ISO 18158:2016
(Main)Workplace air — Terminology
Workplace air — Terminology
ISO 18158:2016 specifies terms and definitions that are related to the assessment of workplace exposure (see 2.1.5.1) to chemical and biological agents (see 2.1.1.1). These are either general terms or are specific to physical and chemical processes of air sampling, the analytical method (see 2.3.3), or method performance. The terms included are those that have been identified as being fundamental because their definition is necessary to avoid ambiguity and ensure consistency of use. ISO 18158:2016 is applicable to all International Standards, ISO Technical Reports, ISO Technical Specifications, and ISO Guides related to workplace atmospheres.
Qualité de l'air — Terminologie
Zrak na delovnem mestu - Terminologija
Ta mednarodni standard določa pogoje in definicije, ki so povezane z ocenjevanjem izpostavljenosti (glej 2.1.5.1) kemičnim in biološkim dejavnikom (glej 2.1.1.1) na delovnem mestu. To so splošni pogoji ali posebni pogoji pri določenih fizičnih in kemičnih procesih vzorčenja zraka, analitični metodi (glej 2.3.3) ali delovanju metode.
Vključeni pogoji so tisti, ki so bili prepoznani kot ključni, ker je njihova definicija potrebna pri izogibanju dvoumnostim in zagotavljanju doslednosti uporabe.
Ta mednarodni standard se uporablja pri vseh mednarodnih standardih, tehničnih poročilih ISO, tehničnih specifikacijah ISO in vodnikih ISO, ki obravnavajo atmosfere na delovnih mestih.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18158
First edition
2016-03-01
Workplace air — Terminology
Qualité de l’air — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO 18158:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.1.1 Agents . 1
2.1.2 Air pollutants . 1
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions . 2
2.1.4 Aerosols . 3
2.1.5 Exposure assessment . 5
2.1.6 Other terms . 6
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling . 6
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample. 6
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler . 7
2.2.3 Workplace (air) sampling .10
2.3 Terms related to the analytical method .12
2.4 Terms related to method performance .14
2.4.1 Efficiency .14
2.4.2 Uncertainty .14
2.4.3 General statistical terms .17
2.4.4 Other statistical terms . .19
Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index of terms defined .20
Annex B (informative) Additional terms .24
Bibliography .28
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace
atmospheres.
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
Introduction
The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation of chemical and
biological agents. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the
effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposure and this is generally achieved by making
workplace air measurements.
Many terms that are commonly used in relation to workplace air measurements and exposure
assessments are defined within individual standards or technical documents and are often defined
differently from one standard or document to the next. This creates ambiguities and inconsistencies
in the use of such terms. This International Standard was developed to ensure that commonly used
terms have agreed-upon definitions and to eliminate ambiguities and inconsistencies in their usage. It
will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work, industrial hygienists and other
public health professionals, analytical laboratories, industrial users of metals and metalloids and their
workers.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18158:2016(E)
Workplace air — Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies terms and definitions that are related to the assessment of
workplace exposure (see 2.1.5.1) to chemical and biological agents (see 2.1.1.1). These are either
general terms or are specific to physical and chemical processes of air sampling, the analytical method
(see 2.3.3), or method performance.
The terms included are those that have been identified as being fundamental because their definition is
necessary to avoid ambiguity and ensure consistency of use.
This International Standard is applicable to all International Standards, ISO Technical Reports, ISO
Technical Specifications, and ISO Guides related to workplace atmospheres.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1 Agents
2.1.1.1
biological agent
one of a number of agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other micro-organisms or parts of them
and their associated toxins, including those which have been genetically modified, cell cultures or
endoparasites which are potentially hazardous to human health
Note 1 to entry: Dusts of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are not considered to
be biological agents and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.1.1, modified — Added “one of a number of agents such as” to definition and
changed “pollen” to “cotton dust”.]
2.1.1.2
chemical agent
chemical element or compound on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced,
used, or released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally
and whether or not placed on the market
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 a]
2.1.2 Air pollutants
2.1.2.1
air pollutant
material emitted into the atmosphere either by human activity or natural processes and adversely
affecting humans or the environment
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.1, modified — Changed “man” to “humans”.]
2.1.2.2
airborne dust
finely divided matter, in solid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.2]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.1.2.3
airborne particles
fine matter, in solid or liquid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.3, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.2.4
total airborne particles
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) present in a given volume of air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.6, modified — Added “present” after “particles”.]
2.1.2.5
vapour
gas phase of a substance in a state of equilibrium or disturbed equilibrium with the same substance in
a liquid or solid state below its boiling or sublimation point
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.7]
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions
2.1.3.1
health-related fractions
collective term for the fractions of airborne particles (2.1.2.3) penetrating to
different regions of the respiratory tract, i.e. the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions
Note 1 to entry: The health-related fractions of airborne particles are specified in ISO 7708.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.1, modified — citation in Note 1 to entry changed from EN 481 to ISO 7708.]
2.1.3.1.1
inhalable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which is inhaled through the nose and mouth
Note 1 to entry: The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and direction of the air movement, on the rate of
breathing and other factors.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.3]
2.1.3.1.2
extrathoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which fail to penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.5, modified]
2.1.3.1.3
thoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.7, modified]
2.1.3.1.4
respirable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate to the unciliated airways
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.11, modified]
2.1.3.2
sampling convention
target specification for sampling instruments for a specified airborne particulate fraction
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.1.3.2.1
inhalable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.4]
2.1.3.2.2
extrathoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the extrathoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.2) is the fraction
of interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.6, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.3
thoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.8, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.4
respirable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.12, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.4 Aerosols
2.1.4.1
aerosol
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and the gas (and vapour) mixture in which they are suspended
Note 1 to entry: The airborne particles can be in or out of equilibrium with their own vapours (2.1.2.5).
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.4]
2.1.4.2
bioaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting of (a) biological agent(s) (2.1.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Airborne dusts (2.1.2.2) of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are
not considered to be bioaerosols and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.5, modified — “pollen” changed to “cotton dust” in Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.3
nanoaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) comprised of, or consisting of, nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) and nanostructured particles
(2.1.4.5)
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.11]
2.1.4.4
nanoparticle
material with all three dimensions in the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4, modified]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.1.4.5
nanostructured particle
particle with structural features smaller than 100 nm, which can influence its physical, chemical and/or
biological properties
Note 1 to entry: A nanostructured particle can have a maximum dimension substantially larger than 100 nm.
EXAMPLE A 500 nm diameter agglomerate (2.1.4.9) of nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) would be considered a
nanostructured particle.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.13, modified — “may” changed to “can” in definition and Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.6
ultrafine aerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting predominantly of ultrafine particles (2.1.4.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term is often used in the context of particles produced as a by-product of a process (incidental
particles), such as welding fume (B.2.2) and combustion fume
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.20]
2.1.4.7
ultrafine particle
particle with a nominal diameter (such as geometric, aerodynamic, mobility, projected-area or
otherwise) of 100 nm or less, produced as a by-product of a process such as welding and combustion
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21, modified — Note 1 to entry moved to definition text.]
2.1.4.8
particle aerodynamic diameter
aerodynamic diameter
-3
diameter of a sphere of 1 g cm density with the same terminal settling velocity in calm air as the
particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity
Note 1 to entry: The particle aerodynamic diameter depends on the size, density and shape of the particle.
Note 2 to entry: Aerodynamic diameter is related to the inertial properties of aerosol particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.2, modified — Note 2 to entry derived from ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.2.]
2.1.4.9
agglomerate
group of particles held together by relatively weak forces, including van der Waals forces,
electrostatic forces and surface tension
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.4 modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.10
aggregate
heterogeneous particle in which the various components are held together by relatively
strong forces and thus not easily broken apart
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.5, modified – Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.11
coagulation
formation of larger particles through the collision and subsequent adhesion of smaller particles
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.6]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.1.4.12
coalescence
formation of homogeneous particles through the collision of smaller liquid particles and subsequent
merging or mixing of constituent material
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.7, modified — “liquid” added.]
2.1.5 Exposure assessment
2.1.5.1
exposure
situation in which a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) is present in the
air that is inhaled by a person
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.1, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.5.2
dermal exposure
contact between a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) and human skin
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.2]
2.1.5.3
time-weighted average concentration
TWA concentration
concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air, averaged over a reference period (2.1.5.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 21438-1:2007, 3.1.7, modified — Replaced “atmosphere” with “air”.]
2.1.5.4
occupational exposure limit value
OELV
limit of the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air within the
breathing zone (2.1.5.5) of a worker in relation to a specified reference period (2.1.5.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term “limit value” is often used as a synonym for “occupational exposure limit value” but the
term “occupational exposure limit value” is preferred because there is more than one limit value (e.g. biological
limit value and occupational exposure limit value).
Note 2 to entry: Occupational exposure limit values (OELVs) are often set for reference periods of 8 h but can also
be set for shorter periods or concentration excursions. OELVs for gases and vapours (2.1.2.5) are stated in terms
independent of temperature and air pressure variables in ml/m³ and in terms dependent on those variables
in mg/m³ for a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101,3 kPa. OELVs for airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and
mixtures of particles and vapours are given in mg/m³ or multiples of that for actual environmental conditions
(temperature, pressure) at the workplace (2.1.6.2). OELVs of fibres are given in number of fibres/m³ or number of
fibres/cm³ for actual environmental conditions (temperature, pressure) at the workplace.
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 d, modified — “OELV” and new Note 1 to entry added;
original Note 1 becomes Note 2; “limit value” changed to “occupational exposure limit value” or “OELV”
in Note 2 to entry; “mostly” changed to “often” in first sentence of Note 2 to entry.]
2.1.5.5
breathing zone
space around the nose and mouth from which breath is taken
Note 1 to entry: Technically, the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm
in radius) extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of
the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This technical description is not
applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.5]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.1.5.6
measuring procedure
measurement procedure
measurement method
set of operations described specifically for the sampling and analysis (2.3.1) of chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
or biological agents (2.1.1.1) in air
Note 1 to entry: A measuring procedure usually includes preparation for sampling, conducting the sampling,
transportation and storage, and sample preparation (2.3.11) for analysis and conducting the analysis.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.6, modified — “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing and Note 1 to entry editorially modified.]
2.1.5.7
reference period
specified period of time for which the occupational exposure limit value (2.1.5.4) of a chemical
agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) applies
Note 1 to entry: The reference period is usually 8 h for long-term measurements and 15 min for short-term
measurements.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.7, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.6 Other terms
2.1.6.1
dustiness
propensity of materials to produce airborne dust (2.1.2.2) during handling
Note 1 to entry: Dustiness is not an intrinsic property as it depends on how it is measured.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.1]
2.1.6.2
workplace
designated area or areas in which the work activities are carried out
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.2]
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample
2.2.1.1
sample
air sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: An air sample is frequently considered to include the collection substrate(s) (2.2.3.7) as well as
the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) or sometimes it is considered to be the
fractional part of a larger volume of air.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. In Note 1 to entry, “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.2.1.2
collected sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1) that consists of the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) only
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.2, modified — “Agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.2.1.3
personal sample
product of the process of using a sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, to collect gases, vapours
(2.1.2.5), and/or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring
exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.1.4
static sample
area sample
product of using a sampler (2.2.2.1) in a stationary location that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) and/or
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler
2.2.2.1
sampler
air sampler
device for separating and/or collecting chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or
biological agents (2.1.1.1) from the surrounding air
Note 1 to entry: (Air) samplers are generally designed for a particular purpose, e.g. for sampling gases and
vapours (2.1.2.5) or for sampling airborne particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. “Separating” changed to “separating and/or collecting”. “Agents” added after “chemical” to
facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.1.1
passive sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) on a collection
substrate (2.2.3.7) without active air movement
Note 1 to entry: Passive samplers include diffusive samplers (2.2.2.1.2) for collection of gases and vapours
and samplers for collection of airborne particles based on turbulent diffusion and separation by electrical or
other forces.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.1]
2.2.2.1.2
diffusive sampler
passive sampler (2.2.2.1.1) that collects gases or vapours (2.1.2.5) at a rate governed by diffusion through
a static air layer and/or permeation through a membrane
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.2, modified — Reference to airborne particles deleted and “a physical
process such as” deleted.]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.2.2.1.3
active sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3), by means of active
air movement
Note 1 to entry: Active samplers can collect samples (2.2.1.1) onto a collection substrate (2.2.3.7) such as a filter or
a sorbent tube (2.2.2.5) or can collect samples into a canister or bag.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.3, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was added.]
2.2.2.1.4
pumped sampler
active sampler (2.2.2.1.3) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) where the
active air movement is induced by means of a pump
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.4, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was deleted.]
2.2.2.1.5
flow-controlled pump
pump with nominally constant flow rate provided by an automatic flow control system
[SOURCE: ISO 13137:2013, 3.10]
2.2.2.1.6
aerosol sampler
airborne particle sampler
airborne particulate sampler
device that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3)
Note 1 to entry: The term aerosol sampler is commonly used although it is not in line with the definition of aerosol
given in aerosol (2.1.4.1).
Note 2 to entry: The collection of airborne particles can be either active or passive.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5, modified — Synonym format modified in accordance with
ISO 10241-1:2011. “Sampler” changed to “device” and “transport” changed to “collect” in definition. The
phrase “to a collection substrate” was deleted from definition. Cross-reference in Note 1 to entry was
modified and Note 2 to entry was modified.]
2.2.2.1.6.1
inhalable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.1, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.6.2
thoracic sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.2, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.2.2.1.6.3
respirable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.3, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.7
mixed-phase sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) or sampling train (2.2.2.6) that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and vapours
(2.1.2.5) onto one or more collection substrates (2.2.3.7)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.6, modified — “Transport” changed to “collect.” “To one or more”
changed to “Onto one or more”.]
2.2.2.2
personal sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles
(2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical
agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.2, modified — “To determine” changed to “for the purpose of measuring”
and “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.3
static sampler
area sampler
stationary sampler (2.2.2.1), not attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne
particles (2.1.2.3) at a particular location
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.3, modified — “Stationary” was added to the definition.]
2.2.2.4
length-of-stain detector tube
glass tube containing chemical reagents in which a colour change is produced on a graduated scale,
based on concentration of a specific chemical agent (2.1.1.2), when a sample (2.2.1.1) is drawn through it
2.2.2.5
sorbent tube
sampling device, usually made of metal or glass, containing a collection substrate (2.2.3.7) such as a
sorbent (B.3.3) or a support impregnated with reagent, through which sampled air passes
Note 1 to entry: Some sorbent tubes are intended for use as active samplers (2.2.2.1.3) and some as passive
samplers (2.2.2.1.1).
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.5, modified — “Sampling” and “through which sampled air passes” were
added to the definition.]
2.2.2.6
sampling train
apparatus consisting of one or more (air) samplers (2.2.2.1) connected in series, along with associated
sampling equipment and connecting tubing, used to collect one or more chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
2.2.3 Workplace (air) sampling
2.2.3.1
sampling
air sampling
process consisting of the collection of chemical agents (2.1.1.
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18158:2018
01-marec-2018
Zrak na delovnem mestu - Terminologija
Workplace air - Terminology
Qualité de l'air - Terminologie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18158:2016
ICS:
01.040.13 Okolje. Varovanje zdravja. Environment. Health
Varnost (Slovarji) protection. Safety
(Vocabularies)
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
SIST ISO 18158:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 18158:2018
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SIST ISO 18158:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18158
First edition
2016-03-01
Workplace air — Terminology
Qualité de l’air — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO 18158:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.1.1 Agents . 1
2.1.2 Air pollutants . 1
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions . 2
2.1.4 Aerosols . 3
2.1.5 Exposure assessment . 5
2.1.6 Other terms . 6
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling . 6
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample. 6
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler . 7
2.2.3 Workplace (air) sampling .10
2.3 Terms related to the analytical method .12
2.4 Terms related to method performance .14
2.4.1 Efficiency .14
2.4.2 Uncertainty .14
2.4.3 General statistical terms .17
2.4.4 Other statistical terms . .19
Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index of terms defined .20
Annex B (informative) Additional terms .24
Bibliography .28
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace
atmospheres.
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Introduction
The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation of chemical and
biological agents. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the
effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposure and this is generally achieved by making
workplace air measurements.
Many terms that are commonly used in relation to workplace air measurements and exposure
assessments are defined within individual standards or technical documents and are often defined
differently from one standard or document to the next. This creates ambiguities and inconsistencies
in the use of such terms. This International Standard was developed to ensure that commonly used
terms have agreed-upon definitions and to eliminate ambiguities and inconsistencies in their usage. It
will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work, industrial hygienists and other
public health professionals, analytical laboratories, industrial users of metals and metalloids and their
workers.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18158:2016(E)
Workplace air — Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies terms and definitions that are related to the assessment of
workplace exposure (see 2.1.5.1) to chemical and biological agents (see 2.1.1.1). These are either
general terms or are specific to physical and chemical processes of air sampling, the analytical method
(see 2.3.3), or method performance.
The terms included are those that have been identified as being fundamental because their definition is
necessary to avoid ambiguity and ensure consistency of use.
This International Standard is applicable to all International Standards, ISO Technical Reports, ISO
Technical Specifications, and ISO Guides related to workplace atmospheres.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1 Agents
2.1.1.1
biological agent
one of a number of agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other micro-organisms or parts of them
and their associated toxins, including those which have been genetically modified, cell cultures or
endoparasites which are potentially hazardous to human health
Note 1 to entry: Dusts of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are not considered to
be biological agents and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.1.1, modified — Added “one of a number of agents such as” to definition and
changed “pollen” to “cotton dust”.]
2.1.1.2
chemical agent
chemical element or compound on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced,
used, or released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally
and whether or not placed on the market
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 a]
2.1.2 Air pollutants
2.1.2.1
air pollutant
material emitted into the atmosphere either by human activity or natural processes and adversely
affecting humans or the environment
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.1, modified — Changed “man” to “humans”.]
2.1.2.2
airborne dust
finely divided matter, in solid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.2]
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2.1.2.3
airborne particles
fine matter, in solid or liquid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.3, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.2.4
total airborne particles
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) present in a given volume of air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.6, modified — Added “present” after “particles”.]
2.1.2.5
vapour
gas phase of a substance in a state of equilibrium or disturbed equilibrium with the same substance in
a liquid or solid state below its boiling or sublimation point
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.7]
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions
2.1.3.1
health-related fractions
collective term for the fractions of airborne particles (2.1.2.3) penetrating to
different regions of the respiratory tract, i.e. the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions
Note 1 to entry: The health-related fractions of airborne particles are specified in ISO 7708.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.1, modified — citation in Note 1 to entry changed from EN 481 to ISO 7708.]
2.1.3.1.1
inhalable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which is inhaled through the nose and mouth
Note 1 to entry: The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and direction of the air movement, on the rate of
breathing and other factors.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.3]
2.1.3.1.2
extrathoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which fail to penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.5, modified]
2.1.3.1.3
thoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.7, modified]
2.1.3.1.4
respirable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate to the unciliated airways
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.11, modified]
2.1.3.2
sampling convention
target specification for sampling instruments for a specified airborne particulate fraction
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2.1.3.2.1
inhalable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.4]
2.1.3.2.2
extrathoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the extrathoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.2) is the fraction
of interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.6, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.3
thoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.8, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.4
respirable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.12, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.4 Aerosols
2.1.4.1
aerosol
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and the gas (and vapour) mixture in which they are suspended
Note 1 to entry: The airborne particles can be in or out of equilibrium with their own vapours (2.1.2.5).
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.4]
2.1.4.2
bioaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting of (a) biological agent(s) (2.1.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Airborne dusts (2.1.2.2) of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are
not considered to be bioaerosols and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.5, modified — “pollen” changed to “cotton dust” in Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.3
nanoaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) comprised of, or consisting of, nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) and nanostructured particles
(2.1.4.5)
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.11]
2.1.4.4
nanoparticle
material with all three dimensions in the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4, modified]
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2.1.4.5
nanostructured particle
particle with structural features smaller than 100 nm, which can influence its physical, chemical and/or
biological properties
Note 1 to entry: A nanostructured particle can have a maximum dimension substantially larger than 100 nm.
EXAMPLE A 500 nm diameter agglomerate (2.1.4.9) of nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) would be considered a
nanostructured particle.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.13, modified — “may” changed to “can” in definition and Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.6
ultrafine aerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting predominantly of ultrafine particles (2.1.4.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term is often used in the context of particles produced as a by-product of a process (incidental
particles), such as welding fume (B.2.2) and combustion fume
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.20]
2.1.4.7
ultrafine particle
particle with a nominal diameter (such as geometric, aerodynamic, mobility, projected-area or
otherwise) of 100 nm or less, produced as a by-product of a process such as welding and combustion
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21, modified — Note 1 to entry moved to definition text.]
2.1.4.8
particle aerodynamic diameter
aerodynamic diameter
-3
diameter of a sphere of 1 g cm density with the same terminal settling velocity in calm air as the
particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity
Note 1 to entry: The particle aerodynamic diameter depends on the size, density and shape of the particle.
Note 2 to entry: Aerodynamic diameter is related to the inertial properties of aerosol particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.2, modified — Note 2 to entry derived from ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.2.]
2.1.4.9
agglomerate
group of particles held together by relatively weak forces, including van der Waals forces,
electrostatic forces and surface tension
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.4 modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.10
aggregate
heterogeneous particle in which the various components are held together by relatively
strong forces and thus not easily broken apart
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.5, modified – Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.11
coagulation
formation of larger particles through the collision and subsequent adhesion of smaller particles
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.6]
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2.1.4.12
coalescence
formation of homogeneous particles through the collision of smaller liquid particles and subsequent
merging or mixing of constituent material
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.7, modified — “liquid” added.]
2.1.5 Exposure assessment
2.1.5.1
exposure
situation in which a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) is present in the
air that is inhaled by a person
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.1, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.5.2
dermal exposure
contact between a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) and human skin
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.2]
2.1.5.3
time-weighted average concentration
TWA concentration
concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air, averaged over a reference period (2.1.5.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 21438-1:2007, 3.1.7, modified — Replaced “atmosphere” with “air”.]
2.1.5.4
occupational exposure limit value
OELV
limit of the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air within the
breathing zone (2.1.5.5) of a worker in relation to a specified reference period (2.1.5.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term “limit value” is often used as a synonym for “occupational exposure limit value” but the
term “occupational exposure limit value” is preferred because there is more than one limit value (e.g. biological
limit value and occupational exposure limit value).
Note 2 to entry: Occupational exposure limit values (OELVs) are often set for reference periods of 8 h but can also
be set for shorter periods or concentration excursions. OELVs for gases and vapours (2.1.2.5) are stated in terms
independent of temperature and air pressure variables in ml/m³ and in terms dependent on those variables
in mg/m³ for a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101,3 kPa. OELVs for airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and
mixtures of particles and vapours are given in mg/m³ or multiples of that for actual environmental conditions
(temperature, pressure) at the workplace (2.1.6.2). OELVs of fibres are given in number of fibres/m³ or number of
fibres/cm³ for actual environmental conditions (temperature, pressure) at the workplace.
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 d, modified — “OELV” and new Note 1 to entry added;
original Note 1 becomes Note 2; “limit value” changed to “occupational exposure limit value” or “OELV”
in Note 2 to entry; “mostly” changed to “often” in first sentence of Note 2 to entry.]
2.1.5.5
breathing zone
space around the nose and mouth from which breath is taken
Note 1 to entry: Technically, the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm
in radius) extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of
the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This technical description is not
applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.5]
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2.1.5.6
measuring procedure
measurement procedure
measurement method
set of operations described specifically for the sampling and analysis (2.3.1) of chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
or biological agents (2.1.1.1) in air
Note 1 to entry: A measuring procedure usually includes preparation for sampling, conducting the sampling,
transportation and storage, and sample preparation (2.3.11) for analysis and conducting the analysis.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.6, modified — “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing and Note 1 to entry editorially modified.]
2.1.5.7
reference period
specified period of time for which the occupational exposure limit value (2.1.5.4) of a chemical
agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) applies
Note 1 to entry: The reference period is usually 8 h for long-term measurements and 15 min for short-term
measurements.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.7, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.6 Other terms
2.1.6.1
dustiness
propensity of materials to produce airborne dust (2.1.2.2) during handling
Note 1 to entry: Dustiness is not an intrinsic property as it depends on how it is measured.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.1]
2.1.6.2
workplace
designated area or areas in which the work activities are carried out
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.2]
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample
2.2.1.1
sample
air sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: An air sample is frequently considered to include the collection substrate(s) (2.2.3.7) as well as
the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) or sometimes it is considered to be the
fractional part of a larger volume of air.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. In Note 1 to entry, “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
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2.2.1.2
collected sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1) that consists of the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) only
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.2, modified — “Agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.2.1.3
personal sample
product of the process of using a sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, to collect gases, vapours
(2.1.2.5), and/or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring
exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.1.4
static sample
area sample
product of using a sampler (2.2.2.1) in a stationary location that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) and/or
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler
2.2.2.1
sampler
air sampler
device for separating and/or collecting chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or
biological agents (2.1.1.1) from the surrounding air
Note 1 to entry: (Air) samplers are generally designed for a particular purpose, e.g. for sampling gases and
vapours (2.1.2.5) or for sampling airborne particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. “Separating” changed to “separating and/or collecting”. “Agents” added after “chemical” to
facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.1.1
passive sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) on a collection
substrate (2.2.3.7) without active air movement
Note 1 to entry: Passive samplers include diffusive samplers (2.2.2.1.2) for collection of gases and vapours
and samplers for collection of airborne particles based on turbulent diffusion and separation by electrical or
other forces.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.1]
2.2.2.1.2
diffusive sampler
passive sampler (2.2.2.1.1) that collects gases or vapours (2.1.2.5) at a rate governed by diffusion through
a static air layer and/or permeation through a membrane
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.2, modified — Reference to airborne particles deleted and “a physical
process such as” deleted.]
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2.2.2.1.3
active sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3), by means of active
air movement
Note 1 to entry: Active samplers can collect samples (2.2.1.1) onto a collection substrate (2.2.3.7) such as a filter or
a sorbent tube (2.2.2.5) or can collect samples into a canister or bag.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.3, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was added.]
2.2.2.1.4
pumped sampler
active sampler (2.2.2.1.3) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) where the
active air movement is induced by means of a pump
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.4, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was deleted.]
2.2.2.1.5
flow-controlled pump
pump with nominally constant flow rate provided by an automatic flow control system
[SOURCE: ISO 13137:2013, 3.10]
2.2.2.1.6
aerosol sampler
airborne particle sampler
airborne particulate sampler
device that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3)
Note 1 to entry: The term aerosol sampler is commonly used although it is not in line with the definition of aerosol
given in aerosol (2.1.4.1).
Note 2 to entry: The collection of airborne particles can be either active or passive.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5, modified — Synonym format modified in accordance with
ISO 10241-1:2011. “Sampler” changed to “device” and “transport” changed to “collect” in definition. The
phrase “to a collection substrate” was deleted from definition. Cross-reference in Note 1 to entry was
modified and Note 2 to entry was modified.]
2.2.2.1.6.1
inhalable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.1, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.6.2
thoracic sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.2, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
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2.2.2.1.6.3
respirable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.3, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.7
mixed-phase sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) or sampling train (2.2.2.6) that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and vapours
(2.1.2.5) onto one or more collection substrates (2.2.3.7)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.6, modified — “Transport” changed to “collect.” “To one or more”
changed to “Onto one or more”.]
2.2.2.2
personal sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles
(2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical
agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.2, modified — “To determine” changed to “for the purpose of measuring”
and “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.3
static sampler
area sampler
stationary sampler (2.2.2.1), not attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne
particles (2.1.2.3) at a particular location
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.3, modified — “Stationary” was added to the definition.]
2.2.2.4
length-of-stain detector tube
glass tube containing chemical reagents in which a colour change is produced on a graduated scale,
based on concentration of a specific chemical
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18158:2018
01-marec-2018
Zrak na delovnem mestu - Terminologija
Workplace air - Terminology
Qualité de l'air - Terminologie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18158:2016
ICS:
01.020 7HUPLQRORJLMD QDþHODLQ Terminology (principles and
NRRUGLQDFLMD coordination)
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
SIST ISO 18158:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 18158:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18158
First edition
2016-03-01
Workplace air — Terminology
Qualité de l’air — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO 18158:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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ISO 18158:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.1.1 Agents . 1
2.1.2 Air pollutants . 1
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions . 2
2.1.4 Aerosols . 3
2.1.5 Exposure assessment . 5
2.1.6 Other terms . 6
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling . 6
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample. 6
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler . 7
2.2.3 Workplace (air) sampling .10
2.3 Terms related to the analytical method .12
2.4 Terms related to method performance .14
2.4.1 Efficiency .14
2.4.2 Uncertainty .14
2.4.3 General statistical terms .17
2.4.4 Other statistical terms . .19
Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index of terms defined .20
Annex B (informative) Additional terms .24
Bibliography .28
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace
atmospheres.
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Introduction
The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation of chemical and
biological agents. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the
effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposure and this is generally achieved by making
workplace air measurements.
Many terms that are commonly used in relation to workplace air measurements and exposure
assessments are defined within individual standards or technical documents and are often defined
differently from one standard or document to the next. This creates ambiguities and inconsistencies
in the use of such terms. This International Standard was developed to ensure that commonly used
terms have agreed-upon definitions and to eliminate ambiguities and inconsistencies in their usage. It
will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work, industrial hygienists and other
public health professionals, analytical laboratories, industrial users of metals and metalloids and their
workers.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18158:2016(E)
Workplace air — Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies terms and definitions that are related to the assessment of
workplace exposure (see 2.1.5.1) to chemical and biological agents (see 2.1.1.1). These are either
general terms or are specific to physical and chemical processes of air sampling, the analytical method
(see 2.3.3), or method performance.
The terms included are those that have been identified as being fundamental because their definition is
necessary to avoid ambiguity and ensure consistency of use.
This International Standard is applicable to all International Standards, ISO Technical Reports, ISO
Technical Specifications, and ISO Guides related to workplace atmospheres.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1 Agents
2.1.1.1
biological agent
one of a number of agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other micro-organisms or parts of them
and their associated toxins, including those which have been genetically modified, cell cultures or
endoparasites which are potentially hazardous to human health
Note 1 to entry: Dusts of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are not considered to
be biological agents and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.1.1, modified — Added “one of a number of agents such as” to definition and
changed “pollen” to “cotton dust”.]
2.1.1.2
chemical agent
chemical element or compound on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced,
used, or released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally
and whether or not placed on the market
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 a]
2.1.2 Air pollutants
2.1.2.1
air pollutant
material emitted into the atmosphere either by human activity or natural processes and adversely
affecting humans or the environment
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.1, modified — Changed “man” to “humans”.]
2.1.2.2
airborne dust
finely divided matter, in solid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.2]
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2.1.2.3
airborne particles
fine matter, in solid or liquid form, dispersed in air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.3, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.2.4
total airborne particles
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) present in a given volume of air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.6, modified — Added “present” after “particles”.]
2.1.2.5
vapour
gas phase of a substance in a state of equilibrium or disturbed equilibrium with the same substance in
a liquid or solid state below its boiling or sublimation point
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.7]
2.1.3 Health-related fractions and conventions
2.1.3.1
health-related fractions
collective term for the fractions of airborne particles (2.1.2.3) penetrating to
different regions of the respiratory tract, i.e. the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions
Note 1 to entry: The health-related fractions of airborne particles are specified in ISO 7708.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.1, modified — citation in Note 1 to entry changed from EN 481 to ISO 7708.]
2.1.3.1.1
inhalable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which is inhaled through the nose and mouth
Note 1 to entry: The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and direction of the air movement, on the rate of
breathing and other factors.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.3]
2.1.3.1.2
extrathoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which fail to penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.5, modified]
2.1.3.1.3
thoracic fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate beyond the larynx
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.7, modified]
2.1.3.1.4
respirable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles (2.1.2.4) which penetrate to the unciliated airways
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.11, modified]
2.1.3.2
sampling convention
target specification for sampling instruments for a specified airborne particulate fraction
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2.1.3.2.1
inhalable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.4]
2.1.3.2.2
extrathoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the extrathoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.2) is the fraction
of interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.6, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.3
thoracic convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.8, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.3.2.4
respirable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) is the fraction of
interest
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.12, modified — “the fraction” added before “of interest” for consistency of
wording.]
2.1.4 Aerosols
2.1.4.1
aerosol
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and the gas (and vapour) mixture in which they are suspended
Note 1 to entry: The airborne particles can be in or out of equilibrium with their own vapours (2.1.2.5).
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.4]
2.1.4.2
bioaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting of (a) biological agent(s) (2.1.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Airborne dusts (2.1.2.2) of organic origin, for example, cotton dust, flour dust and wood dust, are
not considered to be bioaerosols and are therefore not covered by this definition.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.2.5, modified — “pollen” changed to “cotton dust” in Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.3
nanoaerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) comprised of, or consisting of, nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) and nanostructured particles
(2.1.4.5)
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.11]
2.1.4.4
nanoparticle
material with all three dimensions in the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4, modified]
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2.1.4.5
nanostructured particle
particle with structural features smaller than 100 nm, which can influence its physical, chemical and/or
biological properties
Note 1 to entry: A nanostructured particle can have a maximum dimension substantially larger than 100 nm.
EXAMPLE A 500 nm diameter agglomerate (2.1.4.9) of nanoparticles (2.1.4.4) would be considered a
nanostructured particle.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.13, modified — “may” changed to “can” in definition and Note 1 to entry.]
2.1.4.6
ultrafine aerosol
aerosol (2.1.4.1) consisting predominantly of ultrafine particles (2.1.4.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term is often used in the context of particles produced as a by-product of a process (incidental
particles), such as welding fume (B.2.2) and combustion fume
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.20]
2.1.4.7
ultrafine particle
particle with a nominal diameter (such as geometric, aerodynamic, mobility, projected-area or
otherwise) of 100 nm or less, produced as a by-product of a process such as welding and combustion
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21, modified — Note 1 to entry moved to definition text.]
2.1.4.8
particle aerodynamic diameter
aerodynamic diameter
-3
diameter of a sphere of 1 g cm density with the same terminal settling velocity in calm air as the
particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity
Note 1 to entry: The particle aerodynamic diameter depends on the size, density and shape of the particle.
Note 2 to entry: Aerodynamic diameter is related to the inertial properties of aerosol particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.3.2, modified — Note 2 to entry derived from ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.2.]
2.1.4.9
agglomerate
group of particles held together by relatively weak forces, including van der Waals forces,
electrostatic forces and surface tension
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.4 modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.10
aggregate
heterogeneous particle in which the various components are held together by relatively
strong forces and thus not easily broken apart
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.5, modified – Note 1 to entry deleted.]
2.1.4.11
coagulation
formation of larger particles through the collision and subsequent adhesion of smaller particles
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.6]
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2.1.4.12
coalescence
formation of homogeneous particles through the collision of smaller liquid particles and subsequent
merging or mixing of constituent material
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.7, modified — “liquid” added.]
2.1.5 Exposure assessment
2.1.5.1
exposure
situation in which a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) is present in the
air that is inhaled by a person
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.1, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.5.2
dermal exposure
contact between a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) and human skin
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.2]
2.1.5.3
time-weighted average concentration
TWA concentration
concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air, averaged over a reference period (2.1.5.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 21438-1:2007, 3.1.7, modified — Replaced “atmosphere” with “air”.]
2.1.5.4
occupational exposure limit value
OELV
limit of the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical agent (2.1.1.2) in the air within the
breathing zone (2.1.5.5) of a worker in relation to a specified reference period (2.1.5.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term “limit value” is often used as a synonym for “occupational exposure limit value” but the
term “occupational exposure limit value” is preferred because there is more than one limit value (e.g. biological
limit value and occupational exposure limit value).
Note 2 to entry: Occupational exposure limit values (OELVs) are often set for reference periods of 8 h but can also
be set for shorter periods or concentration excursions. OELVs for gases and vapours (2.1.2.5) are stated in terms
independent of temperature and air pressure variables in ml/m³ and in terms dependent on those variables
in mg/m³ for a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101,3 kPa. OELVs for airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and
mixtures of particles and vapours are given in mg/m³ or multiples of that for actual environmental conditions
(temperature, pressure) at the workplace (2.1.6.2). OELVs of fibres are given in number of fibres/m³ or number of
fibres/cm³ for actual environmental conditions (temperature, pressure) at the workplace.
[SOURCE: Council Directive 98/24/EC, Art. 2 d, modified — “OELV” and new Note 1 to entry added;
original Note 1 becomes Note 2; “limit value” changed to “occupational exposure limit value” or “OELV”
in Note 2 to entry; “mostly” changed to “often” in first sentence of Note 2 to entry.]
2.1.5.5
breathing zone
space around the nose and mouth from which breath is taken
Note 1 to entry: Technically, the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm
in radius) extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of
the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This technical description is not
applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.5]
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2.1.5.6
measuring procedure
measurement procedure
measurement method
set of operations described specifically for the sampling and analysis (2.3.1) of chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
or biological agents (2.1.1.1) in air
Note 1 to entry: A measuring procedure usually includes preparation for sampling, conducting the sampling,
transportation and storage, and sample preparation (2.3.11) for analysis and conducting the analysis.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.6, modified — “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing and Note 1 to entry editorially modified.]
2.1.5.7
reference period
specified period of time for which the occupational exposure limit value (2.1.5.4) of a chemical
agent (2.1.1.2) or biological agent (2.1.1.1) applies
Note 1 to entry: The reference period is usually 8 h for long-term measurements and 15 min for short-term
measurements.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.4.7, modified — “agent” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.1.6 Other terms
2.1.6.1
dustiness
propensity of materials to produce airborne dust (2.1.2.2) during handling
Note 1 to entry: Dustiness is not an intrinsic property as it depends on how it is measured.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.1]
2.1.6.2
workplace
designated area or areas in which the work activities are carried out
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 2.5.2]
2.2 Terms related to the physical and chemical processes of workplace (air) sampling
2.2.1 Workplace (air) sample
2.2.1.1
sample
air sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: An air sample is frequently considered to include the collection substrate(s) (2.2.3.7) as well as
the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) or sometimes it is considered to be the
fractional part of a larger volume of air.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. In Note 1 to entry, “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
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2.2.1.2
collected sample
product of the process of (air) sampling (2.2.3.1) that consists of the collected chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1) only
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.1.2, modified — “Agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-
referencing.]
2.2.1.3
personal sample
product of the process of using a sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, to collect gases, vapours
(2.1.2.5), and/or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring
exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.1.4
static sample
area sample
product of using a sampler (2.2.2.1) in a stationary location that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) and/or
airborne particles (2.1.2.3) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical agents (2.1.1.2)
and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
2.2.2 Workplace (air) sampler
2.2.2.1
sampler
air sampler
device for separating and/or collecting chemical agents (2.1.1.2) and/or
biological agents (2.1.1.1) from the surrounding air
Note 1 to entry: (Air) samplers are generally designed for a particular purpose, e.g. for sampling gases and
vapours (2.1.2.5) or for sampling airborne particles.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1, modified — “” added as the domain for the
definition. “Separating” changed to “separating and/or collecting”. “Agents” added after “chemical” to
facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.1.1
passive sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) on a collection
substrate (2.2.3.7) without active air movement
Note 1 to entry: Passive samplers include diffusive samplers (2.2.2.1.2) for collection of gases and vapours
and samplers for collection of airborne particles based on turbulent diffusion and separation by electrical or
other forces.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.1]
2.2.2.1.2
diffusive sampler
passive sampler (2.2.2.1.1) that collects gases or vapours (2.1.2.5) at a rate governed by diffusion through
a static air layer and/or permeation through a membrane
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.2, modified — Reference to airborne particles deleted and “a physical
process such as” deleted.]
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2.2.2.1.3
active sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3), by means of active
air movement
Note 1 to entry: Active samplers can collect samples (2.2.1.1) onto a collection substrate (2.2.3.7) such as a filter or
a sorbent tube (2.2.2.5) or can collect samples into a canister or bag.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.3, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was added.]
2.2.2.1.4
pumped sampler
active sampler (2.2.2.1.3) that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles (2.1.2.3) where the
active air movement is induced by means of a pump
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.4, modified — The phrase “on a collection substrate” was deleted from
the definition and Note 1 to entry was deleted.]
2.2.2.1.5
flow-controlled pump
pump with nominally constant flow rate provided by an automatic flow control system
[SOURCE: ISO 13137:2013, 3.10]
2.2.2.1.6
aerosol sampler
airborne particle sampler
airborne particulate sampler
device that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3)
Note 1 to entry: The term aerosol sampler is commonly used although it is not in line with the definition of aerosol
given in aerosol (2.1.4.1).
Note 2 to entry: The collection of airborne particles can be either active or passive.
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5, modified — Synonym format modified in accordance with
ISO 10241-1:2011. “Sampler” changed to “device” and “transport” changed to “collect” in definition. The
phrase “to a collection substrate” was deleted from definition. Cross-reference in Note 1 to entry was
modified and Note 2 to entry was modified.]
2.2.2.1.6.1
inhalable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the inhalable fraction (2.1.3.1.1) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.1, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.6.2
thoracic sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the thoracic fraction (2.1.3.1.3) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.2, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
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2.2.2.1.6.3
respirable sampler
aerosol sampler (2.2.2.1.6) that is used to collect the respirable fraction (2.1.3.1.4) of airborne particles
from the surrounding air
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.5.3, modified — “Of airborne particles from the surrounding air”
was added.]
2.2.2.1.7
mixed-phase sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1) or sampling train (2.2.2.6) that is used to collect airborne particles (2.1.2.3) and vapours
(2.1.2.5) onto one or more collection substrates (2.2.3.7)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.1.6, modified — “Transport” changed to “collect.” “To one or more”
changed to “Onto one or more”.]
2.2.2.2
personal sampler
sampler (2.2.2.1), attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne particles
(2.1.2.3) in the breathing zone (2.1.5.5) for the purpose of measuring exposure (2.1.5.1) to chemical
agents (2.1.1.2) and/or biological agents (2.1.1.1)
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.2, modified — “To determine” changed to “for the purpose of measuring”
and “agents” added after “chemical” to facilitate cross-referencing.]
2.2.2.3
static sampler
area sampler
stationary sampler (2.2.2.1), not attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours (2.1.2.5) or airborne
particles (2.1.2.3) at a particular location
[SOURCE: EN 1540:2011, 3.2.3, modified — “Stationary” was added to the definition.]
2.2.2.4
length-of-stain detector tube
glass tube containing chemical reagents in which a colour change is produced on a graduated scale,
based on concentration of a specific
...
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