EN 16214-1:2024
(Main)Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 1: Terminology
Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 1: Terminology
This document specifies the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy applications. This document specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, the recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), and the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other related European regulations.
Nachhaltigkeitskriterien für die Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen und flüssigen Biobrennstoffen für Energieanwendungen - Grundsätze, Kriterien, Indikatoren und Prüfer - Teil 1: Terminologie
Dieses Dokument legt die Terminologie fest, die in Bezug auf die Kriterien zur Nachhaltigkeit und zu Einsparungen an Treibhausgasemissionen bei Energieanwendungen anzuwenden ist. In diesem Dokument werden insbesondere einige der relevanten Begriffe berücksichtigt, die in der Richtlinie 2018/EU/2001 der Europäischen Kommission, der Neufassung der Erneuerbare-Energien-Richtlinie (RED II), und in der Richtlinie 2009/30/EG der Europäischen Kommission, bezeichnet als Kraftstoffqualitätsrichtlinie (FQD-Richtlinie), oder in anderen Europäischen Vorschriften verwendet werden.
Critères de durabilité et de réduction d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour la biomasse destinée à des applications énergétiques - Principes, critères, indicateurs et vérificateurs - Partie 1 : Terminologie
Le présent document définit la terminologie à utiliser dans le domaine des critères de durabilité et de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) relatifs à la biomasse pour des applications énergétiques. Le présent document considère spécifiquement certains termes et définitions pertinents utilisés dans la Directive 2018/UE/2001 de la Commission européenne, la refonte de la Directive sur les énergies renouvelables (RED II), et la Directive 2009/30/CE de la Commission européenne connue sous le nom de Directive sur la qualité des carburants (DQC), ou dans d’autres règlements européens connexes.
Merila za trajnostnost in zmanjševanje emisij toplogrednih plinov za biomaso za energijsko uporabo - Načela, merila, kazalniki in preskuševalniki - 1. del: Terminologija
Ta evropski standard določa terminologijo za uporabo na področju meril trajnostnosti za proizvodnjo biogoriv, biotekočin in goriv iz biomase za energijsko uporabo. V tem evropskem standardu so posebej obravnavani nekateri pomembni izrazi in definicije, uporabljeni v Direktivi Evropske komisije 2009/28/ES [1], imenovani direktiva o obnovljivih virih energije (RED), Direktivi Evropske komisije 2009/30/ES [2], imenovani direktiva o kakovosti goriva (FQD), ali v drugih evropskih predpisih.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2025
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 16214-1:2012+A1:2020
Merila za trajnostnost in zmanjševanje emisij toplogrednih plinov za biomaso za
energijsko uporabo - Načela, merila, kazalniki in preskuševalniki - 1. del:
Terminologija
Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy
applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 1: Terminology
Nachhaltigkeitskriterien für die Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen und flüssigen
Biobrennstoffen für Energieanwendungen - Grundsätze, Kriterien, Indikatoren und Prüfer
- Teil 1: Terminologie
Critères de durabilité pour la production de biocarburants et bioliquides pour des
applications énergétiques - Principes, critères, indicateurs et vérificateurs - Partie 1 :
Terminologie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16214-1:2024
ICS:
01.040.27 Prenos energije in toplote Energy and heat transfer
(Slovarji) engineering (Vocabularies)
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 16214-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.27; 01.040.75; 27.190; 75.160.40 Supersedes EN 16214-1:2012+A1:2019
English Version
Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria
for biomass for energy applications - Principles, criteria,
indicators and verifiers - Part 1: Terminology
Critères de durabilité et de réduction d'émissions de Nachhaltigkeitskriterien für die Herstellung von
gaz à effet de serre pour la biomasse destinée à des Biokraftstoffen und flüssigen Biobrennstoffen für
applications énergétiques - Principes, critères, Energieanwendungen - Grundsätze, Kriterien,
indicateurs et vérificateurs - Partie 1 : Terminologie Indikatoren und Prüfer - Teil 1: Terminologie
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 2024.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16214-1:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
Annex A (normative) Guidance on the identification of residues to use . 27
Annex B (informative) Decision tree . 28
Annex C (informative) A-deviations . 30
Bibliography . 32
European foreword
This document (EN 16214-1:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 383
“Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2025, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16214-1:2012+A1:2019.
EN 16214-1:2012+A1:2019:
— The document has been updated to be in accordance with the current edition of the sustainability
criteria of the European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, the recast of the Renewable Energy
Directive (RED II). In particular, the RED II introduces sustainability criteria for forest biomass and
the directive has also been extended to include solid biomass.
At the time of publication of this document, Part 1 and Part 3 of the standard series have been updated
in accordance with RED II, while Part 2 and Part 4 have not been updated and thus follow European
Commission Directive 2009/28/EC (RED).
This European Standard comprises the following parts:
— EN 16214-1, Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy
applications — Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers — Part 1: Terminology;
— CEN/TS 16214-2, Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy
applications — Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers — Part 2: Conformity assessment including
chain of custody and mass balance;
— EN 16214-3, Sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy
applications — Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers — Part 3: Sustainability criteria related to
environmental aspects;
— EN 16214-4, Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy
applications — Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers — Part 4: Calculation methods of the
greenhouse gas emission balance using a life cycle analysis approach.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
In December 2018, the recast Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU (RED II) entered into force,
as part of the Clean energy for all Europeans package, helping the EU to meet its emissions reduction
commitments under the Paris Agreement. In RED II, the overall EU target for Renewable Energy
Sources consumption by 2030 has been raised to 32 %.
The RED II specifies a series of sustainability and greenhouse gas emission savings criteria that biomass
for energy applications shall comply with to be eligible for financial support by public authorities. Some
of these criteria are the same as in the original RED, while others are new or reformulated. In particular,
the RED II introduces sustainability for forestry feedstocks as well as greenhouse gas emission savings
criteria for solid and gaseous biomass fuels.
It is widely accepted that sustainability at large encompasses environmental, social and economic
aspects. However, this standard series only covers a selection of environmental aspects since the
standard series has been developed with the aim to assist EU Member States and economic operators
with the implementation of RED II. This standard series is therefore limited to certain aspects relevant
for a sustainability assessment of biomass produced for energy applications. This means that
compliance with this standard series or parts thereof alone does not substantiate claims of the biomass
being produced sustainably.
1 Scope
This document specifies the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability and greenhouse gas
emission saving criteria for biomass for energy applications. This document specifically considers some
relevant terms and definitions used in European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, the recast of the
Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), and the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC referred to
as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other related European regulations.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
accreditation
third-party attestation related to a conformity assessment body (3.28), conveying formal demonstration
of its competence, impartiality and consistent operation in performing specific conformity assessment
(3.27) activities
[SOURCE: EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 7.7]
3.2
accreditation body
authoritative body that performs accreditation (3.1)
[SOURCE: EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 4.7]
3.3
actual value
greenhouse gas emissions savings (3.56) for some or all of the steps of a specific biofuel (3.15), bioliquid
(3.17) or biomass fuel (3.19) production process (3.84)
Note 1 to entry: Calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down in Part C of Annex V or Part B of
Annex VI of RED II.
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.4
advanced biofuels
biofuels (3.15) that are produced from the feedstock listed in Part A of Annex IX of RED II
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.5
agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues
residues (3.94) that are directly generated by agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry and that do
not include residues from related industries or processing
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.6
agricultural biomass
biomass (3.18) produced from agriculture
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.7
agrobiodiversity
component of biodiversity that contributes to food and agriculture production, encompassing within
species, species and ecosystem (3.41) diversity
3.8
agroforestry
agroforestry systems which include land-use systems where trees are managed together with crops or
animal production systems in agricultural settings
[SOURCE: Commission Regulation (EU) 1307/2014 Article 1]
3.9
allocation
partitioning the input or output flows of a process (3.84) or a product (3.86) system between the
product system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14040:2006, 3.17]
3.10
ambient energy
naturally occurring thermal energy and energy accumulated in the environment with constrained
boundaries, which can be stored in the ambient air, excluding in exhaust air, or in surface or sewage
water
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.11
area for nature protection purposes
protection area
area designated by law or other equivalent competent authority (3.26) for the long-term conservation of
nature with associated ecosystem (3.41) services and biodiversity values
Note 1 to entry: Within Forest Europe's classification, “long-term” is minimum 20 years for forests (3.47) and can
be different in other ecosystems and regions.
Note 2 to entry: Some clauses or elements of classification schemes might fall out under this definition, for
example IUCN scheme.
3.12
audit
systematic, independent and documented process (3.84) for obtaining objective evidence and
evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria (3.33) are fulfilled
Note 1 to entry: Internal audits, sometimes called first party audits, are conducted by, or on behalf of, the
organization (3.78) itself.
Note 2 to entry: External audits include those generally called second and third party audits. Second party audits
are conducted by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or by other individuals on their
behalf. Third party audits are conducted by independent auditing organizations, such as those providing
certification/registration of conformity or governmental agencies.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 19011:2018, 3.1]
3.13
bioenergy producer
organization (3.78) or unit responsible for the bioenergy production (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: The bioenergy producer can be responsible for any operation with the purpose of changing the
biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel properties.
Note 2 to entry: The bioenergy producer can also be the supplier of the biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel.
3.14
bioenergy production
transformation of biomass (3.18) or of an intermediate product (3.86) derived from biomass into a
biofuel (3.15), bioliquid (3.17), or biomass fuel (3.19)
3.15
biofuel
liquid fuel for transport produced from biomass (3.18)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.16
biogas
gaseous fuel produced from biomass (3.18)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.17
bioliquid
liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling,
produced from biomass (3.18)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.18
biomass
biodegradable fraction of products (3.86), waste (3.115) and residues (3.94) from biological origin from
agriculture, including vegetal and animal substances, from forestry and related industries, including
fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of waste, including industrial and
municipal waste of biological origin
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.19
biomass fuel
gaseous or solid fuel produced from biomass (3.18)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.20
biowaste
biodegradable garden and park waste (3.115), food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants,
caterers and retail premises and comparable waste from food processing plants
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2008/98/EC]
3.21
blending
process (3.84) of defined intentional mixing of a biofuel (3.15) or a bioliquid (3.17) or a biomass fuel
(3.19) or a fossil fuel (3.50) or a combination with each other
Note 1 to entry: See also mixture (3.75).
3.22
certificate
conformity statement by a certification body within the framework of a voluntary scheme (3.114),
certifying that an economic operator (3.40) complies with the requirements of RED II
[SOURCE: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/996]
3.23
chain of custody
process (3.84) by which inputs and outputs and associated information are transferred, monitored and
controlled as they move through each step in the relevant supply chain (3.107)
[SOURCE: ISO 22095:2020, 3.1.1]
3.24
CO equivalent
CO eq
unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a GHG (3.54) to that of carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated using the mass of a given GHG multiplied by its global
warming potential (3.52).
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14064-1:2019, 3.1.13, modified: term changed to “CO equivalent” and alternative
term changed to “CO eq” in order to be in line with the terminology used in RED II]
3.25
combined heat and power
CHP
cogeneration
simultaneous generation in one process (3.84) of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical
energy
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2004/8/EC]
3.26
competent authority
regulatory body, authority or organization (3.78) which implement the requirements of legislation and
has the legally delegated (or invested) authority, capacity, or power to perform a designated function
3.27
conformity assessment
demonstration that specified requirements are fulfilled
Note 1 to entry: The process (3.84) of conformity assessment as described in the functional approach in Annex A
of EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020 can have a negative outcome, i.e. demonstrating that the specified requirements are
not fulfilled.
Note 2 to entry: Conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere in this document, such as but not
limited to testing, inspection, validation, verification, certification, and accreditation (3.1).
Note 3 to entry: Conformity assessment is explained in Annex A of EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020 as a series of
functions. Activities contributing to any of these functions can be described as conformity assessment activities.
Note 4 to entry: This document does not include a definition of “conformity”. “Conformity” does not feature in the
definition of “conformity assessment”. Nor does this document address the concept of compliance.
[SOURCE: EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 4.1]
3.28
conformity assessment body
body that performs conformity assessment (3.27) activities, excluding accreditation (3.1)
[SOURCE: EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 4.6]
3.29
consignment
quantity of unfinished or finished product (3.86), consisting of one or more batches of the same
sustainability characteristics, which is transferred from one economic operator (3.40) to another one at
the same time
Note 1 to entry: Transfer from/to two economic operators involves two consignments.
3.30
continuously forested area
forest (3.47) with a canopy cover of more than 30 %
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.31
co-processing
simultaneous conversion of feedstocks and/or materials of different origins in one process (3.84), e.g.
biomass (3.18) and fossil feedstocks
3.32
co-product
substance or object resulting from a production process (3.84) not being a product (3.86), residue (3.94)
or waste (3.115)
3.33
criterion
requirement that describes what is to be assessed
Note 1 to entry: A criterion adds meaning and operability to a principle (3.83) without itself being a direct
measure of performance.
Note 2 to entry: A criterion is characterized by a set of related indicators (3.64).
[SOURCE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.11]
3.34
default value
value derived from a typical value (3.111) by the application of pre-determined factors and that may, in
circumstances specified in RED II, be used in place of an actual value (3.3)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.35
degraded
characterised by long-term loss of biodiversity due to for
instance overgrazing, mechanical damage to the vegetation, soil erosion or loss of soil quality (3.101)
Note 1 to entry: The term “degraded” is applied in the context of the high biodiverse value status of an area,
namely for highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land (3.60) and for highly biodiverse non-natural grassland
(3.62) and forest (3.47).
Note 2 to entry: The term “degraded” defined here is not related to the term “severely degraded land” used in the
methodology for greenhouse gas emissions (3.55) calculation (see Annex C 9. of RED II).
[SOURCE: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1307/2014, Art 1, (4) (b), modified to fit the structure of
a definition in a European Standard, subject field added, Notes 1 and 2 to entry added]
3.36
disaggregated default value
greenhouse gas emission (3.55) for a specific part of the supply chain (3.107) derived from a default
value (3.34)
Note 1 to entry: See also actual value (3.3), default value, and typical value (3.111).
3.37
distribution
set of operations or activities to supply biofuels (3.15) or bioliquids (3.17) or biomass fuel (3.19) or their
blends from their delivery to the fuel supplier (3.51) and up to the final customer
3.38
district cooling
distribution (3.37) of thermal energy in the form of chilled liquids, from central or decentralised sources
of production through a network to multiple buildings or sites (3.97), for the use of space or process
(3.84) cooling
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.39
district heating
distribution (3.37) of thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water, from central or decentralised
sources of production through a network to multiple buildings or sites (3.97), for the use of space or
process (3.84) heating
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.40
economic operator
producer of raw material (3.88), collector of waste (3.115) and residues (3.94), operator of installations
processing raw material into final fuels or intermediate products, operator of installations producing
energy (electricity, heating or cooling) or any other operator, including of storage (3.106) facilities or
traders that are in physical possession of raw material or fuels, provided that they handle information
on the sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving (3.56) characteristics of those raw materials or
fuels
[SOURCE: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/996, modified to fit the structure of a
definition in a European standard, and “process” changed to “handle”.]
3.41
ecosystem
dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment
interacting as a functional unit
3.42
efficient district heating and cooling
district heating (3.39) or district cooling (3.38) system using at least 50 % renewable energy, 50 %
waste heat, 75 % cogenerated heat or 50 % of a combination of such energy and heat
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2012/27/EU]
3.43
energy from renewable sources
energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar (solar thermal and solar photovoltaic)
and geothermal energy, ambient energy (3.10), tide, wave and other ocean energy, hydropower, biomass
(3.18), landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas, and biogas (3.16)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.44
first gathering point
storage (3.106) or processing facility managed directly by an economic operator (3.40) or other
counterpart under contractual agreement that is sourcing raw material (3.88) directly from producers
of agricultural biomass (3.6), forest biomass (3.48), wastes (3.115) and residues (3.94) or, in the case of
renewable fuels of non-biological origin, the plant producing such fuels
[SOURCE: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/996]
3.45
first-party conformity assessment activity
conformity assessment (3.27) activity that is performed by the person or organization (3.78) that
provides or that is the object of conformity assessment
EXAMPLE Activities performed by providers, designers or owners of the object, investors in the object, and
advertisers or promoters of the object.
Note 1 to entry: The first-, second- and third-party descriptors used to characterize conformity assessment
activities in relation to a given object are not to be confused with the legal identification of the relevant parties to a
contract.
Note 2 to entry: If an activity is performed by an external body acting on behalf of and controlled by a person or
organization that provides or is the object, the activity is still called a first-party conformity assessment activity (e.g.
internal audits (3.12) performed by a consultant who is not part of the organization).
[SOURCE: EN ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 4.3, modified – Note 1 to entry placed after the example.]
3.46
food and feed crops
starch-rich crops (3.105), sugar crops or oil crops produced on agricultural land as a main crop
excluding residues (3.94), waste (3.115) or ligno-cellulosic material (3.70) and intermediate crops, such
as catch crops and cover crops, provided that the use of such intermediate crops does not trigger
demand for additional land
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.47
forest
land spanning more than 1 ha with trees higher than 5 m and a canopy cover of more than 10 %, or
trees able to reach these thresholds in situ, not including land that is predominantly under agricultural
or urban land use (3.65)
Note 1 to entry: “Forest” includes continuously forested areas (3.30) and sparsely forested areas (3.103).
Note 2 to entry: The FAO source document contains a value of 0,5 ha. The value has been changed into 1 ha to be
adapted according to the RED II.
Note 3 to entry: Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land
uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m in situ.
Note 4 to entry: Includes areas with young trees that have not yet reached but which are expected to reach a
canopy cover of 10 % and tree height of 5 m. It also includes areas that are temporarily unstocked due to clear
cutting as part of a forest management practice or natural disasters, and which are expected to be regenerated
within five years. Local conditions may, in exceptional cases, justify that a longer time frame is used.
Note 5 to entry: Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature
reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or
spiritual interest.
Note 6 to entry: Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0,5 ha and
width of more than 20 m.
Note 7 to entry: Includes abandoned shifting cultivation land with a regeneration of trees that have, or is expected
to reach, a canopy cover of 10 % and tree height of 5 m.
Note 8 to entry: Includes areas with mangroves in tidal zones, regardless whether this area is classified as land
area or not.
Note 9 to entry: Includes rubber-wood, cork oak and Christmas tree plantations.
Note 10 to entry: Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria
(3.33) are met.
Note 11 to entry: Includes areas outside the legally designated forest land which meet the definition of “forest”.
Note 12 to entry: Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, oil palm
plantations, olive orchards, and agroforestry (3.8) systems when crops are grown under tree cover.
Note 13 to entry: Some agroforestry (3.8) systems such as the “Taungya” system where crops are grown only
during the first years of the forest rotation should be classified as forest.
[SOURCE: FAO-report on terms and definitions from 2020, modified; 0,5 ha changed to 1 ha and Notes 1
and 2 to entry added]
3.48
forest biomass
biomass (3.18) produced from forestry
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.49
forest regeneration
re-establishment of a forest (3.47) stand by natural or artificial means following the removal of the
previous stand by felling or as a result of natural causes, including fire or storm
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.50
fossil fuel
fuel derived from crude oil, natural gas or coal
3.51
fuel supplier
entity supplying fuel to the market that is responsible for passing fuel through an excise duty point or,
in the case of electricity or where no excise is due or where duly justified, any other relevant entity
designated by a Member State
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.52
global warming potential
GWP
index, based on radiative properties of GHGs (3.54), measuring the radiative forcing following a pulse
emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day atmosphere integrated over a chosen time
horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO )
Note 1 to entry: GHG values are provided in Directive 2018/EU/2001.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14064-1:2019, 3.1.12, modified, Note 1 to entry added]
3.53
grassland
terrestrial ecosystems (3.41) dominated by herbaceous or shrub vegetation for at least 5 years
continuously
Note 1 to entry: Grasslands differ among climatic zones and may include, inter alia, heaths, pastures, meadows,
savannahs, steppes, scrublands, tundra and prairies.
Note 2 to entry: It includes meadows or pasture that is cropped for hay but excludes land cultivated for other
crop production and cropland lying temporarily fallow.
Note 3 to entry: It further excludes continuously forested areas (3.30) as defined in Article 29.4(b) of
Directive 2018/2001 unless these are agroforestry (3.8) systems which include land-use systems where trees are
managed together with crops or animal production systems in agricultural settings.
Note 4 to entry: The dominance of herbaceous or shrub vegetation means that their combined ground cover is
larger than the canopy cover of trees.
Note 5 to entry: Grasslands in the following geographic ranges of the European Union - even in case of
degradation - shall always be regarded as highly biodiverse grassland:
a) habitats (3.58) as listed in Annex I to Council Directive 92/43/EEC;
b) habitats of significant importance for animal and plant species of European Union interest listed in
Annexes II and IV to Directive 92/43/EEC; and
c) habitats of significant importance for wild bird species listed in Annex I to Directive 2009/147/EC.
Highly biodiverse grassland in the European Union is not limited to the geographic ranges referred to under (a),
(b) and (c) above. Other grassland might fulfil the criteria (3.33) for highly biodiverse grassland set out in Article 1
of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1307/2014.
[SOURCE: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1307/2014 [2], modified to fit the structure of a
definition in a European Standard, and, in Note 3 to entry, “Article 17(4)(b) of Directive 2009/28/EC” is
replaced by “Article 29.4(b) of Directive 2018/2001”]
3.54
greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface, the atmosphere and clouds
Note 1 to entry: For a list of GHGs, see the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment
Report.
Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone are anthropogenic as well as natural GHGs but are not included as
recognized GHGs due to difficulties, in most cases, in isolating the human-induced component of global warming
attributable to their presence in the atmosphere.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14064-1:2019, 3.1.1]
3.55
greenhouse gas emission
release of a GHG (3.54) into the atmosphere
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14064-1:2019, 3.1.5]
3.56
greenhouse gas emission savings
percentage of greenhouse gas emission (3.55) saved by the use of a biofuel (3.15) or bioliquid (3.17) or
biomass fuel (3.19) as compared to a fossil fuel (3.50) comparator
3.57
group auditing
third-party conformity assessment (3.27) for a group of similar economic operators (3.40), in particular
for smallholder farmers, producer organizations (3.78) and cooperatives on the basis of sampling
Note 1 to entry: Group auditing for compliance with land related criteria (3.33) is only acceptable when the areas
concerned are near each other and have similar characteristics.
Note 2 to entry: Group auditing for the purpose of calculating greenhouse gas emission savings (3.56) is only
acceptable when the units have similar production systems and products (3.86).
3.58
habitat
natural environment that surrounds, influences and is utilized by a species population
3.59
harvesting area
area where the actual harvesting (or collecting) is made
3.60
highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land
forest (3.47) and other wooded land (3.79) which is a species-rich area (3.104) and not degraded (3.35),
or has been identified as being highly biodiverse by the relevant competent authority (3.26)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, art 29.3 (b)]
3.61
highly biodiverse natural grassland
grassland (3.53), spanning more than 1 ha, that would remain grassland in the absence of human
intervention (3.63) and that maintains the natural species composition and ecological characteristics
and processes (3.84)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.62
highly biodiverse non-natural grassland
grassland (3.53), spanning more than 1 ha, that would cease to be grassland in the absence of human
intervention (3.63) and that is a species-rich area (3.104) and not degraded (3.35) and has been
identified as being highly biodiverse by the relevant competent authority (3.26), unless evidence is
provided that the harvesting of the raw material (3.88) is necessary to preserve its status as highly
biodiverse grassland
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.63
human intervention
managed grazing, mowing, cutting, harvesting or burning
[SOURCE: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1307/2014 [2], Art 1, (2)]
3.64
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or binary variable that can be measured or described, in response to a defined
criterion (3.33)
[SOURCE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.27]
3.65
land use
total of arrangements, activities and inputs (a set of human actions) undertaken in a certain land cover
type
Note 1 to entry: The term land use is also used in the sense of the social and economic purposes for which land is
managed (e.g. grazing, timber extraction, and conservation).
3.66
land use change
LUC
change in terms of land cover between the six IPCC land categories (forest (3.47) land, grass land, crop
land, wetlands (3.117), settlements and others land), plus a seventh category consisting of perennial
crops including (tree) crop plantations
Note 1 to entry: The reference date for agricultural biomass (3.6) is provided in RED II.
3.67
land with high carbon stock
wetlands (3.117); continuously forested areas (3.30); sparsely forested areas (3.103)
Note 1 to entry: See also continuously forested area and forest (3.47).
3.68
land with temporary fallow
land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons
Note 1 to entry: The idle period is usually less than five years.
Note 2 to entry: This land can be in the form sown for the exclusive production of green manure.
Note 3 to entry: Land remaining fallow for too long can acquire characteristics requiring it to be reclassified, as
for instance “Permanent meadows and pastures” if used for grazing or haying.
[SOURCE: FAOSTAT item code 6640, modified to fit the structure in a definition of a European standard]
3.69
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages, from raw material (3.88) acquisition or generation from natural
resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14040:2006/A1:2020, 3.1]
3.70
ligno-cellulosic material
material composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, such as biomass (3.18) sourced from forests
(3.47), woody energy crops and forest-based industries' residues (3.94) and wastes (3.115)
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.71
low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels
biofuels (3.15), bioliquids (3.17) and biomass fuels (3.19), the feedstock of which was produced within
schemes which avoid displacement effects of food and feed crop (3.46) based biofuels, bioliquids and
biomass fuels through improved agricultural practices as well as through the cultivation of crops on
areas which were previously not used for cultivation of crops, and which were produced in accordance
with the sustainability criteria (3.33) for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels laid down in Article 29 of
RED II
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.72
lower heating value
LHV
amount of heat released by the complete combustion of a material at atmospheric pressure assuming
both the material and all combustion products (3.86) are at 25 °C and all water, either present in the
original material or produced by the combustion, remains in gaseous state
Note 1 to entry: The LHV of a wet stream is the difference between the LHV of its dry matter content and the heat
required to dry out the material. The following formula can be used:
LHV = LHV (100 - %W)/100 - %W * 2,442 /100 (1)
dry
where
LHV is the LHV of the dry matter expressed in MJ/kg;
dry
%W is the mass percentage of water in the stream;
2,442 is the latent heat of vaporization of water at 25 °C expressed in MJ/kg.
3.73
mass balance
relationship between input and output of a specific substance within a system for chain of custody
(3.23), in which the output from the system cannot exceed the input into the system
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2014, 2.13, modified: “for chain of custody,” added]
3.74
mass balance model
mass balance system
chain of custody (3.23) model in which materials or products (3.86) with a set of specified
characteristics are mixed with materials or products without that set of characteristics and which
assures that the quantity of materials or products withdrawn from the mixture (3.75) that have those
characteristics is equal to the amount of materials or products with those characteristics added to the
mixture
[SOURCE: ISO 22095:2020, 3.3.4, modified; alternative term “mass balance system” added]
3.75
mixture
mix of substances from different consignments (3.29), having any form where consignments would
normally be in contact, such as in a container, processing or logistical facility or site (3.97) and where
separate sizes and sustainability characteristics of each consignment remain assigned to the mix of
substances
Note 1 to entry: See also blending (3.21).
3.76
non-food cellulosic material
feedstock mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, and having a lower lignin content than ligno-
cellulosic material (3.70), including food and feed crop (3.46) residues (3.94), such as straw, stover,
husks and shells; grassy energy crops with a low starch content, such as ryegrass, switchgrass,
miscanthus, giant cane; cover crops before and after main crops; ley crops; industrial residues, including
from food and feed crops after vegetal oils, sugars, starches and protein have been extracted; and
material from biowaste (3.20), where ley and cover crops are understood to be temporary, short-term
sown pastures comprising grass-legume mixture (3.75) with a low starch content to obtain fodder for
livestock and improve soil fertility for obtaining higher yields of arable main crops
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001]
3.77
nutrient balance
balance of nutrients coming into the farming/forestry system (weathering, deposition, fertilizers) with
those leaving (harvest, leaching)
3.78
organization
person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships
to achieve its objectives
Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation,
firm, enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether
incorporated or not, public or private.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.4]
3.79
other wooded land
OWL
land not classified as forest (3.47), spanning more than 1 ha with trees higher than 5 m and a canopy
cover of 5-10 %, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ or with a combined cover of shrubs,
bushes, and trees above 10 %, not including land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land
use (3.65)
Note 1 to entry: RED II refers to an area size of 1 ha for grassland (3.53). As grassland and other wooded land
overlap, the area size of 1 ha is applied here instead of 0,5 ha given in FAO, 2018.
[SOURCE: FAO, 2018 Terms and Definitions. Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020.]
3.80
peatland
area with or without vegetation with a naturally accumulated peat layer at the surface of at least 30 cm
in depth
Note 1 to entry: Peat is sedentarily accumulated material consisting of at least 30 % (dry mass) of dead organic
material.
Note 2 to entry: Peat itself is not considered biomass (3.18).
3.81
point of collection
point from which waste (3.115), agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues (3.5), or
residues (3.94) from processing can be directly used as raw material (3.88) for biofuel (3.15) or bioliquid
(3.17) or biomass fuel (3.19) production
Note 1 to entry: If an additional recovery process (3.84) for a waste or residue is required before further use, the
material is a waste or residue from processing until the recycling or recovery operation has been completed.
3.82
primary forest and other wooded land
forest (3.47) and other wooded land (3.79) of native species, where there is no clearly visible indication
of human activity and the ecological processes (3.84) are not significantly disturbed
[SOURCE: European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, art 29.3 (a)]
3.83
principle
aspirational goal that governs decisions or behaviour
[SOURCE: ISO 13065:2015, 3.34]
3.84
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs
[SOURCE: EN ISO 9000:2015, 3.4.1, modified: “use inputs to deliver an intended result” changed to
”transforms inputs into outputs” and Notes 1-6 to entry deleted]
3.85
process chemical
chemical compound used, in the process (3.84) of conversion of biomass (3.18) or of an intermediate
product
Note 1 to entry: Process chemical can include catalysts, solvents, antifoam agents, etc.
...
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