SIST-TS CEN/TS 12101-11:2022

Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks

This document gives minimum design, installation and commissioning requirements for powered smoke and heat control systems for enclosed car parks using horizontal flow powered ventilation, with or without sprinkler protection, on one or more levels, for cars and light commercial vehicles (max 3,5 t), to reach the design objectives outlined in this document .
This document is applicable for car parks with vehicles powered by petrol, diesel, electricity, CNG or LPG.
NOTE 1   For the purpose of this document for smoke ventilation systems, it is assumed that cars powered by electricity, CNG (compressed natural gas) or LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) will have similar HRR to vehicles powered by petrol or diesel.
NOTE 2   Cars powered by hydrogen are not covered by this document.
This document only covers traditional car parks that are with cars parked alongside each other, with common car access lanes. It does not cover other forms of car parking systems, such as stacking systems.
This document does not cover requirements for day‐to‐day ventilation.
Any other risks than fire from cars are not covered by this document.

Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11: Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern

Dieses Dokument enthält die Mindestanforderungen an Auslegung, Installation und Inbetriebnahme für angetriebene Anlagen zur Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung für umschlossene Parkhäuser für Autos und leichte Nutzfahrzeuge (max. 3,5 t), in denen angetriebene Belüftungssysteme mit horizontalem Luftstrom, mit oder ohne Sprinklerschutz, auf einer oder mehreren Ebenen verwendet werden, die zur Erreichung der in diesem Dokument dargelegten Entwurfsziele erforderlich sind.
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für Parkhäuser mit benzin-, diesel-, gasbetriebenen (CNG oder LPG) oder elektrisch betriebenen Fahrzeugen.
ANMERKUNG 1   Für die Anwendung dieses Dokuments zu Rauchschutz-Belüftungssystemen wird angenommen, dass elektrisch, mit CNG (verdichtetes Erdgas) oder LPG (Flüssiggas) angetriebene Autos eine ähnliche Wärmefreisetzungsrate aufweisen wie benzin- oder dieselbetriebene Autos.
ANMERKUNG 2   Autos mit Wasserstoffantrieb sind von diesem Dokument nicht abgedeckt.
Dieses Dokument deckt nur traditionelle Parkhäuser mit nebeneinander angeordneten Parkplätzen und gemeinsamen Zufahrtsspuren ab. Andere Parksysteme, wie Stapelparker, sind nicht abgedeckt.
Dieses Dokument deckt keine Anforderungen an die alltägliche Belüftung ab.
Jegliche anderen Risiken außer Fahrzeugbrände werden von diesem Dokument nicht abgedeckt.

Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Partie 11 : Systèmes de ventilation motorisée à flux horizontal pour aires de stationnement fermées

Le présent document énonce les exigences minimales de dimensionnement, d’installation et de mise en service des systèmes motorisés pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur pour les aires de stationnement fermées utilisant une ventilation motorisée à flux horizontal, avec ou sans protection par sprinkleurs, sur un ou plusieurs niveaux, pour les voitures et les véhicules commerciaux légers (max. 3,5 t), afin d’atteindre les objectifs de dimensionnement décrits dans le présent document.
Le présent document est applicable aux aires de stationnement de véhicules fonctionnant à l’essence ou au diesel, à l’électricité, au GNC ou au GPL.
NOTE 1   Pour les besoins du présent document concernant les systèmes de dispositifs d’évacuation des fumées, les voitures fonctionnant à l’électricité, au GNC (gaz naturel comprimé) ou au GPL (gaz de pétrole liquéfié) sont présumées avoir un débit calorifique similaire à celui des véhicules fonctionnant à l’essence ou au diesel.
NOTE 2   Les voitures fonctionnant à l’hydrogène ne sont pas couvertes par le présent document.
Le présent document couvre uniquement les aires de stationnement conventionnelles dont les voitures sont garées côte à côte, avec des voies d’accès communes. Il ne couvre pas d’autres formes de systèmes de stationnement, tels que les systèmes d’empilage.
Le présent document ne couvre pas les exigences concernant la ventilation normale.
Les risques autres que l’incendie de voitures ne sont pas couverts par le présent document.

Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 11. del: Prezračevalni sistemi z vodoravnim tokom za zaprta parkirišča

(1) Ta tehnična specifikacija določa minimalne zahteve glede zasnove, namestitve in začetka obratovanja za električne sisteme za nadzor dima in toplote na zaprtih parkiriščih, ki uporabljajo prezračevanje s horizontalnim kroženjem, z ali brez sprinklerske zaščite, na eni ali več ravneh, za avtomobile in lahka gospodarska vozila (največ 3,5 t), da se dosežejo cilji projektiranja, opisani v tej tehnični specifikaciji.
Glej cilje zasnove v določilih CEN TC191 SC1, dok. N721, 5.1 (1):
Sistem mora za vsako požarno lokacijo zagotavljati vsaj eno dostopno pot brez prevelike količine dima, ki gasilcem omogoča dostop z zunanje strani ali z zaščitene dostopne poti (npr. stopnišča) na razdalji 15 m od sprednje strani požara. Merila naj se preverijo, ko se na parkirišču vzpostavi stacionarno stanje.
OPOMBA: Meja 15 m je potrebna za doseganje ognja s curkom iz brizgalne cevi.
(2) Ta tehnična specifikacija se uporablja za goreče avtomobile na bencin, dizel ali druga goriva, ki bodo imeli podobne požarne lastnosti kot vozila na bencin ali elektriko. Ne uporablja se za druge požare na parkirišču (npr. skladišče).
OPOMBA: Predpostavlja se, da bodo imeli avtomobili na goriva, ki niso bencin ali dizel, podobne požarne lastnosti kot vozila na bencin ali dizel.
(3) Ta tehnična specifikacija zajema le tradicionalna parkirišča, kjer so avtomobili parkirani eden poleg drugega s skupnimi dovoznimi cestami/pasovi za vstop in izstop avtomobilov. Ne zajema drugih oblik sistemov za parkiranje avtomobilov, kot so sistemi za etažno parkiranje avtomobilov. Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote za vozila, težja od 3,5 t (parkirišča za tovornjake, avtobusna parkirišča itd.), v tej tehnični specifikaciji niso zajeti.
(4) Ta tehnična specifikacija ne zajema zahtev za vsakodnevno prezračevanje.
(5) V tej tehnični specifikaciji poleg gorečih avtomobilov niso zajeta nobena druga tveganja.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 11-May-2022
• Publication Date: 23-Aug-2022
• ICS: 13.220.20 - Fire protection
• ICS: 13.220.99 - Other standards related to protection against fire
• ICS: 91.140.30 - Ventilation and air-conditioning systems
• Technical Committee: POZ - Požarna varnost
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 05-Aug-2022
• Due Date: 10-Oct-2022
• Completion Date: 24-Aug-2022
• Ref Project: CEN/TS 12101-11:2022 - Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks

Overview

CEN/TS 12101-11:2022 - "Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks" - is a CEN Technical Specification giving minimum design, installation and commissioning requirements for powered horizontal-flow smoke ventilation in enclosed, traditional car parks (cars and light commercial vehicles ≤ 3.5 t). It applies to vehicles powered by petrol, diesel, electricity, CNG or LPG (hydrogen-powered vehicles are excluded). The document is intended primarily to enable an access path sufficiently free of smoke for firefighters.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope & design objective: Horizontal-flow powered ventilation systems sized and configured to limit upstream smoke propagation and provide firefighter access, not intended for day‑to‑day ventilation.
• Design fires & HRR: Recognises larger heat release rates (HRR) of modern vehicles and provides guidance on design fire assumptions for systems with and without sprinkler protection.
• System components: Requirements for fans (including jet fans), controls, cabling, ducts, attenuators, grilles, dampers, discharge terminations, smoke inlet/extract arrangements, smoke barriers and power supplies.
• Activation & control: Integration with fire detection and alarm (EN 54 referenced), automatic location-based activation sequences, synoptic and manual control functionality.
• Interactions: Guidance on interaction with sprinkler systems, pressure differentials, and implications for firefighting operations.
• Design verification: Options for prescriptive design without CFD (annexes for systems with or without jet fans) and verification by CFD analysis (informative annex).
• Commissioning, testing & maintenance: Site acceptance testing, commissioning procedures, hot smoke testing (informative annex), periodic inspection and documentation requirements.
• Limitations: Excludes stacking/automated parking systems, hydrogen‑fuelled vehicles and non‑fire risks from vehicles.

Practical applications and users

This Technical Specification is essential for:

• Fire safety engineers and smoke control designers specifying horizontal flow powered ventilation for enclosed car parks.
• HVAC and mechanical contractors responsible for fan selection, ductwork and control integration.
• Facility managers, building owners and car park operators planning fire safety measures.
• Fire and rescue services, local authorities and code enforcers assessing firefighter access strategies.
• Consultants verifying designs using CFD simulation or prescriptive methods.

Practical benefits include clearer guidance on achieving firefighter access, coordinating smoke extraction with sprinklers, and standardising commissioning and maintenance.

Related standards

• EN 54 series - Fire detection and fire alarm systems
• EN 12101 series - Smoke and heat control systems (Parts 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 referenced)
• EN 12259 series - Fixed firefighting systems

Keywords: CEN/TS 12101-11, horizontal flow powered ventilation, smoke and heat control, enclosed car parks, jet fans, CFD verification, fire-fighter access, smoke extraction, sprinkler interaction.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2022
Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 11. del: Prezračevalni sistemi z vodoravnim
tokom za zaprta parkirišča
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems
for enclosed car parks
Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11: Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern
Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Partie 11 : Systèmes de
ventilation motorisée à flux horizontal pour aires de stationnement fermées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 12101-11:2022
ICS:
13.220.20 Požarna zaščita Fire protection
91.140.30 Prezračevalni in klimatski Ventilation and air-
sistemi conditioning systems
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/TS 12101-11
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
July 2022
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 13.220.99
English Version
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow
powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks
Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11:
Partie 11 : Systèmes de ventilation motorisée à flux Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern
horizontal pour aires de stationnement fermées
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 13 June 2022 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 12101-11:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters . 9
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters .10
3.2.3 Greek upper case letters .10
3.2.4 Greek lower case letters .11
4 Design fires .11
4.1 Design principle .11
4.2 Heat release rate .11
5 Normative requirements .11
5.1 Design objectives .11
5.2 Design solutions .13
5.3 Activation sequence .13
5.4 Wind effect .14
6 Installation and components .14
6.1 Fans .14
6.2 Controls .15
6.2.1 Operation of the smoke and heat control systems .15
6.2.2 Functions of the synoptic and manual control device .15
6.3 Cabling .16
6.4 Ducts (including fixings), attenuators (silencers) and grilles .16
6.5 Dampers .16
6.6 Discharge terminations .17
6.7 Air inlet and smoke extract (natural and powered) .17
6.8 Smoke discharge .17
6.9 Initiation systems: sprinklers and detection .18
6.10 Smoke barriers .18
6.11 Power supply systems .18
6.11.1 Reliability of operation .18
6.11.2 Power source .18
7 Interactions between horizontal flow powered ventilation and other systems and
functions .19
7.1 Sprinklers interaction .19
7.2 Pressure difference .19
7.3 Day to day ventilation .20
8 Commissioning .21
9 Acceptance testing of installation on site .21
10 Maintenance and periodical checking .22
11 Documentation . 22
11.1 General design documentation . 22
11.2 System design documentation . 22
11.3 Installation, maintenance and testing documentation . 23
11.4 Computer control software documentation . 23
Annex A (normative) Horizontal flow ventilation design without CFD analysis – Systems
without jet fans . 26
Annex B (normative) Horizontal flow ventilation design without CFD analysis – Systems with
jet fans. 32
Annex C (informative) Verification of horizontal ventilation design by CFD calculation
Systems with or without jet fans . 41
Annex D (informative) Commissioning. 47
Annex E (informative) Hot smoke testing . 49
Bibliography . 51

European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 12101-11:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191 “Fixed
firefighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
0.1 General
The requirements in this document are provided for powered smoke and heat control systems installed
in car parks with or without sprinkler protection.
Modern cars are generally larger than their predecessors and contain a larger quantity of flammable
materials, in particular plastics, which results in an increase of heat and smoke output from burning cars.
Consequently, the design fires recommended in this document are larger and have a greater heat and
smoke output than those in some previous guidance.
0.2 Purposes of smoke control systems
Smoke control systems can be generally designed for one or more of three purposes in the event of a fire:
— to protect means of escape from the car park;
— to provide an access sufficiently free of smoke for fire-fighters to a point close to the seat of the fire;
— to assist fire-fighters to clear smoke from a car park.
The system requirements will differ depending upon the purpose. Not all types of ventilation systems are
suitable for all purposes.
This document only covers smoke control systems which are intended to provide an access sufficiently
free of smoke for fire-fighters.
0.3 Smoke control systems to provide an access sufficiently free of smoke for fire-fighters
This document deals only with horizontal flow powered ventilation systems.
The following systems are not covered by this document however, they are briefly discussed here:
— Horizontal natural ventilation - These systems may be suitable for open car parks, where at each
level, ventilation openings are located on at least two opposite façades. The size of the ventilation
openings will need to meet the relevant national regulations.
— SHEVS – These systems are covered by the recommendations of CEN/TR 12101-5 for steady-
state design fires or prCEN/TR 12101-12 (under development) for time-dependent design fires.
Hot smoky gases from a fire rise up to the ceiling, where it spread to form a smoke layer above
the denser cold air beneath. SHEVS, which may be natural or powered, are designed and sized to
maintain conditions beneath the smoke layer that allow evacuation and/or firefighting
operations. Such a system requires a sufficient height from the ceiling to the floor.
— Smoke dilution systems – These systems are based on powered ventilation with air change rates
which are significantly lower than these required for mechanical SHEVS. Smoke dilution systems
are meant to reduce smoke concentration and temperature, and increase visibility, during the
fire. In addition, it can assist firefighters to clear the smoke after the fire. They are not suitable
to create smoke free areas during fire.
0.4 Effects of sprinklers
The main effects of sprinklers is to prevent fire spread to adjacent cars. This is reflected in the design fire
sizes recommended for car parks with and without sprinklers. A further effect of sprinklers is to reduce
the average temperature of the smoke.
Sprinklers are considered to have no negative effect on smoke ventilation systems in car parks.
Measures to avoid possible negative effects of smoke ventilation systems on sprinklers efficiency are
taken into account in this document.
0.5 Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems
When the hot gases from the fire reach the ceiling due to buoyancy, it create a relatively rapid gas flow
spreading in every horizontal direction, in a shallow layer beneath the ceiling surface, which is called
ceiling jet.
The aim of horizontal flow powered smoke ventilation is to oppose the ceiling jet generated by the fire,
so that the upstream smoke propagation is limited.
This document is intended to describe the conditions to be fulfilled by a horizontal flow powered smoke
ventilation system to provide an access path sufficiently clear of smoke to allow fire-fighters to reach a
point close to the fire for fire-fighting operations. The smoke ventilation system should rely on a smoke
detection installation able to activate immediately the evacuation alarm of the car park in order that the
evacuation is completed prior to the full activation of the smoke ventilation system, to avoid conditions
which would be worse for escape.
NOTE 1 Activation of SHEVS at a lower velocity could be possible during evacuation.
The smoke detection installation should also be able to locate the origin of the fire, i.e. the first activated
smoke detector, in order to:
— start the right activation sequence of the smoke ventilation system;
NOTE 2 In large or complex car parks, it is likely that the smoke ventilation system will need to be
automatically configured to move the smoke in one of several directions, depending on the location of the fire
(multiple extraction points, multiple air inlets and/or multiple access points for fire-fighters).
— inform the fire-fighters on the location of the fire to organize fire-fighting operations.
1 Scope
This document gives minimum design, installation and commissioning requirements for powered smoke
and heat control systems for enclosed car parks using horizontal flow powered ventilation, with or
without sprinkler protection, on one or more levels, for cars and light commercial vehicles (max 3,5 t), to
reach the design objectives outlined in this document .
This document is applicable for car parks with vehicles powered by petrol, diesel, electricity, CNG or LPG.
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this document for smoke ventilation systems, it is assumed that cars powered by
electricity, CNG (compressed natural gas) or LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) will have similar HRR to vehicles
powered by petrol or diesel.
NOTE 2 Cars powered by hydrogen are not covered by this document.
This document only covers traditional car parks that are with cars parked alongside each other, with
common car access lanes. It does not cover other forms of car parking systems, such as stacking systems.
This document does not cover requirements for day-to-day ventilation.
Any other risks than fire from cars are not covered by this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 54 (all parts), Fire detection and fire alarm systems
EN 12101-1, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 1: Specification for smoke barriers
EN 12101-2, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 2: Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators
EN 12101-3, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat control
ventilators (Fans)
EN 12101-7, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 7: Smoke duct sections
EN 12101-8, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 8: Smoke control dampers
EN 12259 (all parts), Fixed firefighting systems - Components for sprinkler and water spray systems
EN 12845, Fixed firefighting systems - Automatic sprinkler systems - Design, installation and maintenance
EN 13501-4, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 4: Classification using
data from fire resistance tests on components of smoke control systems
EN ISO 13350, Fans - Performance testing of jet fans (ISO 13350)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Terms
3.1.1
enclosed car park
covered parking areas for vehicles which are completely enclosed by walls or façades, with limited
openings as defined by national authorities
3.1.2
access path sufficiently clear of smoke
path kept sufficiently free of smoke to allow the safe intervention of the rescue services from a smoke
free entrance towards the fire
3.1.3
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model
CFD model
computer simulation model where the fundamental equations of momentum, energy and mass transfer
are solved using numerical methods
3.1.4
activation sequence
sequence involving change of state (starting, stopping, opening, closing,…) of a well-defined set of
equipment
Note 1 to entry: This sequence generally depends on the location of the fire and involves several types of
equipment specific to fire safety or not.
3.1.5
activation zone
part of a car park defined by all the detectors initiating the same activation sequence
3.1.6
detection zone
all or part of an activation zone which is individually identified on the synoptic device
3.1.7
design fire
hypothetical fire having geometrical, thermal and smoke production characteristics which are sufficiently
severe as a basis for the design of the smoke and heat control system
3.1.8
exhaust ventilation system
combination of exhaust ventilators, ducts, power supplies, and controls used to remove smoky gases from
a car park
3.1.9
extraction point
location of an intake opening to an exhaust ventilator, or to a duct which leads to an exhaust ventilator,
where smoke is removed from a car park
3.1.10
fire compartment
enclosed space, comprising one or more separate spaces, limited by elements having a specified fire-
resistance, intended to prevent the spread of fire out of the enclosed space for a given period of time
3.1.11
independent power source
electric power source which is independent of the source used in normal operation
3.1.12
lock-up garage
space within a car park, enclosed by solid walls, intended for one or two cars
3.1.13
replacement air
outside air entering a car park to replace smoky gases being removed by the smoke and heat control
system
3.1.14
safety position
position (open or closed) into which specific projects may require certain devices (smoke control
dampers, curtains, doors, etc.) to move, depending upon the fire location within the building
3.1.15
Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation System
SHEVS
system in which components are jointly selected to exhaust smoke and heat in order to establish a
buoyant layer of warm gases above cooler, cleaner air
3.2 Symbols
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
Af fire area
D horizontal distance
F opening force applied to a door handle
F door closer force at handle
dc
H door height
M closing torque
M particle smoke production
s
Q volume flow rate of a jet fan
Q convective heat release rate
c
Q design air flow rate
d
Q inlet flow rate
in
Q minimum flow rate
min
Q reference flow rate
ref
Q total heat release rate
t
S zone area
T ambient air temperature
in
W door width
W width of the car park
CP
W opening width of air inlet
in
Wref reference width
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
a distance to handle
d distance, diameter
h height of car park
h opening free height of air inlet
in
reference height
href
l thrust of a jet fan
q ” convective heat release rate
c
t time
t time delay before activating high air flow velocity
e
v exhaust velocity of a jet fan
v velocity downstream from a fire
a
v outlet velocity
crit
v velocity at air inlet
in
vo velocity upstream from a fire
v start velocity of air stream
o
v reference velocity
ref
v air stream velocity at a distance x from a jet fan
x
w width of a car park
x throw length
y horizontal spread of air stream from a jet fan
3.2.3 Greek upper case letters
Δ pressure difference needed to correspond to a maximum opening force F = 100N applied
100N
at the door handle
3.2.4 Greek lower case letters
α angle of spread for an air stream
χ convective coefficient
c
ρ air density
ambient air density
ρin
4 Design fires
4.1 Design principle
The smoke and heat control system is designed for a single fire at a time which is located at any point of
an enclosed car park (parking space, access lane or ramp).
4.2 Heat release rate
The design value of the maximum total heat release rate Q , the convective coefficient χ and the maximum
t c
convective heat release rate Q are defined in Table 1.
c
Table 1 — Design values of the maximum total heat release rate Q
t
Cooling effect of
a
Q χ Q
t c c
sprinklers on smoke
b
No sprinklers 10 MW - 0,65 6,5 MW
c d
Sprinklers in conformity with 4 MW 0,5 0,65 1,3 MW
EN 12259 (all parts) and EN 12845
(or equivalent standard)
a
The total heat release rate Q of the fire includes all the heat emitted by it including that radiated towards the
t
walls. It is independent of the car park design. The heat release rate values given above are taken from fire tests
measured on cars representative of late 1990s models.
b
As there is a risk of fire propagation between cars when no sprinklers are present, the maximum total HRR
Q = 10 MW corresponds to 3 burning cars during the most intense phase of the development of the fire
t
(considering a time shift of the maximum HRR of each car).
c
When there is a sprinklers installation, it is considered that only one single car is burning which corresponds
to a maximum total HRR Q = 4 MW.
t
d
When sprinklers are present, the cooling effect of the water from sprinklers on the smoke is taken into
account by reducing the total HRR by 50 %.
For CFD calculations, the design fires evolution over time, its geometry and other additional information
to be considered are given in Annex C.
5 Normative requirements
5.1 Design objectives
5.1.1 The objective of the horizontal flow powered smoke ventilation is to oppose the spreading of smoke
in a chosen direction, so that the system keeps at least one access route sufficiently clear of smoke for
fire-fighters from the exterior or from a protected access route (e.g. stairwell) to a distance of 15 m from
the front of the fire (Figure 1).
NOTE The limit of 15 m is necessary to reach the fire with the jet from the hose nozzle.
Criteria should be verified when the conditions within the car park have reached a steady-state regime.

Key
1 area filled with smoke
2 area free of smoke
3 direction of ventilation
4 15 m area filled with smoke
Figure 1 — Access path sufficiently clear of smoke (car park with sprinklers)
5.1.2 The propagation of smoke downstream from the fire to the most distant extraction point activated
by the corresponding activation sequence shall not exceed 200 m.
5.1.3 In case of design based on CFD calculation, an access route for fire fighters is considered as
sufficiently clear of smoke (Figure 1) if the following conditions are met up to a height of at least 1,75 m
from the floor and on a width not less than 5 m, or on the total width between walls if it is less than 5 m,
5 min after the time at which the fire has reached its maximum HRR according to Figure C.2:
— The calculated smoke concentration does not exceed 0,03 g/m from the access to a distance of 18 m
from the front of the fire.
— The calculated smoke concentration does not exceed 0,07 g/m at a distance of 15 m from the front
of the fire.
5.1.4 The velocity of air within air openings which are used for escape should not exceed 5 m/s.
NOTE An air velocity above 5 m/s makes it too difficult to evacuate the occupants.
5.1.5 The force needed to open escape doors shall not exceed 100 Newton (see also 8.2 and D.5), to allow
the occupants to evacuate the car park safely.
5.1.6 When jet fans are used, the mass flow rate extracted by the powered smoke and heat exhaust
ventilators (i.e. the main extract fans) should exceed the total mass flow rate of air and smoke induced by
the jet fans system.
This is intended to avoid recirculation of smoke causing the fire-fighter access to become smoke logged
and to avoid overpressure in the car park and shall be verified when Annex C is applied. Jet fans systems
designed according to Annex B fulfill this condition.
5.1.7 When jet fans are used, the location and direction of thrust of jet fans should be coordinated with
the location of any stairwell, lobby and/or corridor doors to avoid exposing the doors to dynamic
pressure effects which might cause smoke to pass through the doors.
5.2 Design solutions
To meet the design objectives, one of the following three methods can be adopted:
— Simplified design without jet fans according to Annex A.
— Simplified design with jet fans according to Annex B.
— A design verified by CFD calculations according to Annex C.
5.3 Activation sequence
5.3.1 An addressable automatic smoke detection system shall be installed to activate the system.
— Activation sequences define the changes of state of the system's devices depending on the location
of the first activated smoke detector.
— Activation zones are part of a car park where all the detectors initiate the same activation sequence.
5.3.2 The activation sequence of the smoke control installation starts when the smoke detection is
confirmed. This confirmation corresponds to t = 0.
NOTE A smoke detection is confirmed when either a second smoke detector or a push-button or a sprinklers
flow-switch is activated.
5.3.3 The evacuation alarm in the car park must have been switched on not later than t = 0.
NOTE The evacuation alarm is switched on as soon as the detection is confirmed unless otherwise specified by
the authority having jurisdiction.
5.3.4 When day to day ventilation is present in the car park, it shall be automatically switched off at t = 0.
5.3.5 An horizontal flow powered ventilation system generating a high airflow velocity may have a
negative effect on stratification of the smoke layer, and create unsafe conditions for occupants trying to
escape. Therefore, a time delay t before activating high airflow velocity shall be defined to allow the
e
occupants to evacuate the car park safely.
5.3.6 The time delay t = 3 min unless otherwise specified by the authority having jurisdiction. When
e
sprinklers are present in the car park, the time delay t shall be extended until a sprinklers water flow
e
alarm switch or a smoke detector at another level (than the first activated smoke detector) is activated,
whichever occurs first.
The response time of the sprinklers system should be short enough to allow the activation sequence of
the smoke evacuation.
Figure 2 — Activation sequence of smoke ventilation
5.3.7 The following activation sequence shall apply automatically (Figure 2):
— At t = 0, smoke control devices that do not create air movements, such as smoke curtains, dampers,
etc., shall be activated.
— Between t = 0 and t = t , the system may start at a reduced capacity which doesn’t create a horizontal
e
air velocity of more than 0,5 m/s through the cross section area.
NOTE The limitation of the velocity is intended to avoid de-stratification.
— At t = t , all smoke control fans (exhaust and supply, if present) shall be switched on and reach their
e
full capacity at least at t = t + 1 min.
e
— At t = t + 1 min, the jet fans (if used) shall automatically be activated. In addition, a manual activation
e
device shall allow the Fire Brigade to switch on the jet fans immediately.
The switch should also provide the facility to turn the jet fans off.
— At t = t + 2 min, the whole smoke and heat control system shall be fully operational.
e
5.4 Wind effect
5.4.1 When the smoke and heat control system involves natural air openings located on more than one
façade the wind effect shall be taken into account in the design.
5.4.2 In the other cases, it is considered that the wind effect on the smoke and heat control system can be
neglected and may not be taken into account.
6 Installation and components
6.1 Fans
6.1.1 All smoke and heat exhaust fans and jet fans shall comply with EN 12101-3. The same shall apply
to supply fans which may be exposed to direct radiation from a car in fire.
6.1.2 All jet fans shall be tested according EN ISO 13350.
6.1.3 All smoke and heat exhaust fans and the jet fans shall be at least class F300 without sprinklers and
F200 with sprinklers according to EN 12101-3. The same shall apply to supply fans which may be exposed
to direct radiation from a car in fire.
NOTE One jet fan in the immediate surroundings of the fire could fail due to direct radiation from the car in
fire. However, in such a case the thrust from that jet fan does not contribute significantly to the flow pattern
upstream the car in fire.
6.2 Controls
6.2.1 Operation of the smoke and heat control systems
6.2.1.1 The control equipment for automatic activation (see 6.3 and 12.4) are an integral part of the
smoke and heat control system. They contain automatic control equipment, individual controls for the
various devices (electric fan, damper, jet fan, smoke screens, etc.), signals required for the smoke and
heat control systems.
6.2.1.2 A synoptic and manual control device shall be provided for the car park smoke and heat
control system, in order to provide the Fire Services with all the information and control devices needed
for their intervention in the car park.
6.2.1.3 The synoptic and manual control device and its access way from the exterior shall be outside
the car park compartment, unless otherwise specified by the authority having jurisdiction. Its location
shall be defined in the design. Its functions are defined in 7.2.2 below.
6.2.1.4 The synoptic and manual control device may be juxtaposed, or integrated in other fire control
devices, or be a repeater panel.
6.2.2 Functions of the synoptic and manual control device
6.2.2.1 Synoptic device
6.2.2.1.1 The synoptic and manual control device shall include following elements:
a) A view of each level of the car park showing:
— the extraction points (symbol: fan with outgoing arrow);
— the limits between each activation zone (dotted lines);
— the powered air inlets (symbol: fan with incoming arrow);
— the natural air inlets (symbol: incoming arrow).
NOTE At each level, the air inlet(s) correspond to the location when supply air enters this level. For
underground levels, the outlet of the ramps serving as an air transfer are considered as natural air inlets at those
levels.
b) Indicator lights for:
— each activation zone (green; stand-by = off; operating = flashing);
— each extraction point (orange; stand-by = off; operating = where air/smoke flows through
extraction point = on);
— each air inlet (blue; stand-by = off; operating = when fresh air is flowing through air inlet = on).
c) A two-positions switch:
— “AUTO” position (smoke and heat control system works based on the location of the first
activated smoke detector);
— “OFF” position.
d) Warning lights (red; stand-by = off; operating = on) for:
— failure warning from the detection installation;
— failure of the power supply of the smoke and heat control installation (optional: any failure of
this installation);
— two-position switch in “OFF” position.
6.2.2.1.2 If the building is equipped with Technical Management Centre (TMC), the signal
corresponding to the warning lights should be transferred there.
6.3 Cabling
When exposed to fire, the cabling of the system, its connections, supports and fixings for equipment
required in this document shall continue to fulfil their functions without interruption during the time
required for operation of the system, and at least 1h.
The time required for operation is fixed by the authority having jurisdiction. In absence of requirements
in the regulations, it is recommended to use F90 cabling or cabling EI 60 protected.
6.4 Ducts (including fixings), attenuators (silencers) and grilles
6.4.1 Ducts (including fixings), attenuators and grilles located within the car park shall meet the
requirements of EN 12101-7.
60 to EN 13501-4 unless part of a jet fan
6.4.2 Ducts shall have a minimum classification of E600
assembly tested to EN 12101-3.
6.4.3 Extract ducts (including fixings) and attenuators located outside the car park shall have a
minimum classification of E 60 to EN 13501-4.
6.5 Dampers
6.5.1 Smoke control dampers located within or on the perimeter of the car park shall conform to the
requirements of EN 12101-8 and have a minimum classification of E 60 single C to EN 13501-4.
600 10000
If the authority having jurisdiction requires possibility for Fire Brigade to switch to another activation
sequence, the dampers should in addition comply with the class “MA”.
6.5.2 Smoke control dampers located outside the car park shall conform to the requirements of
EN 12101-8 and have a minimum classification E 60 single C to EN 13501-4.
300 10000
6.5.3 Smoke control dampers shall be automatically operated from the main control panel and shall not
be operated by any internal thermal device.
6.6 Discharge terminations
Discharge terminations which are not permanently open shall have a minimum classification of B 30
according to EN 12101-2.
6.7 Air inlet and smoke extract (natural and powered)
6.7.1 Air inlets and smoke extracts for smoke and heat control (access doors, openings…) shall be
permanently open or shall open automatically and remain open on activation of the fire detection system.
6.7.2 Barriers or other devices shall prevent the air inlets and smoke extracts being adversely affected
by the presence of vehicles or other obstacles.
6.8 Smoke discharge
6.8.1 Openings shall discharge in open air and be located in accordance with national regulations.
In absence of requirements in the regulations, a smoke discharge to the open air should discharge at a
horizontal distance that is at least equal to d (in m) from the facades of other compartments that overhang
them (Figure 3):
Car park without sprinkler system:
— smoke from a SHEVS: d = 3 m;
— smoke from system 1 to 3: d = 2 m;
— car park with sprinkler system: d = 1 m.
If this criterion is not met, the façade should have a fire resistance E60 over a height of at least 3 m, and
over a width at least equal to d from the edges of the discharge openings (Figure 4).

Figure 3 — Smoke discharge opening to the Key
open air in a pedestrian zone
1 façade
Figure 4 — Smoke discharge opening to the
open air close to a façade
(horizontal distance between air evacuation
point and façade ≤ d)
6.9 Initiation systems: sprinklers and detection
The car park is fitted with a smoke detection system, according to the EN 54 series, optionally
supplemented by push buttons.
NOTE The activation of sprinklers system cannot be used to locate the activation zone, sprinklers flow switch
can only be used as a confirmation of the first smoke detection.
6.10 Smoke barriers
6.10.1 The smoke barriers shall meet the requirements of EN 12101-1.
6.10.2 The smoke barriers should be of class D60.
6.10.3 The smoke barriers should be class ASB4. However, if the smoke barriers is moved down to the
floor in all activation sequences, it could be class ASB3.
6.11 Power supply systems
6.11.1 Reliability of operation
In the event of a fire no element of the smoke and heat control installation should be prevented from
operating due to an interruption in its normal power supply.
In absence of requirements in the regulations, it is recommended that all appliances in the smoke and
heat control system should either:
a) have fail-safe control, i.e. be capable of individually ensuring their smoke and heat control function
as soon as the power source (electric power supply, compressed gas network), or the upstream
control system (connections, interfaces, automatic controls) fails; or
b) have the following characteristics:
— Control and supply connections situated inside the fire compartment should be separate for each
device and have a fire resistance of 1 h. Supports and mountings should withstand fire for 1 h.
— Terminal boards should be situated outside the fire compartment and supplied by an
independent power source if the normal supply fails.
— The continuity of the electric cables connecting the terminal board to any smoke and heat control
equipment, including the control circuits of the motors, should be either permanently monitored
by a very low electrical current, or periodically tested (minimum once a week).
— Any fault in the normal supply and electric or thermal protection equipment should be indicated
automatically by means of a visible or audible signal at the central control panel.
Equipment with more than one safety position (e.g. a damper that is open or shut according to the smoke
and heat control activation sequence) should meet the requirements of (b).
6.11.2 Power source
Power supplies for Smoke and Heat control systems should comply with EN 12101-10.
The power source(s) supplying smoke and heat control devices that are not fail-safe will need to meet
the requirements of the relevant national regulations.
7 Interactions between horizontal flow powered ventilation and other systems
and functions
7.1 Sprinklers interaction
7.1.1 Where both a sprinkler system and an horizontal flow powered ventilation system are installed,
following provisions should be taken to avoid adverse interaction:
a) the jet fans are installed midway between rows of sprinkler heads and parallel to these rows;
b) if a downward deflector is installed at the outlet opening of the jet fan, its deflection angle should be
not more than 5°;
c) the jet fan has a performance of air stream from max a 50 N with an outlet velocity of max 20 m/s
(see Figure B.4.);
d) specific requirements related to the activation sequence are met (see 6.3 (6)).
7.2 Pressure difference
The smoke and heat control system shall be designed so that the reduction in air pressure created in the
car park shall not cause a force to be exerted on the handle to open any escape door exceeding 100 N. The
technical solutions to meet this requirement shall be specified at design stage.
The maximum pressure difference shall correspond to a maximum opening force F = 100N applied at the
door handle, to overcome the inherent resistance of the door to open due to the door closer force.
The maximum pressure difference can be determined with the following equation (see Figure 5):
100NF- × 2 × W - a
( ) ( )
dc
 
∆P = Pa
100N  
WH×
where
F door opening force N
F door closer force at handle without pressure difference N
dc
NOTE 1  Fdc = M/(W-a) with M = the closing torque.
M closing torque door closer m
W door width m
H door height m
a distance be
...