EN 10228-1:2016
(Main)Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection
Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection
This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth.
NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schmiedestücken aus Stahl - Teil 1: Magnetpulverprüfung
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Methodik und die Zulässigkeitskriterien fest, die bei der Magnetpulverprüfung von Schmiedestücken aus ferromagnetischen Werkstoffen anzuwenden sind. Das beschriebene Prüfverfahren dient dem Nachweis von Oberflächenunregelmäßigkeiten. Mit ihm können auch Unregelmäßigkeiten unmittelbar unter der Oberfläche nachgewiesen werden. Die Nachweisbarkeit derartiger Unregelmäßigkeiten nimmt jedoch mit dem Abstand von der Oberfläche stark ab.
ANMERKUNG Ein Schmiedestück aus Stahl wird als ferromagnetisch betrachtet, wenn die magnetische Induktion bei einer magnetischen Feldstärke von 2,4 kA/m größer als 1 T (Tesla) ist.
Essais non destructifs des pièces forgées - Partie 1 : Contrôle par magnétoscopie
La présente partie de l'EN 10228 définit les modalités et les critères d'acceptation pour le contrôle par magnétoscopie des pièces forgées dans des matériaux ferromagnétiques. Cette méthode permet de déceler les discontinuités de surface. Elle permet aussi de détecter des discontinuités juste en-dessous de la surface mais la sensibilité à détecter de telles discontinuités diminue rapidement avec la profondeur.
NOTE une pièce forgée en acier est considérée comme étant ferromagnétique si la densité de flux magnétique est supérieure à 1 T pour un champ magnétique tangentiel de 2,4 kA/m.
Neporušitveno preskušanje jeklenih izkovkov - 1. del: Preiskave z magnetnimi prahovi
Ta del standarda EN 10228 opisuje metode in prevzemne kriterije, ki se uporabljajo za preskušanje izkovkov z magnetnimi prahovi, pri čemer so izkovki izdelani iz feromagnetnih materialov. Opisana metoda se uporablja za odkrivanje površinskih prekinitev. Prav tako je mogoče zaznati tudi prekinitve tik pod površino, vendar se občutljivost na take prekinitve hitro zmanjšuje z globino.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-May-2016
- Withdrawal Date
- 30-Dec-2016
- Technical Committee
- ECISS/TC 111 - Steel castings and forgings
- Drafting Committee
- ECISS/TC 111 - Steel castings and forgings
- Current Stage
- 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
- Start Date
- 30-Mar-2023
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Replaces
EN 10228-1:1999 - Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection - Effective Date
- 08-Jun-2016
Overview - EN 10228-1:2016 (Magnetic particle inspection)
EN 10228-1:2016 is the CEN European Standard that specifies techniques, acceptance criteria and procedural requirements for magnetic particle inspection (MPI) of steel forgings made from ferromagnetic materials. The method is intended primarily for detection of surface discontinuities and can detect near-surface flaws, with sensitivity decreasing rapidly with depth. The standard requires a written test procedure, defined surface preparation and coverage, and verification of magnetization and detection systems.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope and definition
- Applies to forgings that are ferromagnetic (note: the standard defines ferromagnetic behaviour in terms of magnetic flux density vs. field strength).
- Test procedure
- A documented procedure is required (product specification or application-specific procedure); may be submitted for purchaser approval.
- Personnel qualification
- Inspectors must be qualified in accordance with EN ISO 9712.
- Magnetizing equipment and techniques
- Acceptable methods include electromagnetic yokes, current-flow with prods, permanent magnets, coils, central conductor and induction. Annex A covers prod/yoke usage and search patterns.
- Flux density and field strength
- Tangential flux density shall be at least 1.0 T; guidance on field strength and verification methods is given (see EN ISO 9934‑3).
- Detection media
- Media must conform to EN ISO 9934‑2; continuous application is required and magnetization should be maintained for at least 2 seconds after application.
- Surface condition and coverage
- Surfaces must be clean and prepared (shot-blast, grind, etc.) to meet specified quality classes and enable reliable interpretation. 100% coverage of the area is desirable.
- Viewing conditions and illumination
- Viewing follows EN ISO 3059 (e.g., non‑fluorescent media viewed under ~500 lx white light; fluorescent media require dark adaptation and UV‑A).
- Recording, classification and acceptance
- Rules for classifying isolated vs interacting indications and requirements for test reporting, demagnetization and acceptance criteria are provided.
Applications - who uses EN 10228-1:2016
- Forging manufacturers and quality departments to define NDT acceptance criteria for delivered parts.
- NDT service providers / MPI technicians to perform compliant magnetic particle inspections.
- Engineers and purchasers specifying inspection requirements in procurement or inspection plans.
- Inspection authorities and certification bodies ensuring consistency with European practice for steel forgings. Typical industries: heavy engineering, power generation, oil & gas, automotive, aerospace (where forgings remain ferromagnetic), and any sector using critical steel forgings.
Related standards
- EN 10228 (other parts): Part 2 (Penetrant testing), Part 3 & 4 (Ultrasonic testing)
- EN ISO 9934‑1 / ‑2 / ‑3 - Magnetic particle testing (general, media, equipment)
- EN ISO 3059 - Viewing conditions
- EN ISO 9712 - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
By following EN 10228-1:2016, organizations ensure standardized, repeatable MPI of steel forgings with clear rules for magnetization, detection media, personnel qualification and reporting - improving defect detection, product quality and procurement clarity.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 10228-1:2016 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection". This standard covers: This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth. NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m.
This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth. NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m.
EN 10228-1:2016 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals; 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings; 77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 10228-1:2016 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 10228-1:1999. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 10228-1:2016 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 97/23/EC. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 10228-1:2016 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Neporušitveno preskušanje jeklenih izkovkov - 1. del: Preiskave z magnetnimi prahoviZerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schmiedestücken aus Stahl - Teil 1: MagnetpulverprüfungEssais non destructifs des pièces forgées en acier - Partie 1 : Contrôle par magnétoscopieNon-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection77.140.85Železni in jekleni kovani izdelkiIron and steel forgings77.040.20Neporušitveno preskušanje kovinNon-destructive testing of metalsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 10228-1:2016SIST EN 10228-1:2016en,fr,de01-september-2016SIST EN 10228-1:2016SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 10228-1:20001DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 10228-1
June
t r s x ICS
y yä r v rä t râ
y yä s v rä z w Supersedes EN
s r t t zæ sã s { { {English Version
Nonædestructive testing of steel forgings æ Part
sã Magnetic particle inspection Essais non destructifs des pièces forgées æ Partie
s ã Contrôle par magnétoscopie
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schmiedestücken aus Stahl æ Teil
sã Magnetpulverprüfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on
u October
t r s wä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey andUnited Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels
t r s x CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s r t t zæ sã t r s x ESIST EN 10228-1:2016
Magnetization using prods or electromagnetic yoke . 13 A.1 Definition of tested area with prods or yoke . 13 A.2 Definition of search pattern and examination sequence . 14 Annex B (informative)
Significant technical changes to the version EN 10228-1:1999 . 15
...
EN 10228-1:2016は、鉄鋼鍛造品の非破壊試験に関する十分な範囲をカバーしています。この標準では、フェロ磁性材料から製造された鍛造品に対して、磁気粒子検査のための手法と受入基準が詳細に説明されています。特に、表面の不連続性を検出するためにこの手法が用いられ、その感度は表面近くの不連続性の検出を可能にしますが、深さが増すにつれて感度が急激に低下することにも留意されています。 この標準の強みは、その明確な技術的指針と具体的な受入基準にあります。鉄鋼業界における品質管理の重要性を考えると、EN 10228-1:2016は、製品の信頼性を確保する手段として非常に有益です。また、フェロ磁性の定義に基づいて、1 T以上の磁束密度かつ2.4 kA/mの接線磁場強度を有する鋼鍛造物が、この試験に適応することが示されています。このような詳細な基準によって、業界全体での統一された要求事項が確立され、効率的で効果的な検査が可能になります。 さらに、この標準は、非破壊試験による検査の重要性を強調しており、製造業者と顧客の間で信頼を築くための基盤となっています。したがって、EN 10228-1:2016は、鋼鍛造品の品質保証に対するニーズに高い関連性を持つと評価されます。装置の適切な使用に関する具体的な指示を提供することにより、この標準は、フォーギング業界における安全性と効率性の向上に寄与しています。
The standard EN 10228-1:2016 provides a comprehensive framework for non-destructive testing (NDT) specifically focused on the magnetic particle inspection (MPI) of steel forgings made from ferromagnetic materials. Its scope clearly delineates the testing methods and acceptance criteria, which are essential for ensuring the integrity and quality of forgings used across various industries. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its detailed description of the magnetic particle testing techniques, which are crucial for identifying surface discontinuities in steel forgings. The standard not only addresses the procedures involved in MPI but also emphasizes the importance of detecting subsurface discontinuities, albeit with a noted limitation in sensitivity relative to depth. This insight is valuable for practitioners who need to balance sensitivity and practical application in the field. Furthermore, the specification regarding ferromagnetic materials, particularly the definition that a steel forging is considered ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density exceeds 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2.4 kA/m, enhances the standard's relevance. It provides clear criteria for assessing the materials subject to testing, ensuring that users can implement the standard effectively in their quality control processes. In summary, EN 10228-1:2016 is a pivotal document for professionals engaged in the non-destructive testing of steel forgings. Its robustness in detailing methods, acceptance criteria, and the fundamental characteristics of ferromagnetic materials underscores its significance in maintaining high manufacturing standards and ensuring safety in applications where such materials are utilized.
La norme SIST EN 10228-1:2016 traite de l'essai non destructif des forgeages en acier, spécifiquement par le biais de l'inspection par particules magnétiques. Cette norme européenne est essentielle pour garantir la qualité et la sécurité des produits fabriqués à partir de matériaux ferromagnétiques. Le champ d'application de cette norme est clairement défini, en se concentrant sur les techniques et les critères d'acceptation à utiliser lors de l'inspection des forgeages. L'accent est mis sur la détection des discontinuités de surface, qui sont cruciales pour évaluer l'intégrité des pièces métalliques utilisées dans diverses applications industrielles. De plus, bien que la norme permette également la détection de discontinuités juste sous la surface, elle souligne que la sensibilité à ces défauts diminue rapidement avec la profondeur, ce qui est un point essentiel à prendre en compte pour les ingénieurs et techniciens. Les forces de cette norme résident dans la rigueur de ses critères d'acceptation et dans la standardisation des techniques de test. Cela garantit que les entreprises peuvent s'appuyer sur des méthodes éprouvées et acceptées au niveau européen pour évaluer la qualité de leurs produits. L'utilité de l'inspection par particules magnétiques dans l'industrie métallurgique ne peut être sous-estimée, car elle permet non seulement de détecter des défauts potentiels, mais aussi d'assurer la fiabilité et la durabilité des composants critiques. La pertinence de la norme SIST EN 10228-1:2016 s'étend au-delà de la fabrication d'acier. Elle représente un cadre essentiel pour tous les secteurs industriels utilisant des forgeages en acier ferromagnétique, en veillant à ce que des pratiques de contrôle de qualité de haut niveau soient mises en place. Par conséquent, cette norme est non seulement technique, mais elle renforce également la confiance des consommateurs dans la sécurité et la performance des produits finis.
Die Norm EN 10228-1:2016 legt die Standards für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Stahlumformungen fest, insbesondere mithilfe der Magnetpulverprüfung. Der Geltungsbereich dieser europäischen Norm umfasst die Techniken und Akzeptanzkriterien, die zur Durchführung der Magnetpulverprüfung von Umformungen aus ferromagnetischen Materialien erforderlich sind. Ein herausragender Aspekt dieser Norm ist ihre präzise Beschreibung der Prüfmethoden, die eine effektive Erkennung von Oberflächenunregelmäßigkeiten ermöglicht. Diese Fähigkeit zur Entdeckung von Oberflächenfehlern ist von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Qualitätssicherung in der Herstellung von Stahlumformungen. Darüber hinaus kann die Norm auch das Auffinden von Mängeln direkt unter der Oberfläche unterstützen, obwohl die Sensitivität gegenüber solchen Unregelmäßigkeiten mit zunehmender Eindringtiefe rapide abnimmt. Ein weiterer Vorteil der EN 10228-1:2016 ist ihre Relevanz in verschiedenen Industriezweigen, die sich auf hochwertige und sichere Materialien stützen. Die klare Definition des Begriffs „ferromagnetisch“, wobei Stahlumformungen als ferromagnetisch gelten, wenn die magnetische Flussdichte 1 T bei einer tangentialen Magnetfeldstärke von 2,4 kA/m übersteigt, trägt zur einheitlichen Anwendung und Auslegung der Norm bei. Insgesamt ist die Norm EN 10228-1:2016 entscheidend für die Sicherstellung der strukturellen Integrität und Qualität von Stahlumformungen und stellt somit ein wertvolles Werkzeug für Unternehmen dar, die in der Fertigung und Prüfung von metallischen Bauteilen tätig sind.
EN 10228-1:2016 표준은 강철 단조품의 비파괴 검사에 관한 중요한 지침을 제공합니다. 주로 강자성 재료로 제작된 단조품의 자분 검사 기술 및 수용 기준을 설명하고 있으며, 이는 이러한 재료에서 표면 불연속성을 탐지하는 데 매우 유용합니다. 이 표준의 범위는 자분 검사 방법이 갖는 특성과 활용 가능성을 명확하게 규정하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 강철 단조품 내의 표면 결함을 효과적으로 검출할 수 있는 다양한 기술을 포괄적으로 포함하고 있다는 점입니다. 특히, 이 문서는 자분 검사가 강자성 물질의 표면 불연속성, 즉 크랙이나 내부 결함을 식별하는 데 어떻게 사용될 수 있는지를 강조합니다. 비록 표면 아래의 결함도 감지할 수 있으나, 깊이에 따라 그 민감도가 급격히 감소하는 점은 명확히 이해해야 합니다. 또한, EN 10228-1:2016 표준은 유럽 내에서의 강철 단조품 테스트에 대한 신뢰성과 일관성을 유지하는 데 큰 기여를 하고 있습니다. 특히, 이 표준은 강자성 물질의 경우, 자기 유속 밀도가 1 T보다 클 때 자분 검사 방법의 적용 가능성을 명확하게 정의하여 검사 품질을 보장합니다. 결과적으로, EN 10228-1:2016은 강철 단조품의 비파괴 검사에 있어 필수적인 기준을 제공하며, 이 표준을 통해 제조와 품질 관리 분야에 맞는 엄격한 요구 사항을 준수할 수 있습니다. 이는 비파괴 검사 분야에서의 중요한 기준으로 자리 잡고 있으며, 관련 산업 전반에 걸쳐 강력한 영향을 미치고 있습니다.
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