SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
(Main)Tail lifts - Platform lifts for mounting on wheeled vehicles - Safety requirements - Part 2: Tail lifts for passengers
Tail lifts - Platform lifts for mounting on wheeled vehicles - Safety requirements - Part 2: Tail lifts for passengers
Part 2 of standard EN 1756 specifies safety requirements for design of tail lifts as defined in 3.1 for mounting on wheeled passenger vehicles. Vehicles for the loading of disabled passengers onto aircraft and ships are included within the scope of the standard (although dock-mounted lifts are excluded). It also specifies the verification of such tail lifts and the safety information that shall be provided for their use. This document deals with the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in clause 4 which can arise during the operation of tail lifts when carried out in accordance with the specifications as intended by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It applies to passenger tail lifts: used for the purpose of embarking and/or disembarking passengers to and from such vehicles; intended to be fitted, temporarily or permanently, either inside or on the front, side or rear of the wheeled vehicle; driven either by hand or by electric power; equipped with a platform to support passengers who may be pedestrians or riders in wheelchairs and may be accompanied by an attendant. Embarking and/or disembarking operations include the use of a tail lift to lift and/or lower passengers, and if specifically approved by the manufacturer, for use as a link bridge. The standard covers the significant hazards which could occur when a tail lift is used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer. A list of significant hazards is given in clause 4. This document is not applicable to tail lifts which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
Hubladebühnen - Plattformlifte für die Anbringung an Radfahrzeugen - Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 2: Hubladebühnen für Passagiere
Teil 2 der Norm EN 1756 legt Sicherheitsanforderungen für Hubladebühnen (siehe 3.1) fest, die zur Anbringung
an Radfahrzeugen zum Personentransport bestimmt sind.
Fahrzeuge für die Beförderung von mobilitätsbehinderten Personen in Flugzeuge und Schiffe gehören auch
zum Anwendungsbereich dieser Norm (an Rampen montierte Hubladebühnen hingegen sind ausgenommen).
Die Prüfung der Hubladebühnen und die Sicherheitsangaben für ihren Einsatz werden festgelegt.
Er legt auch die Prüfung der Hubladebühnen und die Sicherheitsangaben für ihren Einsatz fest.
Dieses Dokument legt die technischen Anforderungen zur Minimierung von den in Abschnitt 4 aufgelisteten
Gefährdungen, die während der Benutzung der Hubladebühnen entsprechend den Vorgaben des Herstellers
oder seines bevollmächtigten Repräsentanten auftreten können, fest.
Es ist anzuwenden bei Hubladebühnen für Personen:
- zum Einsteigen und/oder Aussteigen von Personen in und aus solchen Fahrzeugen;
- zur dauernden oder zeitweiligen Anbringung innen, vorn, hinten oder seitlich an einem Radfahrzeug;
- durch Hand oder elektrische Kraft angetrieben;
- ausgestattet mit einer Plattform zur Aufnahme von Personen, die Fußgänger oder Rollstuhlbenutzer sind
und auch durch eine Person begleitet werden können.
Einsteige- und Aussteigevorgänge schließen die Verwendung der Hubladebühne zum Heben und/oder
Senken von Personen und, wenn vom Hersteller zugelassen, die Verwendung als Überfahrbrücke ein.
Die Norm behandelt die bedeutenden Gefahren, die auftreten können, wenn die Hubladebühne
bestimmungsgemäß und unter der vorgesehenen Verwendung des Herstellers benutzt wird. Eine Liste der
signifikanten Gefährdungen ist im Abschnitt 4 aufgeführt.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar für Hubladebühnen, die vor der Veröffentlichung dieses Dokumentes
durch das CEN gebaut werden.
Hayons élévateurs - Hayons élévateurs à monter sur véhicules roulants - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 2: Hayons élévateurs pour passagers
La Partie 2 de la norme EN 1756 spécifie des prescriptions de sécurité à respecter pour la conception des hayons
élévateurs tels que définis en 3.1 à monter sur des véhicules roulants de transport de passagers.
Les véhicules servant à embarquer des passagers handicapés sur des avions et des navires sont inclus dans le
domaine d’application de cette norme (bien que les plates-formes élévatrices montées sur quais en soient exclues).
Elle spécifie également la vérification de ces hayons élévateurs et les informations de sécurité qui doivent être
fournies pour leur utilisation.
Ce document traite des prescriptions techniques visant à limiter autant que possible les dangers énumérés à
l’Article 4 et qui peuvent survenir pendant le fonctionnement des hayons élévateurs alors qu’ils sont utilisés
conformément aux spécifications prévues par le fabricant ou son représentant autorisé.
Il s’applique aux hayons élévateurs pour passagers :
- utilisés pour embarquer des passagers dans ces véhicules et/ou les en débarquer ;
- conçus pour être montés, de façon temporaire ou permanente, soit à l’intérieur, soit à l’avant, soit sur le côté,
soit encore à l’arrière du véhicule roulant ;
- manoeuvrés manuellement ou motorisés ;
- équipés d’une plate-forme destinée à supporter des passagers qui peuvent être des piétons ou des personnes
en fauteuil roulant accompagnées ou non d’un assistant.
Les opérations d’embarquement et/ou de débarquement comprennent l’utilisation d’un hayon élévateur pour faire
monter et/ou descendre les passagers et, en cas d’approbation spécifique du fabricant, le hayon élévateur peut aussi
être utilisé comme pont de liaison.
La norme s’intéresse aux dangers notables qui peuvent survenir lorsqu’un hayon élévateur est utilisé conformément
aux intentions du fabricant et dans les conditions prévues par ce dernier. Une liste des dangers notables figure
à l’Article 4.
Dvižne ploščadi - Dvižne ploščadi, nameščene na cestna vozila - Varnostne zahteve - 2. del: Dvižne ploščadi za potnike
2. del standarda EN 1756 določa varnostne zahteve za načrtovanje dvižne ploščadi, kot je navedeno v točki 3.1, za nameščanje na cestna potniška vozila. Vozila za natovarjanje invalidnih potnikov na letala in ladje so vključena v področje standarda (čeprav so dvigala, nameščena na dokih, izvzeta). Prav tako določa preverjanje dvižnih ploščadi in njihovih varnostnih informacij, ki bodo navedene za uporabo. Ta dokument obravnava tehnične zahteve za zmanjšanje nevarnosti, navedenih v Klavzuli 4, ki se lahko pojavijo med delovanjem dvižne ploščadi, kadar se izvaja v skladu z specifikacijami, kot jih je predvidel proizvajalec ali njegov pristojni zastopnik. Velja za dvižne ploščadi za potnike: uporabljene za namen vkrcanja in/ali izkrcanja potnikov v in iz takih vozil; namenjene temu, da se vgradijo začasno ali za stalno, bodisi v notranjost ali zunanjost na stran ali zadek cestnega vozila; z ročnim ali električnim upravljanjem; opremljene s ploščadjo za podporo potnikom, ki so lahko pešci ali so na vozičku in so lahko v spremstvu oskrbnika. Dejanja vkrcanja in/ali izkrcanja vključujejo uporabo dvižne ploščadi, da dviguje in/ali spušča potnike, in, če proizvajalec posebej odobri, za uporabo kot mostu iz členov. Standard zajema velike nevarnosti, ki se lahko pripetijo, kadar se dvižna ploščad uporablja v skladu z namembnostjo in pod pogoji, kot jih je predvidel proizvajalec. Seznam velikih nevarnosti je podan v Klavzuli 4. Ta dokument ne velja za dvižne ploščadi, ki so izdelane pred datumom, ko je CEN objavil ta dokument.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
01-februar-2010
'YLåQHSORãþDGL'YLåQHSORãþDGLQDPHãþHQHQDFHVWQDYR]LOD9DUQRVWQH
]DKWHYHGHO 'YLåQHSORãþDGL]DSRWQLNH
Tail lifts - Platform lifts for mounting on wheeled vehicles - Safety requirements - Part 2:
Tail lifts for passengers
Hubladebühnen - Plattformlifte für die Anbringung an Radfahrzeugen -
Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 2: Hubladebühnen für Passagiere
Hayons élévateurs - Hayons élévateurs à monter sur véhicules roulants - Prescriptions
de sécurité - Partie 2: Hayons élévateurs pour passagers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009
ICS:
53.020.99 Druga dvigalna oprema Other lifting equipment
SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1756-2:2004+A1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2009
ICS 53.020.99 Supersedes EN 1756-2:2004
English Version
Tail lifts - Platform lifts for mounting on wheeled vehicles - Safety
requirements - Part 2: Tail lifts for passengers
Hayons élévateurs - Hayons élévateurs à monter sur Hubladebühnen - Plattformlifte für die Anbringung an
véhicules roulants - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 2: Radfahrzeugen - Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 2:
Hayons élévateurs pour passagers Hubladebühnen für Passagiere
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2004 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 19 June 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
Contents page
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope. 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 List of hazards . 11
5 Safety requirements and/or measures. 21
5.1 General requirements . 21
5.1.1 Sizes and capacities of tail lifts . 21
5.2 Working area . 22
5.2.1 Lighting . 22
5.2.2 Hand rails . 22
5.3 Manual effort . 23
5.4 Operating speeds . 23
5.4.1 General . 23
5.4.2 Vertical speed . 23
5.4.3 Opening and closing speeds . 23
5.4.4 Tilting speed . 23
5.5 Passenger stability . 23
5.5.1 Rotary lifts . 23
5.5.2 Stop devices . 23
5.6 Limitations of travel . 24
5.7 Layout of wires and pipes . 24
5.8 Unauthorised operation. 24
5.9 Isolation of energy sources . 24
5.10 Tail lift stowage . 25
5.10.1 Indication . 25
5.10.2 Security . 25
5.11 Crushing and shearing . 25
5.12 Structure working coefficients . 25
5.13 Platform . 25
5.13.1 Surface . 25
5.13.2 Tail lift used as a link bridge . 26
5.13.3 Visibility of platform . 26
5.13.4 Protection of pedestrians . 26
5.14 Drive systems . 26
5.14.1 Unintentional movements . 26
5.14.2 Mechanical suspension systems . 27
5.14.3 Hydraulic systems . 28
5.15 Safety devices . 29
5.15.1 Safety mechanisms . 29
5.15.2 Springs inside safety devices . 30
5.16 Loading control . 30
5.16.1 Prevention of lifting excessive loads . 30
5.16.2 Excessive moment . 30
5.17 Control devices . 30
5.17.1 Controls for the use of disabled passengers . 30
5.17.2 Hold-to-run principle . 30
5.17.3 Logic . 30
5.17.4 Unintentional operation . 30
5.17.5 One control device for several movements . 31
2
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
5.17.6 Several control devices for one movement . 31
5.18 Control positions . 31
5.18.1 Multiple control positions . 31
5.18.2 Location of control positions . 31
6 Compatibility of lift and vehicle . 31
7 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures . 32
8 Information for use . 34
8.1 General . 34
8.2 Tail lift used as a link bridge . 34
8.3 Inherent risks associated with improper use . 35
8.4 Location and nature of information for use . 35
8.4.1 Marking on the tail lift . 35
8.4.2 Handbooks . 35
8.4.3 Inspection record . 38
Annex A (informative) Tail lift mechanisms and types . 39
A.1 M echanisms . 39
A.1.1 Parallelogram . 39
A.1.2 Column . 41
A.1.3 Telescopic . 41
A.2 Types . 42
A.2.1 Rotary . 42
A.2.2 Inset . 42
A.2.3 Step. 43
A.2.4 Internally mounted . 43
Annex B (normative) Crushing and shearing . 44
B.1 General . 44
B.2 Platform lifting and lowering . 44
B.2.1 Minimum safety distances . 44
B.2.2 Hinged foot protector . 44
B.2.3 Safety cut-out . 46
B.2.4 Reversing mechanism . 47
B.3 Platforms capable of lifting above vehicle floor level . 48
B.4 Platform closure . 48
Annex C (informative) Prevention of wheelchairs rolling unintentionally . 49
Annex D (normative) Drive systems - Steel wire ropes and chains . 51
D.1 Recommended specifications of steel wire ropes . 51
D.2 Dimensions of pulley grooves . 51
D.3 Flare angle . 52
D.4 Fleet angles . 53
D.5 Pitch circle . 54
Annex E (informative) Marking . 55
Annex F (normative) Verification by the installer . 56
F.1 Compatibility between the lift and the vehicle . 56
F.2 Static test . 56
F.2.1 Deformation . 56
F.2.2 Drift . 56
F.3 Dynamic test . 56
F.4 Test of operation and safety functions . 56
F.5 Test to verify that the tail lift cannot lift excessive load . 57
Annex G (informative) Overloads onto a platform at vehicle floor level . 58
3
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this European Standard with EC Directives . 59
Annex ZB (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the
Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC" . 60
Bibliography . 61
4
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 98
“Lifting platforms”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2010, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2010.
This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2009-06-19.
This document supersedes EN 1756-2:2004.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ".
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
!For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts
of this document."
This standard comprises two parts:
Part 1 relates specifically to tail lifts for goods (whether or not accompanied by an operator);
Part 2 covers the special requirements of tail lifts for passengers, including those with disabilities.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
5
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
Introduction
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of
this standard.
While producing this standard, it was assumed that:
only trained persons operate the machine;
components without specific requirements are:
a) designed in accordance with the usual engineering practice and calculation codes, including all
failure modes;
b) of sound mechanical and electrical construction;
c) made of materials, with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
d) free of defects;
harmful materials, such as asbestos are not used;
components are kept in good repair and working order, so that the required dimensions remain
fulfilled despite wear;
by design of the load bearing elements, a safe operation of the machine is assured for loading
ranging from zero to 100 % of the rated possibilities and during the tests;
a mechanical device built according to good practice and the requirements of the standard, will
not deteriorate to a point of creating a hazard without the possibility of detection;
the equipment is capable of operating correctly within a temperature range of – 15 °C to + 40 °C;
a negotiation takes place between the manufacturer of the tail lift and the installer for the
characteristics of the supporting wheeled vehicle (see also clause 6), the fitting of the tail lift on or
in the vehicle and between the installer and the user relating to the specific conditions of the use,
places of use of the machinery, also some of the characteristics of the vehicle and the
appropriate language;
the working area is adequately lit (if lighting is not provided with the tail lift);
if the place of installations allows a vertical falling height of persons of more than 3 m
notwithstanding the limited travel height indicated in the scope, means external to the machine
are used to limit this falling height to 3 m.
!This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100."
When the provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
6
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
1 Scope
Part 2 of standard EN 1756 specifies safety requirements for design of tail lifts as defined in 3.1 for
mounting on wheeled passenger vehicles.
Vehicles for the loading of disabled passengers onto aircraft and ships are included within the scope
of the standard (although dock-mounted lifts are excluded).
It also specifies the verification of such tail lifts and the safety information that shall be provided for
their use.
This document deals with the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in clause 4 which
can arise during the operation of tail lifts when carried out in accordance with the specifications as
intended by the manufacturer or his authorised representative.
It applies to passenger tail lifts:
used for the purpose of embarking and/or disembarking passengers to and from such vehicles;
intended to be fitted, temporarily or permanently, either inside or on the front, side or rear of the
wheeled vehicle;
driven either by hand or by electric power;
equipped with a platform to support passengers who may be pedestrians or riders in wheelchairs
and may be accompanied by an attendant.
Embarking and/or disembarking operations include the use of a tail lift to lift and/or lower passengers,
and if specifically approved by the manufacturer, for use as a link bridge.
The standard covers the significant hazards which could occur when a tail lift is used as intended and
under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer. A list of significant hazards is given in clause 4.
This document is not applicable to tail lifts which are manufactured before the date of publication of
this document by CEN.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 574:1996, Safety of machinery — Two-hand control devices — Functional aspects — Principles
for design
EN 811, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the lower
limbs
EN 982, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components —
Hydraulics
EN 60204-1:1997, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General
requirements (IEC 60204-1:1997)
EN 61310-2, Safety of machinery — Indication, marking and actuation — Part 2: Requirements for
marking (IEC 61310-2:1995)
7
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
EN ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1:
Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2
Technical principles and specifications (ISO 12100-2:2003)
EN ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2001)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
tail lift
lifting device suitable for installation on or in a wheeled passenger vehicle and which is used for
embarking passengers into or disembarking passengers from such a vehicle. Such passengers may
in particular be of reduced mobility and include those in wheelchairs
The device consists essentially of a platform, a drive system, a support structure and one or more
control positions
3.2
link bridge
application of a tail lift in which the platform is used to span from its associated vehicle to any elevated
position for the purpose of transferring passengers to or from the vehicle
3.3
tail lift mechanisms
see annex A (informative)
3.4
types of Tail lifts
see annex A (informative)
3.5
wheeled passenger vehicle
vehicle, or vehicle body which is intended for carrying persons, for road, off-road or rail transport, see
also scope
3.6
operator
any person given the task of operating the tail lift
NOTE 1 This is a restricted version of the definition given in EN ISO 12100-1.
NOTE 2 The operator may in certain cases be a trained passenger.
3.7
responsible person
any person – driver, trained attendant, conductor – who is in charge of supervising the use of the tail
lift
3.8
manufacturer
the one which makes the tail lift
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
3.9
travelling position
any configuration which the tail lift is intended to have while the vehicle is in motion
3.10
working position
any configuration of the tail lift in which the platform is intended to handle passengers
3.11
operating position
any configuration of the tail lift other than its travelling position
3.12
opening
any movement of the platform between a travelling position and a working position
3.13
closing
any movement of the platform from a working position to a travelling position
3.14
tilting
any angular movement to adjust vertically the platform when it is in a working position
3.15
working area
area on and around the platform and the controls
3.16
danger zone
any zone on, under or in the path of the platform as well as around any part of the mechanism in
which a person is exposed to risk of injury or damage to health
NOTE This definition should not preclude the platform being a working area.
3.17
platform width
dimension of the platform measured parallel to the edge adjacent to the vehicle (see Figure 1)
In the case of a rotary lift having a rectangular platform, the width is the dimension of the platform
perpendicular to the direction in which the passenger moves when entering and leaving the platform.
The effective width is that available to support passengers and/or wheelchairs.
3.18
platform depth
dimension of the platform measured perpendicularly to the edge adjacent to the vehicle (see Figure 1)
In the case of a rotary lift having a rectangular platform, the depth is the dimension of the platform
parallel with the direction in which the passenger moves when entering and leaving the platform.
The effective depth is that available to support passengers and/or wheelchairs.
9
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
Key
1 Platform width
2 Platform depth
Figure 1 — Platform width and depth
3.19
effective area
area defined by the effective width and the effective depth of the platform
3.20
platform vertical travel distance
distance between the lowest and the highest positions respectively the platform can assume when its
surface is horizontal (see Figure 2)
NOTE The travel distance is a different concept from the height.
Key
1 Vertical travel distance
Figure 2 — Platform vertical travel distance
3.21
vertical speed
platform vertical travel distance divided by the time taken by the platform to move through this
distance
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SIST EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2010
EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009 (E)
3.22
load
any mass applied to the platform surface. It includes the mass of any passenger, attendant,
wheelchair or mobility aid
3.23
maximum load
highest permissible load uniformly distributed over the effective area of the platform
3.24
control device
any dev
...
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