EN ISO/ASTM 52931:2023

Additive manufacturing of metals - Environment, health and safety - General principles for use of metallic materials (ISO/ASTM 52931:2023)

This document provides guidance and requirements for risk assessment and implementation of prevention and protection measures relating to additive manufacturing with metallic powders.
The risks covered by this document concern all sub-processes composing the manufacturing process, including the management of waste.
This document does not specify requirements for the design of machinery and equipment used for additive manufacturing.

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Umweltschutz, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Allgemeine Grundsätze für die Verwendung metallischer Materialien (ISO/ASTM 52931:2023)

Dieses Dokument bietet Anleitungen und Anforderungen für die Risikobeurteilung und Implementierung von Präventions- und Schutzmaßnahmen in Bezug auf die additive Fertigung mit metallischen Pulvern.
Die durch dieses Dokument behandelten Risiken betreffen alle Teilprozesse des Fertigungsprozesses einschließlich des Abfallmanagements.
Dieses Dokument legt keine Anforderungen an die Gestaltung von Maschinen/Anlagen für die additive Fertigung fest.

Fabrication additive de métaux - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Principes généraux pour l’utilisation de matériaux métalliques (ISO/ASTM 52931:2023)

Le présent document fournit des conseils et des exigences pour l’appréciation du risque et la mise en œuvre de mesures de prévention et de protection relatives à la fabrication additive avec des poudres métalliques.
Les risques couverts par le présent document concernent tous les sous-procédés composant le procédé de fabrication, y compris la gestion des déchets.
Le présent document ne spécifie pas d’exigences pour la conception des machines et des équipements utilisés pour la fabrication additive.

Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Okolje, zdravje in varnost - Splošna načela za uporabo kovinskih materialov (ISO/ASTM 52931:2023)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-May-2023
• ICS: 13.020.01 - Environment and environmental protection in general
• ICS: 13.030.30 - Special wastes
• ICS: 13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 01-Feb-2023
• Completion Date: 01-Feb-2023
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52931:2023 - Additive manufacturing of metals - Environment, health and safety - General principles for use of metallic materials (ISO/ASTM 52931:2023)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
01-november-2021
Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Okolje, zdravje in varnost - Splošna načela za
uporabo kovinskih materialov (ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021)

Additive manufacturing of metals - Environment, health and safety - General principles

for use of metallic materials (ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021)

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Umweltschutz, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Allgemeine

Grundsätze für die Verwendung metallischer Materialien (ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021)
Fabrication additive - Santé et sécurité environnementale - Lignes directrices

normalisées pour l'utilisation de matériaux métalliques (ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021)

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52931
ICS:
13.020.01 Okolje in varstvo okolja na Environment and
splošno environmental protection in
general
13.030.30 Posebni odpadki Special wastes
13.100 Varnost pri delu. Industrijska Occupational safety.
higiena Industrial hygiene
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-09-09 2021-12-02
Additive manufacturing of metals — Environment, health
and safety — General principles for use of metallic
materials
ICS: 13.020.01; 13.100; 13.030.30; 25.030
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be

reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.

ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4.2 Chemical hazard methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 4

5 Source data ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.2 Input products and by-products .............................................................................................................................................. 4

5.2.1 Safety data sheet .............................................................................................................................................................. 4

5.2.2 Product technical datasheet ................................................................................................................................... 5

5.3 Process ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

5.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

5.3.2 Means of storage and implementation ......................................................................................................... 5

5.4 Feedback from experience ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

5.4.1 Incident reports ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

5.4.2 Technical and normative watch .......................................................................................................................... 6

5.4.3 Measurement reports and analyses ................................................................................................................ 6

6 Risk assessment .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.1 Identification of hazards ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

6.2 Chemical Safety Cards ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.2.2 Identification of hazards related to inputs ................................................................................................ 7

6.2.3 Hazards related to substances generated during additive manufacturing ................11

6.2.4 Hazards related to fire and explosion .........................................................................................................11

6.3 Identification of exposing situations .................................................................................................................................11

6.4 Characterization and risk rating ...........................................................................................................................................16

6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................16

6.4.2 Rating of risks related to contamination, inhalation or skin contact ..............................16

6.4.3 Rating the risks related to explosion ...........................................................................................................17

7 Prevention and protective measures ...........................................................................................................................................18

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................18

7.2 Workplaces ..............................................................................................................................................................................................18

7.2.1 Floors and walls .............................................................................................................................................................18

7.2.2 Air flow ..................................................................................................................................................................................19

7.2.3 Fire ............................................................................................................................................................................................19

7.2.4 Electric ...................................................................................................................................................................................20

7.2.5 Powder storage ..............................................................................................................................................................20

7.2.6 Best practices for workplaces for personnel ........................................................................................21

7.3 Process ........................................................................................................................................................................................................21

7.4 Organization ...........................................................................................................................................................................................21

7.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................21

7.4.2 Training of personnel................................................................................................................................................22

7.4.3 Information for personnel ....................................................................................................................................22

7.4.4 Limitation of exposed personnel ....................................................................................................................22

7.4.5 Reduction of exposure .............................................................................................................................................22

7.4.6 Personal protective equipment ........................................................................................................................22

7.5 Waste management ..........................................................................................................................................................................24

© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)

7.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................24

7.5.2 Contaminated filters ..................................................................................................................................................24

7.5.3 Waste from immersion vacuums and cleaning systems .............................................................25

7.5.4 General dry powder waste ...................................................................................................................................25

Annex A (informative) Safety Data Sheet ......................................................................................................................................................26

Annex B (informative) Definition of limit values ..................................................................................................................................28

Annex C (informative) Hazards related to fire and explosion .................................................................................................29

Annex D (informative) Overview of OEL for substances ...............................................................................................................31

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................35

iv © ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation

with ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership

agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM

standards on Additive Manufacturing.
This is the first edition of this document.
© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
Introduction

The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes with metallic feedstock entails a number of hazards.

It is therefore important, as a first step, to implement a high level of protection during manufacturing

and installation of the additive manufacturing machine or plant. For this purpose, ISO/ASTM 52938-1

dealing with safety of LB-PBF machines is under preparation.

In addition, the users of additive manufacturing plants have to reduce the risks for the operators

remaining after installation so that they fulfil the nationally or regionally pertinent regulations for

health and safety at work. The latter are very different worldwide and the requirements of a standard

cannot fully reflect them. For users of additive manufacturing plants, the guidelines and requirements

of ISO/ASTM 52931 are, therefore, particularly relevant with regard to aspects not sufficiently covered

by pertinent national or regional regulations for safety and health at work.
vi © ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
Additive manufacturing of metals — Environment, health
and safety — General principles for use of metallic
materials
1 Scope

This document provides a guide and requirements for risk assessment and implementation of

prevention and protection measures relating to additive manufacturing with powders.

The risks covered by this document concern all sub-processes composing the manufacturing process,

including the management of waste.

This document does not specify requirements for the design of machinery/equipment used for additive

manufacturing.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 11611, Protective clothing for use in welding and allied processes

ISO 14116, Protective clothing — Protection against flame — Limited flame spread materials, material

assemblies and clothing
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Terminology

ISO/ASTM 52907:2019, Additive manufacturing — Feedstock materials — Methods to characterize metal

powders

IEC 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres — Part 10-1: Classification of areas — Explosive gas atmospheres

IEC 60079-10-2, Explosive atmospheres — Part 10-2: classification of areas — Combustible dust

atmospheres
EN 2, Classification of fires
EN 166, Personal eye-protection
ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
3.2 Abbreviations
The abbreviations and acronyms used in this document are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Abbreviations and acronyms
Abbreviation Signification
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AHU Air Handling Unit
AM Additive Manufacturing
ATEX ATmospheres EXplosives
CLP Classification, Labelling, Packaging
CMR Carcinogenic, Mutagenic or Reprotoxic
EChA European Chemicals Agency
GHS Globally Harmonized System
HSE Health-Safety-Environment
MSD MusculoSkeletal Disorder
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OEL Occupational Exposure Limit
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
REACh Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of CHemicals
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
4 Methodology
4.1 General

The method described in this document allows to the user to assess the HSE risk considering the

following:
— metallic powders used,
— AM process,
— AM system installation conditions,
— applicable good practices and
— feedback from experience.

The methodology is based on a characterization of physical hazards (e.g. fire and explosion), hazards to

the health of the operator or the potentially exposed third parties and to the environment. The overall

approach to risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures is illustrated in Figure 1 and

detailed in Table 2.
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)

Figure 1 — Overall approach to risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures

Table 2 — Description of the HSE risk prevention process
Aspects taken into
Main steps Factors / measures
account

Source data Input products and by-prod- Safety data sheets, products implemented with clas-

ucts sification, toxicity and granulometry, Instruction
handbooks, Current regulations
Process Means (premises and work equipment) implemented
for the storage, transport and processing of inputs
Feedback from experience Measurement, analysis, medical follow-up, incident
reports, supervision of technology and regulation

Risk assessment Identification of hazards Identification of the inherent hazards of the inputs

and by-products generated at the different stages of
the process and the exposing situations
Identification of exposing Identification of tasks and activities with potential
situations for exposures at the different stages of the process
including accidental exposure
Characterization and risk Characterization and rating of the risks to health,
rating safety and environment

Verification of Organizational Workplace Layout, performance of containment, airflow / venti-

measures lation, air monitoring function
Process Raw material, work equipment, capture performance,
sealing, filtration cleanliness, level of reliability of
detection functions, controls, category of risks related
to explosion,…
Organization Procedures, process flow, level of training, PPE, med-
ical follow-up, monitoring of premises and equipment
Waste management Waste collection, storage and disposal. Spill prevention
and containment

Verification of prevention and Tests and validation of pre- Sampling, atmospheric dosimetry, surface measure-

protection measures ventive measures ments, adequacy audit
Registration of initial state Ambient measurement
© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Aspects taken into
Main steps Factors / measures
account

Supervision Monitoring of the production Monitoring and management of workplace / process /

process organization modification, regulatory and technological
monitoring, Sampling, atmospheric dosimetry, area of
surface contamination
4.2 Chemical hazard methodology

The steps for assessing and controlling the risk of exposure to hazardous chemical agents are described

in Figure 2:
Figure 2 — Main steps of a chemical risks prevention process
5 Source data
5.1 General

Applicable local regulations shall be considered (see Directive 89/391/EEC, in Europe, and OSHA, in

USA).
5.2 Input products and by-products
5.2.1 Safety data sheet
See information given in Annex A.
4 © ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)
5.2.2 Product technical datasheet

The product technical datasheet should also contain information about particle size distribution.

Technical specification of metal powders should be provided in accordance with ISO/ASTM 52907:2019,

Annex A.
5.3 Process
5.3.1 General

The instructions for proper installation, use and maintenance of the machine shall be followed. The

user should ensure that the combination of feedstock and machine has been taken into account. The end

user shall perform a specific risk assessment, preferably with the support of the machine manufacturer

and of the supplier of the feedstock(s).
5.3.2 Means of storage and implementation

For the regular use of metallic powders, national regulations and organisational policies related

to hazardous substances shall be observed. This would include registering of the material in the

organization and risk assessments for the individual processes performed with the material based on

information from the safety data sheets. This would provide hierarchical control for the following, as a

minimum:
— powder identification;
— storage location;

— storage requirements (legal aspects, safety aspects and powder quality aspects);

— manual handling requirements;
— maximum volume/s of powder for each process;
— use of ancillary equipment (wet separators etc),
— housekeeping requirements;
— PPE requirements.
5.4 Feedback from experience
5.4.1 Incident reports

When an incident occurs for an operator of a facility, the company shall provide to the inspector of

the facilities a report analysing the causes of the incident, its effects and consequences on people and

the environment. The description in the incident report shall contain the equipment involved in the

incident:

When an incident occurs for an operator of a facility, the company should provide a report analysing

the causes of the incident, its effects and consequences on people and the environment. The description

useful for in the incident report is:

— description of the process and its equipment: implementation, products involved, operating

conditions in normal operation, procedures, rules, control operations, maintenance, cleaning, etc;

— security measures (prevention, protection), procedures, qualifications, training;

— circumstances, context and chronology of the incident:
© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52931:2021
ISO/ASTM DIS 52931:2021(E)

— operating context before and during the incident, product condition, identification of deviations

from normal, testimonials, latest interventions (maintenance, control, inspections, interviews,

work, other incidents...);

— chronology of events and incident management (interveners present, actions carried out, date/

time,...);
— miscellaneous findings;
— characterization of the consequences:

— experimental characterization to remove doubts (measurement, incident reproduction, product

characterization);
— characterization by modelling (e.g. fire in an AM workplace);
— recommendations: prevention, detection, protection, management of activities.
5.4.2 Technical and normative watch

Technical and/or normative documents should be available, reviewed and the AM process updated as

needed within a period of less than 2 months from the dates of publication.
5.4.3 Measurement reports and analyses

All emission measurements, either on receipt of the equipment or in normal operation, as well as the

history of exposure measurements are useful feedback for risk assessment or re-assessment.

If the risk assessment shows that there is at least one exposure situation subject to a regulatory OEL,

exposure levels shall be controlled in accordance with the regulations.

NOTE Currently, there are no known common cases in the field of AM with metallic materials requiring the

intervention of an accredited body, but this cannot be excluded.
6 Risk assessment
6.1 Identification of hazards

All dangerous chemicals shall be identified. The prevention approach consists in systematically

identifying the presence of such products and any working situation in which operators and other

personnel might be exposed.
6.2 Chemical Safety Cards
6.2.1 General
For AM workspaces and feeds
...