SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
(Main)Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment - Application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to Manufactured Nanomaterials
Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment - Application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to Manufactured Nanomaterials
This document provides guidelines for application of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of specific relevance to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), including their use in other products, according to EN ISO 14044:2006. It does not cover incidental nanomaterials.
Nanotechnologien - Leitfaden für Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) - Anwendung der EN ISO 14044:2006 auf industriell hergestellte Nanomaterialien
Dieses Dokument stellt Anleitungen für die Anwendung von Ökobilanzen von spezieller Bedeutung für industriell hergestellte Nanomaterialien (MNM), einschließlich deren Verwendung in anderen Produkten in Übereinstimmung mit EN ISO 14044:2006 zur Verfügung. Unbeabsichtigt hergestellte Nanomaterialien werden von ihr nicht abgedeckt.
Nanotechnologies - Lignes directrices pour l’analyse du cycle de vie - Application de l’EN ISO 14044:2006 aux nanomatériaux manufacturés
Nanotehnologija - Smernice za ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Uporaba EN ISO 14044:2006 za izdelane nanomateriale
Ta dokument vsebuje smernice za ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla (LCA) posebnega pomena za proizvedene nanomateriale (MNM), vključno z njihovo uporabo v drugih izdelkih, v skladu s standardom EN ISO 14044:2006. Ne vključuje naključnih nanomaterialov.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
01-februar-2019
Nanotehnologija - Smernice za ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Uporaba EN ISO
14044:2006 za izdelane nanomateriale
Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment - Application of EN ISO
14044:2006 to Manufactured Nanomaterials
Nanotechnologien - Leitfaden für Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) - Anwendung der EN
ISO 14044:2006 auf industriell hergestellte Nanomaterialien
Nanotechnologies - Lignes directrices pour l’analyse du cycle de vie - Application de l’EN
ISO 14044:2006 aux nanomatériaux manufacturés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 17276:2018
ICS:
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
December 2018
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 07.120
English Version
Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment -
Application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to Manufactured
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnologies - Lignes directrices pour l'analyse du Nanotechnologien - Leitfaden für Life Cycle
cycle de vie - Application de l'EN ISO 14044:2006 aux Assessments (LCA) - Anwendung der EN ISO
nanomatériaux manufacturés 14044:2006 auf industriell hergestellte
Nanomaterialien
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 28 September 2018 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 17276:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Uncertainty analysis . 14
4.1 Introduction to uncertainty . 14
4.2 Characterization . 15
4.3 Identity and grouping . 16
4.4 Life Cycle Inventory Data. 16
4.5 Exposure assessment . 16
4.6 Toxicity assessment . 17
4.7 Impact assessment . 17
5 Goal and scope definition (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2) . 18
5.1 General . 18
5.2 Scope of the study (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3) . 18
5.3 Function and functional unit (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.2). 18
5.4 System boundary (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.3). 19
5.5 LCIA methodology and types of impacts (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.4) . 19
5.6 Types and sources of data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.5) . 19
5.7 Data quality requirements (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.6) . 20
5.8 Comparisons between systems (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.7) . 20
5.9 Examples . 20
6 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3) . 23
6.1 General (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.1) . 23
6.2 Collecting data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.2) . 24
6.3 Calculating data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.3) . 25
6.4 Available LCA models. 27
6.5 Allocation (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.4) . 28
6.6 Examples . 28
7 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.4) . 30
7.1 General . 30
7.2 Ecotoxicity studies . 30
7.3 Human toxicity . 30
7.4 Other midpoint categories . 31
7.5 Damage categories . 31
7.6 Spatial and temporal differentiations . 31
7.7 Examples . 31
8 Life cycle interpretation (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.5) . 37
9 Reporting (see EN ISO 14044:2006, Clause 5) . 39
9.1 General . 39
9.2 Examples . 39
10 Critical Reviews (see EN ISO 14044:2006, Clause 6) . 42
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Annex A (informative) Uncertainty Analysis in LCA of Manufactured Nanomaterials . 45
Annex B (informative) LCA case studies in area of manufactured nanomaterials . 48
Bibliography . 53
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 17276:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 352
“Nanotechnologies”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
The purpose of this Technical Specification is to assist the use of the following Life Cycle Assessment
standards in their application to manufactured nanomaterials:
— EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and
framework (ISO 14040:2006)
— EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and
guidelines (ISO 14044:2006)
This document follows a similar structure to that used for ISO/TR 14047:2012 and ISO/TR 14049:2012,
which also provide guidance to the application of EN ISO 14044:2006 in terms of explaining more fully
the terminology; as follows:
— ISO/TR 14047:2012, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on
how to apply EN ISO 14044 to impact assessment situations
— ISO/TR 14049:2012, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on
how to apply EN ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis
The main text is “normative” and represents best practice in the application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to
Manufactured Nanomaterials. However, it is generally not possible to obtain all the required data, in
particular the human and eco-toxicity data, so that alternative approaches are necessary. The current
approaches possible are described by three “informative” examples (see Introduction) drawn from
different areas of nano-materials that are used to illustrate each stage of the application of
EN ISO 14044:2006. It is intended that these examples be updated or replaced as more reliable data
becomes available.
Annex A (informative) includes additional discussion on measurement uncertainty.
Annex B (informative) records recent life-cycle-analyses that are provided to give further examples and
sources of data.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Introduction
This Technical Specification provides guidelines on the application of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) to
manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), in the context of EN ISO 14044:2006. It does not cover incidental
nanomaterials. This document is not applicable to life-cycle based Risk Assessment (see [1], [2], [3] for
such studies).
The structure of this document follows the structure of EN ISO 14044:2006, and is similar to the related
technical reports from ISO [4], [5], showing illustrative examples on how to apply the various steps of the
LCA framework. Table 1 gives an overview of the linkage between the content of this Technical
Specification and the related content in EN ISO 14044:2006.
Table 1 — Cross references between EN ISO 14044:2006 and the content of this Technical
Specification
EN ISO 14044:2006 This Technical Specification
Nano-specificity Example(s)
1 Scope
Clause 1
2 Normative reference Clause 2
3 Terms and definitions Clause 3 - Definition & use of term for
manufactured nanomaterials and
LCA
Clause 4 - Causes of Uncertainty &
Variability in LCA of manufactured
nanomaterials
4 Methodological
framework for LCA
4.1 General requirements
4.2 Goal & scope definition Clause 5 - Choice of an appropriate E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
functional unit
E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO
4.2.1 General 2
E.3 CNTs in electronics
4.2.2 Goal of the study
4.2.3 Scope of the study
4.3 Life cycle inventory analysis Clause 6 - LCI data of production of E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
(LCI) manufactured nanomaterials;
E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO2
4.3.1 General Modelling of releases of
E.3 CNTs in electronics
manufactured nanomaterials
4.3.2 Collecting data
4.3.3 Calculating data
4.3.4 Allocation
4.4 Life cycle impact Clause 7 - Assessment of releases of E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
manufactured nanomaterials
E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO2
assessment (LCIA)
E.3 CNTs in electronics
4.5 Life cycle interpretation Clause 8 - Interpretation of LCA with Lessons learnt from the three examples
limited information from
manufactured nanomaterials
5 Reporting Clause 9 - Highlight important aspect Lessons learnt from the three examples
when reporting nano-specific LCA
5.1 General requirements
5.2 Additional requirements
5.3 Further reporting
requirements
6 Critical review Clause 10 - Highlight important nano Lessons learnt from the three examples
aspects of critical review
6.1 General
6.2 Critical review by experts
6.3 Critical review by panel
Annexes (informative) Annexes A and B
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Three examples are provided as informative text to illustrate the application of LCA to products that
contain manufactured nanomaterials. The examples are nano-silver treated textiles [6], nano-enhanced
façade coating [7], and CNT enhanced electronics [8]. The selected examples are amongst the most
comprehensive LCA studies of manufactured nanomaterials published to date (i.e. mid - 2017). The
treatment of uncertainty is discussed in Clause 4 and Annex A. A brief overview of further examples (up
to mid-2017) is given in Annex B. The analysis shows the coverage of the studies in a form similar to an
earlier study [9].
The illustrative examples are presented in sections corresponding to the same section of the original text
in EN ISO 14044:2006 covering “inventory collection”, “environmental fate” and “impact assessment and
interpretation”. They are intended to highlight the particular features relevant to manufactured
nanomaterials when included in a LCA. “Fate” in this context refers to the presence in, and transfer
through, one or more environments or media (e.g.: air, soil and water) [10].
The presented aspects also include additional, non-published information and data that were particularly
useful and illustrative for this guidance document. The status quo of the three examples is summarized
in the three sub-sections below. It is noted that that manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) cover an
increasing range of nano-prefixed descriptors, including nano-object, nano-film, nano-fibre and
nano-tube. In some cases, or at some points in the life cycle, the MNMs may be in aggregated or
agglomerated forms.
Example 1 – "Textiles with nano-silver (nano-Ag)"
The objective of the example is to compare the environmental benefits and impacts of nanosilver treated
T-shirts with conventional T-shirts and T-shirts treated with triclosan, a commonly applied biocide to
prevent textiles from emitting undesirable odours.
Status Quo: Technical garments have to provide extra features such as enhanced durability or protection
for workers; water or oil impermeability for firefighters; or bacterial resistance for adhesive wound tapes,
clinical uniforms or sportswear. Silver has known antimicrobial properties and is applied – beside water
purification – also to textiles, in order to release toxic ions to kill bacteria. Nanosilver is particularly
effective because it can be easily integrated into textile fibres, has higher ion release rates in comparison
to the same mass of larger particles and has a longer durability than conventional silver salts. Applied to
sports textiles, nanosilver inhibits bacterial growth and therefore reduces unwanted odours. In
comparison to other antimicrobial agents for textiles, such as quarternary ammoniums salts or triclosan
(now banned in many countries), advanced integration of nanosilver shows less washing-out while
exhibiting higher microbial toxicity, based on the same mass. Another advertised property of nanosilver
T-shirts is that a lower washing frequency in combination with a lower washing temperature allows
saving of resources. On the downside, nanosilver may be harmful to antimicrobial communities in the
wastewater treatment plant and may accumulate in the environment over the long term. Moreover,
occupational exposure during the production of nanosilver can be elevated in cases when open production
systems with poor ventilation are in place. In absence of personal protection measures nanosilver might
be inhaled. Nanosilver can enter the deep lung region (alveolar region) and pass across the lung:blood
barrier with so far unknown health consequences over the long term. Consumers are less at risk because
abrasion tests showed that the probability of releasing free manufactured nanomaterials into the air
(followed by inhalation) is minimal. Penetration through intact skin is very unlikely. At the end of life of
the nanosilver T-shirts, waste management options that prevent release of manufactured nanomaterials
into the environment are preferred.
Scenario analysis allows varying sensitive parameters such as washing frequency and temperature,
market penetration and technological maturity to be studied. The scenarios are directly linked to LC
inventory data in order to run complete LCA for different possible future states of the system.
Nano-specific issues are captured as far as possible and the strengths and weaknesses of the LCA
framework regarding the inclusion of nanosilver are discussed.
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Example 2 – "Façade coatings with nano titanium oxide (nano-TiO2)"
The objective of the study is to review the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) impacts of
manufactured nanomaterials in paints and coatings used in house building. The latest developments in
view of inventory data and impact assessment factors for releases of manufactured nanomaterials are
used.
Status Quo: Modern façades of buildings have to meet several functional requirements. These
functionalities can influence each other; for example does the commended thermal insulation (related to
energy savings and climate change) of a house influence the requirements concerning the outside façade
coating and can lead to an increase in the growth of algae and fungi. During their use phase the outside
façade coatings are exposed to various impacts such as UV, rain, humidity, heat, temperature differences,
air pollution and scratch damage. Indoor façade coatings are also exposed to UV and scratches damage.
An integration of manufactured nanomaterials in such façade coatings is expected to hold considerable
potential for products that offer improved or novel functionalities during the use phase of these façade
coatings and enables in the end the development of materials that fulfil several functionalities at the same
time (i.e. so-called multifunctional materials). The manufactured nanomaterials are also expected to
optimize some processes during the production of the facade coatings for example by shortening drying
time for coatings, and they may also hold a potential for environmental sustainability by saving materials,
by substituting hazardous substances, or by improving the durability of the coating.
Three different types of paints containing different types of manufactured nanomaterials (paint A1:
nano-TiO , paint B1: nano-Ag, paint C1: nano-SiO ) are compared to the same paints without the added
2 2
MNMs (paints A2, B2 and C2 respectively). Table 2 summarizes some key data for this study.
Table 2 — Main characteristics of the façade coatings (values based on input from paint
industry)
Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint
A1 A2 C1 C2 B1 B2
MNM integration “Substitution” “Addendum” “Addendum”
philosophy
Application field Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Indoor Indoor
a a a
Lifetime [years] 27 20 27 20 10 10
Composition [% w/w]
— MNM-content 3,0 - 5 - 0.3 -
— Type of MNM TiO2 - SiO2 - Ag -
— TiO , pigment-grade 13,58 16,58 - - - -
2
— Silicone defoamer 10,97 10,97 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6
— Styrene/acrylic 14,62 14,62 23,3 23,3 28,1 28,1
copolymer
— Calcium carbonate 31,75 31,75 46 46 33,2 33,5
(filler)
— Talcum (filler) 6,58 6,,58 - - 10,1 10,1
— Further ingredients 5,2 5,2 1,7 1,7 2 4,7
— Water 11,3 14,3 15,2 28,7 23 23
a
Assumption (result of a discussion with representatives from the paint industry): in outdoor
applications MNM-containing paints have a 30 % longer lifetime; in indoor applications no longer
lifetime is assumed.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
Example 3 "Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNTs) in electronics"
The objective of this example is to establish a comprehensive assessment of the ecological sustainability
of a field emission display (FED) television device by the use of the latest developments in the area of LCA
of manufactured nanomaterials (i.e. inventory modelling and impact assessment) in accordance with the
EN ISO 14040:2006. In a second step this new technology is then compared to television devices using
different versions of current display technologies.
Status Quo: CNTs are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties (extraordinary strength, unique
electrical properties) and they are efficient conductors of heat, making them particularly interesting for
the electronics industry. This material is seen as providing a large opportunity for making a new
generation of electronic and electric products – smaller, cleaner, stronger, lighter and more precise. One
of the most promising aspects is the unique electronic property of CNT. According to [11], ‘‘CNT can, in
principle, play the same role as silicon does in electronic circuits, but at a molecular scale where silicon
and other standard semiconductors cease to work’’. Therefore, ‘‘Nano’’ is considered in this industrial
sector not only as hype, but to represent a real future potential. Within the electronics sector, displays can
be seen as an important interface in machine-based communication among human beings. The area of
display technologies has been dominated by the cathode ray tube (CRT) technology since the 1920s – with
th
many different flat panel display technologies being developed since the late 20 century; among them
the field emission display (FED) technology. This FED technology can be best compared to the CRT
technology, as both of them are based on the principle of a cathode that (in a vacuum) launches electrons
towards a glass plate coated with phosphorous. However, whereas in the CRT technology just one such
cathode is used, the FED technology uses one individual cathode for each single pixel. In this way, this
technology allows the construction of devices with very promising features (e.g. thin, self-emissive screen,
distortion free image, wide viewing angle). A great challenge in the FED technology is the issue of micro
fabrication of the cathodes in order to have one cathode per pixel; with CNTs being a valuable option for
this purpose.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for application of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of specific relevance
to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), including their use in other products, according to
EN ISO 14044:2006. It does not cover incidental nanomaterials.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO
14040:2006)
EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
(ISO 14044:2006)
CEN/TS 17010:2016, Nanotechnologies - Guidance on measurands for characterising nano-objects and
materials that contain them
ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from larger sizes are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1]
3.2
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each
other.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5]
3.3
manufactured nanomaterial
nanomaterial intentionally produced to have selected properties or composition
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.9]
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17276:2019
CEN/TS 17276:2018 (E)
3.4
incidental nanomaterials
nanomaterial generated as an unintentional by-product of a process
Note 1 to entry: The process includes manufacturing, bio-technological or other processes.
Note 2 to entry: See “ultrafine particle” in ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.10]
3.5
agglomerate
collection of weakly or medium strongly bound particles where the resulting external surface area is
similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces
or simple physical entanglement.
Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-2:2017, 3.4]
3.6
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area is
significantly smaller than the sum of surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent or ionic bonds,
or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement, or otherwise combined former primary
particles.
Note 2 to entry: Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-2:2017, 3.5]
3.7
nanotechnology
application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter predomin
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
01-september-2018
Nanotehnologija - Smernice za ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla - Uporaba EN ISO
14044:2006 za izdelane nanomateriale
Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment - Application of EN ISO
14044:2006 to Manufactured Nanomaterials
Nanotechnologien - Leitfaden für Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) - Anwendung der EN
ISO 14044:2006 auf industriell hergestellte Nanomaterialien
Nanotechnologies - Lignes directrices pour l’analyse du cycle de vie - Application de l’EN
ISO 14044:2006 aux nanomatériaux manufacturés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 17276
ICS:
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FprCEN/TS 17276
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
June 2018
ICS 07.120
English Version
Nanotechnologies - Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment -
Application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to Manufactured
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnologies - Lignes directrices pour l'analyse du Nanotechnologien - Leitfaden für Life Cycle
cycle de vie - Application de l'EN ISO 14044:2006 aux Assessments (LCA) - Anwendung der EN ISO
nanomatériaux manufacturés 14044:2006 auf industriell hergestellte
Nanomaterialien
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 352.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change
without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 17276:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Uncertainty analysis . 15
4.1 Introduction to uncertainty . 15
4.2 Characterization . 16
4.3 Identity and grouping . 17
4.4 Life Cycle Inventory Data. 17
4.5 Exposure assessment . 17
4.6 Toxicity assessment . 18
4.7 Impact assessment . 18
5 Goal and scope definition (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2) . 19
5.1 General . 19
5.2 Scope of the study (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3) . 19
5.3 Function and functional unit (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.2). 19
5.4 System boundary (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.3). 20
5.5 LCIA methodology and types of impacts (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.4) . 20
5.6 Types and sources of data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.5) . 20
5.7 Data quality requirements (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.6) . 21
5.8 Comparisons between systems (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.7) . 21
5.9 Examples . 21
6 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3) . 24
6.1 General (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.1) . 24
6.2 Collecting data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.2) . 25
6.3 Calculating data (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.3) . 26
6.4 Available LCA models. 28
6.5 Allocation (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.4) . 29
6.6 Examples . 29
7 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.4) . 31
7.1 General . 31
7.2 Ecotoxicity studies . 31
7.3 Human toxicity . 31
7.4 Other midpoint categories . 32
7.5 Damage categories . 32
7.6 Spatial and temporal differentiations . 32
7.7 Examples . 32
8 Life cycle interpretation (see EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.5) . 38
9 Reporting (see EN ISO 14044:2006, Clause 5) . 40
9.1 General . 40
9.2 Examples . 40
10 Critical Reviews (see EN ISO 14044:2006, Clause 6) . 43
Annex A (informative) Uncertainty Analysis in LCA of Manufactured Nanomaterials . 46
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Annex B (informative) LCA case studies in area of manufactured nanomaterials . 49
Bibliography . 54
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TS 17276:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 352
“Nanotechnologies”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
The document is currently submitted to the Vote on TS.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
The purpose of this Technical Specification is to assist the use of the following Life Cycle Assessment
standards in their application to manufactured nanomaterials:
— EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and
framework (ISO 14040:2006)
— EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and
guidelines (ISO 14044:2006)
This document follows a similar structure to that used for ISO/TR 14047:2012 and ISO/TR 14049:2012,
which also provide guidance to the application of EN ISO 14044:2006 in terms of explaining more fully
the terminology; as follows:
— ISO/TR 14047:2012, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on
how to apply EN ISO 14044 to impact assessment situations
— ISO/TR 14049:2012, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on
how to apply EN ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis
The main text is “normative” and represents best practice in the application of EN ISO 14044:2006 to
Manufactured Nanomaterials. However, it is generally not possible to obtain all the required data, in
particular the human and eco-toxicity data, so that alternative approaches are necessary. The current
approaches possible are described by three “informative” examples (see Introduction) drawn from
different areas of nano-materials that are used to illustrate each stage of the application of
EN ISO 14044:2006. It is intended that these examples be updated or replaced as more reliable data
becomes available.
Annex A (informative) includes additional discussion on measurement uncertainty.
Annex B (informative) records recent life-cycle-analyses that are provided to give further examples and
sources of data.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Introduction
This Technical Specification provides guidelines on the application of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) to
manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), in the context of EN ISO 14044:2006. It does not cover incidental
nanomaterials. This document is not applicable to life-cycle based Risk Assessment (see [1], [2], [3] for
such studies).
The structure of this document follows the structure of EN ISO 14044:2006, and is similar to the related
technical reports from ISO [4], [5], showing illustrative examples on how to apply the various steps of the
LCA framework. Table 1 gives an overview of the linkage between the content of this Technical
Specification and the related content in EN ISO 14044:2006.
Table 1 — Cross references between EN ISO 14044:2006 and the content of this Technical
Specification
This Technical Specification
EN ISO 14044:2006
Nano-specificity Example(s)
1 Scope Clause 1
2 Normative reference Clause 2
3 Terms and definitions Clause 3 - Definition & use of term for
manufactured nanomaterials and
LCA
Clause 4 - Causes of Uncertainty &
Variability in LCA of manufactured
nanomaterials
4 Methodological
framework for LCA
4.1 General requirements
4.2 Goal & scope definition Clause 5 - Choice of an appropriate E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
functional unit
4.2.1 General E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO
2
4.2.2 Goal of the study E.3 CNTs in electronics
4.2.3 Scope of the study
4.3 Life cycle inventory analysis Clause 6 - LCI data of production of E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
(LCI) manufactured nanomaterials;
E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO2
4.3.1 General Modelling of releases of
E.3 CNTs in electronics
manufactured nanomaterials
4.3.2 Collecting data
4.3.3 Calculating data
4.3.4 Allocation
4.4 Life cycle impact Clause 7 - Assessment of releases of E.1 Textiles with nano-Ag
manufactured nanomaterials
assessment (LCIA) E.2 Façade coatings with nano-TiO2
E.3 CNTs in electronics
4.5 Life cycle interpretation Clause 8 - Interpretation of LCA with Lessons learnt from the three examples
limited information from
manufactured nanomaterials
5 Reporting Clause 9 - Highlight important aspect Lessons learnt from the three examples
when reporting nano-specific LCA
5.1 General requirements
5.2 Additional requirements
5.3 Further reporting
requirements
6 Critical review Clause 10 - Highlight important nano Lessons learnt from the three examples
aspects of critical review
6.1 General
6.2 Critical review by experts
6.3 Critical review by panel
Annexes (informative) Annexes A and B
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Three examples are provided as informative text to illustrate the application of LCA to products that
contain manufactured nanomaterials. The examples are nano-silver treated textiles [6], nano-enhanced
façade coating [7], and CNT enhanced electronics [8]. The selected examples are amongst the most
comprehensive LCA studies of manufactured nanomaterials published to date (i.e. mid - 2017). The
treatment of uncertainty is discussed in Clause 4 and Annex A. A brief overview of further examples (up
to mid-2017) is given in Annex B. The analysis shows the coverage of the studies in a form similar to an
earlier study [9].
The illustrative examples are presented in sections corresponding to the same section of the original text
in EN ISO 14044:2006 covering “inventory collection”, “environmental fate” and “impact assessment and
interpretation”. They are intended to highlight the particular features relevant to manufactured
nanomaterials when included in a LCA. “Fate” in this context refers to the presence in, and transfer
through, one or more environments or media (e.g.: air, soil and water) [10].
The presented aspects also include additional, non-published information and data that were particularly
useful and illustrative for this guidance document. The status quo of the three examples is summarized
in the three sub-sections below. It is noted that that manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) cover an
increasing range of nano-prefixed descriptors, including nano-object, nano-film, nano-fibre and
nano-tube. In some cases, or at some points in the life cycle, the MNMs may be in aggregated or
agglomerated forms.
Example 1 – "Textiles with nano-silver (nano-Ag)"
The objective of the example is to compare the environmental benefits and impacts of nanosilver treated
T-shirts with conventional T-shirts and T-shirts treated with triclosan, a commonly applied biocide to
prevent textiles from emitting undesirable odours.
Status Quo: Technical garments have to provide extra features such as enhanced durability or protection
for workers; water or oil impermeability for firefighters; or bacterial resistance for adhesive wound tapes,
clinical uniforms or sportswear. Silver has known antimicrobial properties and is applied – beside water
purification – also to textiles, in order to release toxic ions to kill bacteria. Nanosilver is particularly
effective because it can be easily integrated into textile fibres, has higher ion release rates in comparison
to the same mass of larger particles and has a longer durability than conventional silver salts. Applied to
sports textiles, nanosilver inhibits bacterial growth and therefore reduces unwanted odours. In
comparison to other antimicrobial agents for textiles, such as quarternary ammoniums salts or triclosan
(now banned in many countries), advanced integration of nanosilver shows less washing-out while
exhibiting higher microbial toxicity, based on the same mass. Another advertised property of nanosilver
T-shirts is that a lower washing frequency in combination with a lower washing temperature allows
saving of resources. On the downside, nanosilver may be harmful to antimicrobial communities in the
wastewater treatment plant and may accumulate in the environment over the long term. Moreover,
occupational exposure during the production of nanosilver can be elevated in cases when open production
systems with poor ventilation are in place. In absence of personal protection measures nanosilver might
be inhaled. Nanosilver can enter the deep lung region (alveolar region) and pass across the lung:blood
barrier with so far unknown health consequences over the long term. Consumers are less at risk because
abrasion tests showed that the probability of releasing free manufactured nanomaterials into the air
(followed by inhalation) is minimal. Penetration through intact skin is very unlikely. At the end of life of
the nanosilver T-shirts, waste management options that prevent release of manufactured nanomaterials
into the environment are preferred.
Scenario analysis allows varying sensitive parameters such as washing frequency and temperature,
market penetration and technological maturity to be studied. The scenarios are directly linked to LC
inventory data in order to run complete LCA for different possible future states of the system.
Nano-specific issues are captured as far as possible and the strengths and weaknesses of the LCA
framework regarding the inclusion of nanosilver are discussed.
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Example 2 – "Façade coatings with nano titanium oxide (nano-TiO2)"
The objective of the study is to review the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) impacts of
manufactured nanomaterials in paints and coatings used in house building. The latest developments in
view of inventory data and impact assessment factors for releases of manufactured nanomaterials are
used.
Status Quo: Modern façades of buildings have to meet several functional requirements. These
functionalities can influence each other; for example does the commended thermal insulation (related to
energy savings and climate change) of a house influence the requirements concerning the outside façade
coating and can lead to an increase in the growth of algae and fungi. During their use phase the outside
façade coatings are exposed to various impacts such as UV, rain, humidity, heat, temperature differences,
air pollution and scratch damage. Indoor façade coatings are also exposed to UV and scratches damage.
An integration of manufactured nanomaterials in such façade coatings is expected to hold considerable
potential for products that offer improved or novel functionalities during the use phase of these façade
coatings and enables in the end the development of materials that fulfil several functionalities at the same
time (i.e. so-called multifunctional materials). The manufactured nanomaterials are also expected to
optimize some processes during the production of the facade coatings for example by shortening drying
time for coatings, and they may also hold a potential for environmental sustainability by saving materials,
by substituting hazardous substances, or by improving the durability of the coating.
Three different types of paints containing different types of manufactured nanomaterials (paint A1:
nano-TiO , paint B1: nano-Ag, paint C1: nano-SiO ) are compared to the same paints without the added
2 2
MNMs (paints A2, B2 and C2 respectively). Table 2 summarizes some key data for this study.
Table 2 — Main characteristics of the façade coatings (values based on input from paint
industry)
Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint
A1 A2 C1 C2 B1 B2
MNM integration “Substitution” “Addendum” “Addendum”
philosophy
Application field Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Indoor Indoor
a a a
Lifetime [years] 27 20 27 20 10 10
Composition [% w/w]
— MNM-content 3,0 - 5 - 0.3 -
— Type of MNM TiO2 - SiO2 - Ag -
— TiO , pigment-grade 13,58 16,58 - - - -
2
— Silicone defoamer 10,97 10,97 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6
— Styrene/acrylic 14,62 14,62 23,3 23,3 28,1 28,1
copolymer
— Calcium carbonate 31,75 31,75 46 46 33,2 33,5
(filler)
— Talcum (filler) 6,58 6,,58 - - 10,1 10,1
— Further ingredients 5,2 5,2 1,7 1,7 2 4,7
— Water 11,3 14,3 15,2 28,7 23 23
a
Assumption (result of a discussion with representatives from the paint industry): in outdoor
applications MNM-containing paints have a 30% longer lifetime; in indoor applications no longer
lifetime is assumed.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
Example 3 "Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNTs) in electronics"
The objective of this example is to establish a comprehensive assessment of the ecological sustainability
of a field emission display (FED) television device by the use of the latest developments in the area of LCA
of manufactured nanomaterials (i.e. inventory modelling and impact assessment) in accordance with the
EN ISO 14040:2006. In a second step this new technology is then compared to television devices using
different versions of current display technologies.
Status Quo: CNTs are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties (extraordinary strength, unique
electrical properties) and they are efficient conductors of heat, making them particularly interesting for
the electronics industry. This material is seen as providing a large opportunity for making a new
generation of electronic and electric products – smaller, cleaner, stronger, lighter and more precise. One
of the most promising aspects is the unique electronic property of CNT. According to [11], ‘‘CNT can, in
principle, play the same role as silicon does in electronic circuits, but at a molecular scale where silicon
and other standard semiconductors cease to work’’. Therefore, ‘‘Nano’’ is considered in this industrial
sector not only as hype, but to represent a real future potential. Within the electronics sector, displays can
be seen as an important interface in machine-based communication among human beings. The area of
display technologies has been dominated by the cathode ray tube (CRT) technology since the 1920s – with
th
many different flat panel display technologies being developed since the late 20 century; among them
the field emission display (FED) technology. This FED technology can be best compared to the CRT
technology, as both of them are based on the principle of a cathode that (in a vacuum) launches electrons
towards a glass plate coated with phosphorous. However, whereas in the CRT technology just one such
cathode is used, the FED technology uses one individual cathode for each single pixel. In this way, this
technology allows the construction of devices with very promising features (e.g. thin, self-emissive screen,
distortion free image, wide viewing angle). A great challenge in the FED technology is the issue of micro
fabrication of the cathodes in order to have one cathode per pixel; with CNTs being a valuable option for
this purpose.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for application of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of specific relevance
to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), including their use in other products, according to
EN ISO 14044:2006. It does not cover incidental nanomaterials.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO
14040:2006)
EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
(ISO 14044:2006)
CEN/TS 17010:2016, Nanotechnologies - Guidance on measurands for characterising nano-objects and
materials that contain them
ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions given in EN ISO 14040:2006,
ISO/TS 18220:2016, CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, CEN ISO/TS 80004-2:2017, ISO 19020:2017 and
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from larger sizes are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1]
3.2
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each
other.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5]
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
3.3
manufactured nanomaterial
nanomaterial intentionally produced to have selected properties or composition
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.9]
3.4
incidental nanomaterials
nanomaterial generated as an unintentional by-product of a process
Note 1 to entry: The process includes manufacturing, bio-technological or other processes.
Note 2 to entry: See “ultrafine particle” in ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.10]
3.5
agglomerate
collection of weakly or medium strongly bound particles where the resulting external surface area is
similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces
or simple physical entanglement.
Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-2:2017, 3.4]
3.6
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area is
significantly smaller than the sum of surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent or ionic bonds,
or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement, or otherwise combined former primary
particles.
Note 2 to entry: Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-2:2017, 3.5]
3.7
nanotechnology
application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter predominantly in the nanoscale
(3.1) to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those
associated with individual atoms or molecules or extrapolation from larger sizes of the same material
Note 1 to entry: Manipulation and control includes material synthesis.
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.3]
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17276:2018
FprCEN/TS 17276:2018(E)
3.8
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from
natural resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14040:2006, 3.1]
3.9
life cycle assessment, LCA
compilation
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.