SIST EN 14588:2010
(Main)Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
This European Standard defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of CEN/TC 335. According to CEN/TC 335 this European Standard is applicable to solid biofuels originating from the following sources: products from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from the food processing industry; wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste from construction- and demolition waste; cork waste; fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is coincinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen
Diese Europäische Norm definiert Begriffe, auf die in der gesamten Normungsarbeit innerhalb des Aufgaben-bereichs vom CEN/TC 335 Bezug genommen wird. Nach CEN/TC 335 gilt diese Europäische Norm für feste Biobrennstoffe, die aus folgenden Quellen stammen:
- Produkte aus der Land und Forstwirtschaft;
- pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Land und Forstwirtschaft;
- pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Lebensmittel verarbeitenden Industrie;
- Holzabfälle, mit Ausnahme von Holzabfällen, die im Ergebnis der Behandlung mit Holzschutzmitteln oder Beschichtungen halogenierte organische Verbindungen oder Schwermetalle enthalten können, und zu denen insbesondere Holzabfälle gehören, die von aus Bau und Abbrucharbeiten stammen;
- Korkabfälle;
- faserige pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Herstellung von natürlichem Zellstoff und aus der Herstellung von Papier aus Zellstoff, sofern sie am Herstellungsort mitverbrannt werden und die erzeugte Wärme genutzt wird.
Die Einbettung des Anwendungsbereichs in das Arbeitsgebiet Biomasse/Biobrennstoffe ist in Bild 1 dargestellt.
ANMERKUNG 1 CEN/TC 335 ist der Auffassung, dass Holzabfälle, einschließlich von Holzabfällen aus Bau und Abbrucharbeiten, innerhalb des Aufgabenbereichs des CEN/TC 335 und des Geltungsbereichs des Mandats M/298 „feste Biobrennstoffe“ liegen, außer wenn sie im Ergebnis der Behandlung mit Holzschutzmitteln oder Beschichtungen haloge¬nierte organische Verbindungen oder Schwermetalle enthalten [8].
ANMERKUNG 2 Aus Erfordernissen der Klarstellung und Differenzierung sind in diese Europäischen Norm mehr Begriffe aufgenommen als durch das Mandat erfasst werden.
ANMERKUNG 3 Ein Besitzwechsel der faserigen pflanzlichen Abfälle zwischen der Zellstoff- und Papierindustrie und dem Betreiber der Mitverbrennungsanlage, in der die Abfälle verwendet werden, führt nicht zu Einschränkungen hinsicht¬lich der Aufnahme der Abfälle in den Geltungsbereich des Mandates M/298.
Weitere Normen mit anderen Anwendungsbereichen als dem Anwendungsbere
Biocomustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
La présente Norme Européenne définit des termes dont la normalisation entre dans le domaine d'application du CEN/T 335. Selon le CEN/TC 335, la présente Norme Européenne s'applique aux biocombustibles solides provenant des sources suivantes :
- produits de l'agriculture et de la sylviculture ;
- déchets végétaux agricoles et forestiers ;
- déchets végétaux provenant du secteur de la transformation alimentaire ;
- déchets de bois, à l'exception de ceux qui sont susceptibles de contenir des composés organiques halogénés ou des métaux lourds à la suite d’un traitement avec des conservateurs du bois ou du placement d’un revêtement, y compris, en particulier, les déchets de bois de ce type provenant de déchets de construction ou de démolition ;
- déchets de liège ;
- déchets végétaux fibreux provenant de la production de pâte vierge et de la production de papier à partir de cette pâte si les déchets sont co-incinérés sur les lieux de production avec récupération de chaleur.
L'intégration du domaine d'application dans le champ d’application biomasse/biocombustibles est représentée à la Figure 1.
NOTE 1 Le CEN/TC 335 considère que les déchets de bois, y compris ceux issus de la construction et de la démolition, sont inclus dans le domaine d'application du CEN/TC 335 et dans celui du mandat M/298 « Biocombustibles solides », à moins qu'ils ne contiennent des composés organiques halogénés ou des métaux lourds, suite à un traitement avec des conservateurs du bois ou au placement d’un revêtement [8].
NOTE 2 La présente Norme européenne traite un plus grand nombre de termes que le mandat dans un souci de clarification et de différenciation.
NOTE 3 Le changement du propriétaire des déchets végétaux fibreux entre les industries papetières et l'opérateur de l'usine de co-incinération utilisant les déchets n'affecte pas l'appartenance des déchets au domaine d'application du mandat M/298.
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Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi
Ta evropski standard določa izraze, ki se uporabljajo pri vsem standardizacijskem delu v okviru CEN/TC 335. V skladu s CEN/TC 335 ta evropski standard velja za trdna biogoriva, ki izvirajo iz naslednjih virov: proizvodi iz kmetijstva in gozdarstva; rastlinski odpadki iz kmetijstva in gozdarstva; rastlinski odpadki iz živilskopredelovalne industrije; lesni odpadki, z izjemo lesnih odpadkov, ki zaradi obdelave z zaščitnimi sredstvi ali premazi lahko vsebujejo halogenirane organske spojine ali težke kovine in ki vključuje zlasti takšne lesne odpadke, kateri izvirajo iz gradbenih odpadkov in odpadkov pri rušenju objektov; odpadki iz plute; vlakneni rastlinski odpadki iz proizvodnje primarne papirne kaše in iz proizvodnje papirja iz kaše, če se sosežiga na kraju proizvodnje in je ustvarjena toplota zajeta.
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisiFeste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und BeschreibungenBiocomustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptionsSolid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuels01.040.75Naftna in sorodna tehnologija (Slovarji)Petroleum and related technologies (Vocabularies)ICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14588:2010SIST EN 14588:2010en,fr,de01-december-2010SIST EN 14588:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:20041DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14588:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14588
October 2010 ICS 01.040.75; 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14588:2003English Version
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Biocomustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 September 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14588:2010: ESIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page
Foreword . 3Introduction . 41 Scope . 52 Normative references . 63 Principle . 64 Terms and definitions . 6Annex A (informative)
Translation . 26Annex B (informative)
List of terms defined by CEN/TS 15357:2006 − Solid recovered fuels . 36Bibliography . 38Index . 40
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14588:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 14588:2003. Annex A and Annex B are informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard has been performed in accordance with ISO 10241 [1]. Beside international standards (see References) approved national standards and manuals [2], [3], [4], [5] provided the basis of this European Standard. Moreover, some terms important within specific nations were added to the international terminology during compilation of this document. Waste is defined in Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC [6] and some of the given terms fall within this category. However, sources within the scope of this European Standard are excluded from the scope of Directive 2000/76/EC ("waste incineration directive") [7]. In this European Standard, instead of the legal definition waste the technical term residue is used for well-defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations. The terms and definitions are harmonised as far as possible with the current language used in management as well as in regulatory activities. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope
This European Standard defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of CEN/TC 335. According to CEN/TC 335 this European Standard is applicable to solid biofuels originating from the following sources: products from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from the food processing industry; wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste from construction- and demolition waste; cork waste; fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered. The embedding of the scope within the biomass/biofuel field is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field NOTE 1 CEN/TC 335 considers that wood waste, including wood waste originating from construction and demolition waste are included in the scope of CEN/TC 335 and of the scope of the mandate M/298 "solid biofuels", unless they contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coatings [8]. NOTE 2 There are more terms included within this European Standard as covered by the mandate due to clarification and differentiation.
NOTE 3 Changes of ownership of the fibrous vegetable waste between paper and pulp company and the operator of the co-incineration plant in which the waste is used does not affect the inclusion of the waste in the scope of mandate M/298. Other standards with a different scope than this European Standard can have different definitions than this standard. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 6 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Principle Solid biofuels are produced from different sources, which are defined within the scope of CEN TC 335 “Solid biofuels”. Terms and definitions are categorised in a logical structure based on the fact that solid biofuels are produced from different sources and that the purpose of solid biofuels is the conversion into bioenergy: the sources of solid biofuels cover the initial location of the input material (biomass) in the economic and environmental cycles (like forest wood, energy forest trees, logging residues, landscape management residues, etc.); the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling, which covers the source and origin of the biofuel given in the same structure as the biomass sources (e.g. wood fuels, forest fuels), the different forms of biofuels produced within the preparation process (i.e. chipped biofuels, bundled biofuels), the most relevant biofuel properties (e.g. total moisture, total ash), and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification and specification; bioenergy as the result of biofuel conversion. Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties have to be defined and described together with the category source/origin, forms and properties of solid biofuels. The structure of this European Standard (Table 1) is based on the classification system of solid biofuels given in [9], in which the classification of solid biofuels is specified more detailed.
Table 1 — Structure of the terms [9] Sources of biofuels Woody biomass
Herbaceous biomass
Fruit biomass
Biomass blends and mixtures Solid biofuels Source/origin
Traded forms
Sampling and testing
Properties
Classification and specification Bioenergy
4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE Many terms defined within this document are also used in the standardisation work of CEN/TC 343, especially in prEN 15357, Solid recovered fuels
Terminology, definitions and descriptions. Therefore, an informative list of terms defined by prEN 15357 is given in Annex B.
4.1 additive material which improves quality of fuel (e.g. combustion properties), reduces emissions or make production more efficient
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 7 4.2 agricultural residues biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas NOTE See also crop production residues. 4.3 agrofuels biofuels obtained as a product of energy crops and/or agricultural residues
NOTE Adapted from FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET) [10]. 4.4 air dried basis condition in which the solid biofuel is in equilibrium with the atmospheric humidity [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.5 animal husbandry residues
agricultural residues originating from livestock keeping
NOTE 1 It includes among others solid excreta of animals. NOTE 2 Animal husbandry residues are not included in the scope of CEN/TC 335. The term is included for information only. 4.6 as analysed determined basis condition in which the moisture content of the solid biofuel is the content at the moment of analysis/determination [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.7 as received basis as received
as delivered calculation basis for material at delivery 4.8 ash solid mineral residue obtained from a complete fuel combustion [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] NOTE Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
4.9 ash deformation temperature
DT temperature at which the first signs of rounding of the edges of the test pieces occurs due to melting 4.10 ash flow temperature
FT
temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is one-third of the height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 8 4.11 ash fusibility ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions NOTE 1 Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing conditions. NOTE 2 See also ash deformation temperature, ash flow temperature, ash hemisphere temperature, and ash sphere temperature. 4.12 ash hemisphere temperature
HT
temperature at which the test piece forms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the height becomes equal to half the base diameter
4.13 ash sphere temperature
ST
temperature at which shrinking of the test piece occurs
NOTE This temperature is defined as when the area of the piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area at 550°. 4.14 baled biofuel
bale solid biofuel which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density EXAMPLES Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches. 4.15 bark organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium) as a shell for the wooden body 4.16 basis/bases convention on measuring quantity 4.17 basic density ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis 4.18 bioenergy energy from biomass 4.19 biofuel
fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass 4.20 biofuel blend biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLES Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 9 4.21 biofuel briquette
densified biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyedric or cylindrical units, produced by compressing pulverised biomass NOTE 1 The raw material for briquettes can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and biomass blends, and biomass mixtures. NOTE 2 Biofuel briquettes are usually manufactured in a piston press. The total moisture of the biofuel briquette is usually less than 15 % of mass as received.
NOTE 3 Biofuel briquettes for non industrial use are specified in prEN 14961-3. 4.22 biofuel mixture biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of biomass 4.23 biofuel pellet
densified biofuel made from pulverised biomass with or without additives usually with a cylindrical form, random length typically 3,15 mm to 40 mm, and broken ends NOTE The raw material for biofuel pellets can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, or biomass blends and mixtures. They are usually manufactured in a die. The total moisture of biofuel pellets is usually less than 10 % of mass as received. [Adapted from prEN 14961-2:2010] 4.24 biomass from a scientific and technical point of view, material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or transformed to fossil
NOTE 1 Biomass is defined in legal documents in many different ways according to the scope and goal of the respective documents (e.g. Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and the Council; Commission Decision (2007/589/EC) of 18 July 2007). This definition does not contradict legal definitions. NOTE 2 See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass. 4.25 biomass residues biomass originating from well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations
NOTE Adapted from the proposal within the Draft CEN Report Solid Recovered Fuels [11]. 4.26 biomass resource owner body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass resources for energy purposes NOTE
The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company, etc.
4.27 biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment process and separated by sedimentation or flotation NOTE Biosludges are not included in the scope of CEN/TC 335. The term is included for information only. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 10 4.28 black liquor
liquor obtained from wood during the process of pulp production, in which the energy content is mainly originating from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process
NOTE Black liquor is not included in the scope of CEN/TC 335. The term is included for information only.
4.29 bridging arching
tendency of particles to form a stable arch across an opening and hindering flow NOTE Adapted to Woodcock and Mason. Bulk Solids Handling [12]. 4.30 bulk density mass of a portion of a solid fuel divided by the volume of the container which is filled by that portion under specific conditions [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.31 bulk volume, loose volume volume of a material including space between the particles 4.32 bundled biofuel, bundle solid biofuels which has been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of the material
EXAMPLES Bundles of energy forest trees and logging residues, small trees, or branches and tops. 4.33 calorific value heating value
q energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion NOTE See also gross calorific value, energy density, net calorific value, and net calorific value as received. 4.34 cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose to use the seed for food production NOTE Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel. EXAMPLES Barley, wheat, rye, oat. 4.35 char solid partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis of solid fuels [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.36 chemical treatment
treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat (e.g. glue and paint)
4.37 chopped straw straw which has been cut into small pieces
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 11 4.38 chunkwood
wood cut or brooken with sharp cutting devices in which most of the material has a typical particle length, substantially longer and more coarse than wood chips NOTE Chunkwood has a typical length of 50 mm to 150 mm. 4.39 combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a sub-lot NOTE The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample. 4.40 common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use [Adapted from ISO 13909:2001] 4.41 complete tree harvested tree, including limbs and root system NOTE See also whole tree. 4.42 contamination make impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance to a fuel
4.43 cork residues biomass residues from cork production
4.44 critical control point
point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most readily assessed NOTE Critical control points also offer the greatest potential for quality improvement. 4.45 crop production residues
agricultural residues originating from crop production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas NOTE It includes among others wood, straw, stalks, and husks. 4.46 cross-cut ends short pieces of woody biomass which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut off, with or without bark 4.47 customer client organization or person that receives a product [Adapted from EN ISO 9000:2005] 4.48 cut biofuel solid biofuel cut into pieces NOTE See also chunkwood, firewood, chopped straw, and smallwood. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 12 4.49 cutter chips wood chips made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark 4.50 delivery agreement contract for fuel trade, which specifies e.g. origin and source, quality and quantity of the fuel, as well as delivery terms 4.51 delivery lot solid biofuel batch on which the essential quality requirements for solid biofuel are focused NOTE 1 The delivery lot can be an individual delivery lot, which is an agreed quantity of solid biofuel (e.g. a package, shipload or truck load), or continuous delivery, where several loads are delivered to the end-user during an agreed period of time (usually daily or weekly delivery).
NOTE 2 In continuous delivery, the delivery lot is the amount of solid biofuel delivered during a specified period of time, e.g. 24 h, unless otherwise agreed by supplier and end-user. If the delivery lot in continuous delivery is more than 1 500 m3 – 2 000 m3 in 24 h, it is recommended that it should be divided into two or more individual lots. 4.52 demolition wood
used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations [Adapted from EN 13965-1:2004] 4.53 densified biofuel compressed biofuel solid biofuel made by mechanically compressing biomass to increase its density and to mould the solid biofuel into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs, biofuel pellets or biofuel briquettes NOTE See also biofuel briquette and biofuel pellets. 4.54 density ratio of mass to volume NOTE 1 It will always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles or to the bulk density of the material and whether the mass of water in the material is included. NOTE 2 See also basic density, bulk density and particle density. 4.55 dry ash free
dry ash free basis
calculation basis in which the solid fuel is free from moisture and inorganic matter 4.56 dry dry basis calculation basis in which the solid fuel is free from moisture [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.57 dry matter material after removal of moisture under specific conditions
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 13 4.58 dry matter content
portion of dry matter in the total material on mass basis
NOTE Expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the solid biofuel. 4.59 edgings parts of woody biomass which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder of the original rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark 4.60 end-user consumer (private person, enterprise, utility, etc.) using fuel for energy purposes 4.61 energy crops, fuel crops woody or herbaceous crops grown specifically for their fuel value NOTE 1 See also energy forest trees, energy grass, energy plantation trees. NOTE 2 Fuel crops is a not recommended synonym. 4.62 energy density ratio of net energy content and bulk volume NOTE The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value determined and the bulk density. 4.63 energy forest trees
woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry 4.64 energy grain grain used for energy purpose
4.65 energy grass fuel grass endogenous plants having simple leaves grown specifically for their fuel value
NOTE 1 Belong to the group of herbaceous biomass. EXAMPLES Sugarcane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass. NOTE 2 Fuel grass is a not recommended synonym. 4.66 energy plantation trees woody biomass grown as short rotation trees specifically for its fuel value
4.67 extraneous ash
ash from contaminants entering the material at harvest, logging, treatment, transport, storage, etc. 4.68 fibreboard residues
woody biomass residues from the fibreboard industry SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 14 4.69 fibre sludge sludge formed in the sedimentation basin as a part of the waste water treatment process in a pulp and paper mill and separated by sedimentation or flotation NOTE The main component is pieces of wood fibres. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed into a solid biofuel. 4.70 firewood cut and sometimes split oven-ready fuelwood used in household wood burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems NOTE Firewood usually has a uniform length, typically in the range of 150 mm to 1 000 mm. [Adapted from prEN 14961-5:2010] 4.71 fixed carbon
remainder after the percentage of total moisture, ash, and volatile matter are subtracted from 100 [Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992] 4.72 flowability ability of a bulk solid to flow NOTE See also bridging. 4.73 food processing industry residues
biomass residues originating from the food processing industry NOTE 1 It includes among others bone meal, press cake from juice production. NOTE 2
Food processing industry residues are only partly within the scope of CEN/TC 335. Bone meal is e.g. not included. 4.74 foreign material impurities
material other than claimed, which has contaminated the fuel
4.75 forest chips forest wood in the form of wood chips
4.76 forest fuels wood fuel produced where the raw material has not previously had another use NOTE Forest fuel is produced directly from forest wood by a mechanical process. 4.77 forest and plantation wood
woody biomass from forests and/or tree plantations
NOTE See also complete tree, energy forest trees, energy plantation trees, logging residues, thinning residues, tree section, and whole tree. SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 15 4.78 fruit biomass
biomass from the parts of a plant which hold seeds EXAMPLES Nuts, olives. 4.79 fuel
energy carrier intended for energy conversion NOTE 1 Fuels are solid, liquid or gaseous. NOTE 2 Fuels can originate from biomass amongst others. 4.80 fuel classification
division of fuels into defined fuel classes NOTE The aim of classification can be to describe the fuel and/or to physically separate certain particle types. 4.81 fuel dust
pulverised fuel with a typical particle size of 1 mm to 5 mm EXAMPLES Saw dust, straw dust. 4.82 fuel powder fuel flour pulverised fuel with a typical particle size less than 1 mm EXAMPLES Wood powder, wood flour, straw powder. 4.83 fuel product declaration document dated and signed by the producer/supplier to the retailer or end-user, specifying origin and source, traded form and properties of defined lot 4.84 fuel specification
document stating the requirements of the fuel
4.85 fuelwood energy wood wood fuel where the original composition of the wood is preserved
NOTE Adapted from FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET) [10]. 4.86 general analysis sample sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of chemical and physical analyses 4.87 green basis
condition based on fresh material at specific total moisture 4.88 green chips wood chips made of fresh logging and thinning residues, including branches and tops
SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 16 4.89 grinding dust dust-like wood residue formed in grinding timber and wood boards 4.90 gross calorific value
qgr measured value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified NOTE 1 The result of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume. NOTE 2 Old term is "higher heating value".
4.91 gross density
ratio of the mass of a wooden body and its volume, including all cavities (pores and vessels), based on specific total moisture 4.92 herbaceous biomass biomass from plants that has a non-woody stem and which dies back at the end of the growing season
NOTE 1 See also energy grass. NOTE 2 Adapted from BioTech’s Life Science Dictionary [13]. 4.93 herbaceous fuels all types of biofuels originating from herbaceous biomass
4.94 hog fuel fuelwood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails 4.95 horticultural residues biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in horticulture including greenhouses
4.96 impurities material other than the fuel itself
NOTE Examples of impurities for biofuels are stones, soil, pieces of metal, plastics, rope, ice and snow. 4.97 increment
portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device [Adapted from ISO 13909:2001] 4.98 inorganic matter
non-combustible fraction of dry matter
4.99 laboratory sample
sample sent to or received by the laboratory SIST EN 14588:2010
EN 14588:2010 (E) 17 4.100 landscape management residues
residues of woody, herbaceous and fruit biomass originating from landscape, park, and cemetery management NOTE It includes among others grass, hay, branches from landscape trees, road side green, and/or wood from shrubs. 4.101 log wood cut fuelwood in which most of the material has a length of 200 mm and above 4.102 logging residues woody biomass residues which are created during timber harvesting
NOTE Logging residues include tree tops with branches and they can be salvaged fresh or after seasoning. 4.103 lot
defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined [Adapted from ISO 13909:2001] NOTE See also sub-lot. 4.104 major elements
elements in the fuel that predominantly will constitute the ash; including aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), silicon (Si) sodium (Na) and titanium (Ti) 4.105 mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample 4.106 mechanical durability
ability of densified fuel units (e.g. briquettes, pellets) to remain intact, e.g. abrasion and shocks during handling and transport 4.107 minor elements trace elements
elements in the fuel being presented only at small concentrations NOTE 1 The term "trace elements" is often used synonymous to minor elements; if the elements are metal, the term "trace metals" is also used.
NOTE 2 Concerning solid biofuels, minor elements in general speech is regarded to include the metals arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), vanadium (V) and zinc(Zn). 4.108 moisture
water in a fuel
NOTE See also total moisture and moisture analysis sample.
4.109 moisture analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture [Adapted from ISO 13909:2001]
SIST
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