59
G.3 Purpose and use of classification .60
G.4 Preliminary ideas on Classification and Identification Systems .61
G.5 Fuel classification by essential fuel properties.61
G.6 A Fuel Identification system (FID).62
G.7 Example .62
G.8 Templates for Data sheet and Specifications.62
Annex H (informative) Survey on solid recovered fuels in CEN Member Countries.63
H.1 Introduction.63
H.2 Evaluation of documentation sheets.64
H.2.1 General .64
H.2.2 Plant data.65
H.2.3 Sampling data .65
H.2.4 Digestion .66
H.2.5 Analytical data .66
H.2.6 Applied standards in Europe.66
H.2.7 Discussion.67
H.3 Conclusions and recommendations.68
H.4 Documentation Sheet.69
H.5 Evaluation tables .77
H.5.1 Sampling, reduction, digestion and analytical methods.77
H.5.2 Analysis .79
H.5.3 Standards .81
Bibliography.85
Foreword
This document CEN/TR 14745:2003 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/SS NO2 "Solid fuels",
CMC
the secretariat of which is held by
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by April 2004.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
This technical report considers the production of solid recovered fuels from selected, non-hazardous, mono-
and mixed-wastes and has been prepared by members of the CEN Task Force 118 “Solid Recovered Fuels”.
Solid recovered fuels can be derived from a wide range of waste streams and are processed into different
physical forms for the (partial) substitution of primary fuels in various combustion technologies.
The estimated quantity of solid recovered fuels produced in the European Union in 2000 was 1.4 million
tonnes (0.7 Mtoe). That figure is expected to rise to 13 million tonnes (6.5 Mtoe) in 2005 and to continue to
grow as combustible waste that is not suitable for material recovery is diverted from landfill in accordance with
the Council Directive on the landfill of waste.
This report aims to present sufficient information about the production, use and environmental considerations
of solid recovered fuels to justify the establishment of a Technical Committee for solid recovered fuels by the
CEN Technical Board, with the approval of the relevant services of the European Commission (EC).
The preparation of the report was supported financially by Contract NNE5-1999-00533 “Waste to Recovered
Fuel” awarded through the ENERGIE Programme of the European Commission’s Fifth Framework
Programme for research.
Annex H of the report was prepared by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre at Ispra, which
has participated in the CEN Task Force on behalf of DG Environment Unit A.2 and provides an addi
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