Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO 19136-1:2020)

The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in accordance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This document defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
—     provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
—     allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
—     support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities;
—     enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
—     support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
—     increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
Implementers can decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they can decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport.
NOTE    If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this document provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.

Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Teil 1 (ISO 19136-1:2020)

Information géographique - Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) - Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO 19136-1:2020)

Le langage GML (Geography Markup Language, Langage de balisage en géographie) est un codage XML conforme à l'ISO 19118 pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques modélisées conformément au cadre de modélisation conceptuelle utilisé dans la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100, et comprenant les propriétés spatiales et non spatiales des entités géographiques.
Le présent document définit la syntaxe, les mécanismes et les conventions du schéma XML qui:
—          offrent un cadre ouvert indépendant du fournisseur pour la description des schémas d'application géospatiale pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques en langage XML;
—          autorisent les profils prenant en charge les sous-ensembles corrects de possibilités descriptives du cadre GML;
—          prennent en charge la description des schémas d'application géospatiale pour les domaines et communautés d'informations spécialisés;
—          permettent de créer et d'entretenir des schémas d'application géographique associés et des ensembles de données;
—          prennent en charge le stockage et le transport des schémas d'application et des ensembles de données;
—          augmentent les possibilités d'organisation pour partager des schémas d'application géographique et les informations qu'ils décrivent.
Les implémenteurs peuvent choisir de stocker les schémas d'application géographique et les informations en GML, ou de les convertir à la demande à partir d'un autre format de stockage et d'utiliser GML uniquement pour le schéma et le transport des données.
NOTE    Si un schéma d'application conforme à l'ISO 19109 décrit en langage UML est utilisé comme base du stockage et du transport des informations géographiques, le présent document donne les règles normatives de mise en correspondance de ce type de schéma d'application avec le schéma d'application GML en langage XML Schema et, en tant que tel, avec le codage XML pour les données dotées d'une structure logique conformément au schéma d'application conforme à l'ISO 19109.

Geografske informacije - Jezik za označevanje geografskih podatkov (GML) - 1. del: Osnove (ISO 19136-1:2020)

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
24-Oct-2018
Publication Date
29-Apr-2020
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
20-Apr-2020
Due Date
25-Jun-2020
Completion Date
30-Apr-2020

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
01-junij-2020
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
Geografske informacije - Jezik za označevanje geografskih podatkov (GML) - 1.
del: Osnove (ISO 19136-1:2020)
Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 1: Fundamentals
(ISO 19136-1:2020)
Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Teil 1 (ISO 19136-1:2020)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) - Partie 1:
Principes de base (ISO 19136-1:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19136-1:2020
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020


EN ISO 19136-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

April 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 35.240.70 Supersedes EN ISO 19136:2009
English Version

Geographic information - Geography Markup Language
(GML) - Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO 19136-1:2020)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) -
géographie (GML) - Partie 1: Principes de base (ISO Teil 1 (ISO 19136-1:2020)
19136-1:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 April 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19136-1:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
EN ISO 19136-1:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
EN ISO 19136-1:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 19136-1:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
“Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19136:2009.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19136-1:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19136-1:2020 without any
modification.


3

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19136-1
First edition
2020-01
Geographic information — Geography
Markup Language (GML) —
Part 1:
Fundamentals
Reference number
ISO 19136-1:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
ISO 19136-1:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
ISO 19136-1:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .x
Introduction .xii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 9
4 Conformance .10
4.1 Conformance requirements .10
4.2 Conformance classes related to GML application schemas .10
4.3 Conformance classes related to GML profiles .11
4.4 Conformance classes related to GML documents .12
4.5 Conformance classes related to software implementations .12
5 Conventions .13
5.1 XML namespaces .13
5.2 Versioning.13
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML .13
5.4 UML notation .13
5.5 XML Schema .15
6 Overview of the GML schema .15
6.1 GML schema .15
6.2 GML application schemas .15
6.3 Relationship between the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, the GML
schema and GML application schemas .16
6.4 Organization of this document .17
6.5 Deprecated and experimental schema components .18
7 GML schema — General rules and base schema components .19
7.1 GML model and syntax .19
7.1.1 GML instance documents .19
7.1.2 Lexical conventions .20
7.1.3 XML Schema definition of GML language .20
7.2 gmlBase schema components .21
7.2.1 Goals of base schema components .21
7.2.2 Base objects .21
7.2.3 GML properties.22
7.2.4 Standard properties of GML objects .27
7.2.5 Collections of GML objects .27
7.2.6 Metadata .28
8 GML schema — Xlinks and basic types .31
8.1 Xlinks — Object associations and remote properties .31
8.2 Basic types .33
8.2.1 Overview .33
8.2.2 Relationship with ISO 19103 .33
8.2.3 Simple types .33
8.2.4 Lists .38
9 GML schema — Features .40
9.1 General concepts .40
9.2 Relationship with ISO 19109 .40
9.3 Features .41
9.3.1 AbstractFeatureType .41
9.3.2 AbstractFeature .41
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
ISO 19136-1:2020(E)

9.4 Standard feature properties .41
9.4.1 boundedBy, BoundingShapeType, EnvelopeWithTimePeriod,
EnvelopeWithTimePeriodType .41
9.4.2 locationName, locationReference .42
9.4.3 FeaturePropertyType, FeatureArrayPropertyType .43
9.5 Geometry properties .43
9.6 Topology properties .44
9.7 Temporal properties .45
9.8 Defining application-specific feature types .46
9.9 Feature collections .47
9.9.1 GML feature collections .47
9.9.2 AbstractFeatureMemberType and derived property types .48
9.10 Spatial reference system used in a feature or feature collection .48
10 GML schema — Geometric primitives .49
10.1 General concepts .49
10.1.1 Overview .49
10.1.2 Relationship with ISO 19107 .49
10.1.3 Abstract geometry .50
10.1.4 Coordinate geometry, vectors and envelopes .52
10.2 Abstract geometric primitives .54
10.2.1 AbstractGeometricPrimitiveType, AbstractGeometricPrimitive .54
10.2.2 GeometricPrimitivePropertyType .55
10.3 Geometric primitives (0-dimensional).55
10.3.1 PointType, Point .55
10.3.2 PointPropertyType, pointProperty .55
10.3.3 PointArrayPropertyType, pointArrayProperty .56
10.4 Geometric primitives (1-dimensional).56
10.4.1 AbstractCurveType, AbstractCurve .56
10.4.2 CurvePropertyType, curveProperty .56
10.4.3 CurveArrayPropertyType, curveArrayProperty .57
10.4.4 LineStringType, LineString .57
10.4.5 CurveType, Curve .57
10.4.6 OrientableCurveType, OrientableCurve, baseCurve .58
10.4.7 Curve segments .58
10.5 Geometric primitives (2-dimensional).67
10.5.1 AbstractSurfaceType, AbstractSurface .67
10.5.2 SurfacePropertyType, surfaceProperty .68
10.5.3 SurfaceArrayPropertyType, surfaceArrayProperty .68
10.5.4 PolygonType, Polygon.68
10.5.5 exterior, interior .68
10.5.6 AbstractRingType, AbstractRing .69
10.5.7 AbstractRingPropertyType .69
10.5.8 LinearRingType, LinearRing .69
10.5.9 LinearRingPropertyType .70
10.5.10 SurfaceType, Surface .70
10.5.11 OrientableSurfaceType, OrientableSurface, baseSurface .70
10.5.12 Surface patches .72
10.6 Geometric primitives (3-dimensional).76
10.6.1 AbstractSolidType, AbstractSolid .76
10.6.2 SolidPropertyType, solidProperty .76
10.6.3 SolidArrayPropertyType, solidArrayProperty .77
10.6.4 SolidType, Solid .77
10.6.5 ShellType, Shell .77
10.6.6 ShellPropertyType . . .78
11 GML schema — Geometric complex, geometric composites and geometric aggregates .78
11.1 Overview .78
11.2 Geometric complex and geometric composites .79
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 19136-1:2020
ISO 19136-1:2020(E)

11.2.1 Geometric complex .79
11.2.2 Composite geometries .79
11.3 Geometric aggregates .81
11.3.1 Aggregates of unspecified dimensionality .81
11.3.2 0-Dimensional aggregates .82
11.3.3 1-Dimensional aggregates .83
11.3.4 2-Dimensional aggregates .84
11.3.5 3-Dimensional aggregates .85
12 GML schema — Coordinate reference systems schemas.85
12.1 Overview .85
12.1.1 General.85
12.1.2 Relationship with ISO 19111 .86
12.1.3 Important XML elements .86
12.2 Reference systems .87
12.2.1 Overview .87
12.2.2 IdentifiedObjectType .88
12.2.3 Abstract coordinate reference system.88
12.3 Coordinate reference systems .89
12.3.1 Overview .89
12.3.2 Abstract coordinate reference systems .89
12.3.3 Concrete coordinate reference systems .90
12.4 Coordinate systems .96
12.4.1 Overview .96
12.4.2 Coordinate system axes .96
12.4.3 Abstract coordinate system .97
12.4.4 Concrete coordinate systems .98
12.5 Datums .103
12.5.1 Overview .103
12.5.2 Abstract datum .103
12.5.3 Geo
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
01-oktober-2018
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMH-H]LN]DR]QDþHYDQMHJHRJUDIVNLKSRGDWNRY *0/ 
GHO2VQRYH ,62',6
Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 1: Fundamentals
Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136:2007); Englische
Fassung EN ISO 19136:2009
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 19136-1
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 19136-1
ISO/TC 211 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2018-08-14 2018-11-06
Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
(GML) —
Part 1:
Fundamentals
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) —
Partie 1: Titre manque
ICS: 35.240.70
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2018

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)

Warning
OGC official documents use a triple decimal-dot notation (i.e. MM.xx.ss). This document may be identified as
MM.xx (Major.minor) and may include increments to the third dot series (schema changes) without any
modification to this document, or the version displayed on the document. This means, for example, that a
document labelled with versions 1.1.0 and 1.1.1 or even 1.1.9 are exactly the same except for modifications to the
official schemas that are maintained and perpetually located at: http://schemas.opengis.net/. Note that
corrections to the document are registered via corrigendums. A corrigendum will change the base document and
notice will be given by appending a c# to the version (where # specifies the corrigendum number). In
corrigendums that correct both the schemas and the base document, the third triplet of the document version will
increment and the ‘c1’ or subsequent identifier will be appended, however the schemas will only increase the third
triplet of the version.
This document is an OGC Standard. Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments,
notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)



Warning
OGC official documents use a triple decimal-dot notation (i.e. MM.xx.ss). This document may be identified as
MM.xx (Major.minor) and may include increments to the third dot series (schema changes) without any
modification to this document, or the version displayed on the document. This means, for example, that a
document labelled with versions 1.1.0 and 1.1.1 or even 1.1.9 are exactly the same except for modifications to the
official schemas that are maintained and perpetually located at: http://schemas.opengis.net/. Note that
corrections to the document are registered via corrigendums. A corrigendum will change the base document and
notice will be given by appending a c# to the version (where # specifies the corrigendum number). In
corrigendums that correct both the schemas and the base document, the third triplet of the document version will
increment and the ‘c1’ or subsequent identifier will be appended, however the schemas will only increase the third
triplet of the version.

This document is an OGC Standard. Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments,
notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
ISO 19136-1:2008
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
2.1 Conformance requirements . 1
2.2 Conformance classes related to GML application schemas . 2
2.3 Conformance classes related to GML profiles . 2
2.4 Conformance classes related to GML documents . 4
2.5 Conformance classes related to software implementations . 4
3 Normative references . 4
4 Terms and symbols . 5
4.1 Terms and definitions. 5
4.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 13
5 Conventions . 14
5.1 XML namespaces . 14
5.2 Versioning . 14
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML . 15
5.4 UML notation . 15
5.5 XML Schema . 16
6 Overview of the GML schema . 16
6.1 GML schema . 16
6.2 GML application schemas . 17
6.3 Relationship between the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, the GML schema and
GML application schemas . 18
6.4 Organization of this International Standard . 19
6.5 Deprecated and experimental schema components . 20
7 GML schema — General rules and base schema components . 20
7.1 GML model and syntax . 20
7.2 gmlBase schema components . 22
8 GML schema — Xlinks and basic types . 34
8.1 Xlinks — Object associations and remote properties . 34
8.2 Basic types . 35
9 GML schema — Features . 44
9.1 General concepts . 44
9.2 Relationship with ISO 19109 . 45
9.3 Features . 45
9.4 Standard feature properties . 45
9.5 Geometry properties . 47
9.6 Topology properties . 50
9.7 Temporal properties . 50
9.8 Defining application-specific feature types . 52
9.9 Feature collections . 52
9.10 Spatial reference system used in a feature or feature collection . 54
2 Copyright © 2007,2016 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
ISO 19136-1:2008
10 GML schema — Geometric primitives . 54
10.1 General concepts . 54
10.2 Abstract geometric primitives . 61
10.3 Geometric primitives (0-dimensional) . 61
10.4 Geometric primitives (1-dimensional) . 62
10.5 Geometric primitives (2-dimensional) . 75
10.6 Geometric primitives (3-dimensional) . 85
11 GML schema — Geometric complex, geometric composites and geometric aggregates . 87
11.1 Overview . 87
11.2 Geometric complex and geometric composites . 88
11.3 Geometric aggregates . 91
12 GML schema — Coordinate reference systems schemas . 96
12.1 Overview . 96
12.2 Reference systems . 98
12.3 Coordinate reference systems . 100
12.4 Coordinate systems . 108
12.5 Datums . 116
12.6 Coordinate operations . 122
13 GML schema — Topology . 136
13.1 General concepts . 136
13.2 Abstract topology . 136
13.3 Topological primitives . 137
13.4 Topological collections . 141
13.5 Topology complex . 144
14 GML schema — Temporal information and dynamic features . 146
14.1 General concepts . 146
14.2 Temporal schema . 147
14.3 Temporal topology schema . 155
14.4 Temporal reference systems . 158
14.5 Representing dynamic features . 165
15 GML schema — Definitions and dictionaries . 170
15.1 Overview . 170
15.2 Dictionary schema . 170
16 GML schema — Units, measures and values . 173
16.1 Introduction . 173
16.2 Units schema . 173
16.3 Measures schema . 179
16.4 Value objects schema . 180
17 GML schema — Directions . 188
17.1 Direction schema . 188
17.2 direction, DirectionPropertyType. 188
17.3 DirectionVectorType . 188
17.4 DirectionDescriptionType . 189
18 GML schema — Observations . 190
18.1 Observations . 190
18.2 Observation schema . 190
19 GML schema — Coverages . 194
19.1 The coverage model and representations . 194
19.2 Grids schema . 198
19.3 Coverage schema . 201
Copyright © 2007,2016 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
ISO 19136-1:2008
20 Profiles . 217
20.1 Profiles of GML and application schemas . 217
20.2 Definition of profile . 218
20.3 Relation to application schema . 218
20.4 Rules for elements and types in a profile. 218
20.5 Rules for referencing GML profiles from application schemas . 219
20.6 Recommendations for application schemas using GML profiles . 220
20.7 Summary of rules for GML profiles . 220
21 Rules for GML application schemas . 221
21.1 Instances of GML objects . 221
21.2 GML application schemas . 221
21.3 Schemas defining Features and Feature Collections . 224
21.4 Schemas defining spatial geometries . 225
21.5 Schemas defining spatial topologies . 227
21.6 Schemas defining time . 228
21.7 Schemas defining coordinate reference systems . 228
21.8 Schemas defining coverages . 229
21.9 Schemas defining observations . 231
21.10 Schemas defining dictionaries and definitions . 232
21.11 Schemas defining values . 233
21.12 GML profiles of the GML schema . 233
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites for GML application schemas, GML profiles and GML
documents . 236
Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite for software implementations . 251
Annex C (informative) GML schema . 255
Annex D (normative)  Implemented Profile of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and
Extensions . 257
Annex E (normative) UML-to-GML application schema encoding rules . 325
Annex F (normative) GML-to-UML application schema encoding rules . 347
Annex G (informative) Guidelines for subsetting the GML schema . 357
Annex H (informative) Default styling . 371
Annex I (informative) Backwards compatibility with earlier versions of GML . 383
Annex J (informative) Modularization and dependencies . 401
Bibliography . 403
Index . 405

4 Copyright © 2007,2016 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
ISO 19136-1:2008
Foreword
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
The OGC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Recipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent claims
or other intellectual property rights of which they may be aware that might be infringed by any implementation of the
standard set forth in this document, and to provide supporting documentation.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) was originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
(OGC). ISO 19136 was prepared by ISO/TC 211 jointly with the OGC.
This version is a corrigendum to GML 3.2.1 (ISO 19136:2007). It addresses the OGC Change Request 12-092
(gml:id attribute on LinearRing) by applying the following changes:
 the XML attribute gml:id in gml:AbstractGMLType has been made optional;
 the elements gml:AbstractRing and gml:Shell have been added to the substitutionGroups
gml:AbstractCurve and gml:AbstractSurface respectively;
 the types gml:AbstractRingType and gml:ShellType are now extended from base types
gml:AbstractCurveType and gml:AbstractSurfaceType respectively;
These changes correct inconsistencies with ISO 19107 without breaking the validity of instance documents created
using the GML 3.2.1 schema. I.e., all GML 3.2 instance documents that are valid against the GML 3.2.1 schema
are also valid against the GML 3.2.2 schema.
The corrected GML 3.2 schema is available at http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/. Note that the use of “3.2.1” in
the URL is unchanged since this version (3.2.2) is a corrigendum and the corrected schema replaces the GML 3.2.1
schema. Previous versions of the GML 3.2.1 schema are available at http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/gml-3_2_1.zip.
The change to the gml:id attribute reverts a change that has been made between GML 3.1.1 and GML 3.2.1.
Reverting this change also addresses comments raised by several communities since the release of GML 3.2.1 /
ISO 19136:2007.
As the correction relaxes a constraint in the XML schema, not all instance documents created based on the GML
3.2.2 schema will be valid against the GML 3.2.1 schema:
 all GML 3.2 instance documents that include a gml:id attribute on a ring or shell element are not valid
against the GML 3.2.1 schema;
 all GML 3.2 instance documents that include a feature, a spatial object or a temporal object without a gml:id
attribute are not valid against the GML 3.2.1 schema.
Local copies of the GML 3.2.1 schema documents have to be replaced by the GML 3.2.2 schema documents – or
be replaced by links to http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd.
This corrigendum also updates URIs – mainly in examples – where OGC policies have changed since the release
of GML 3.2.1 (location of the Xlink schema document, use of OGC HTTP URIs for coordinate reference systems).
As the corrigendum is currently not published by ISO, the reference to the normative schema documents in Annex
C now refers to the OGC schema repository.

Copyright © 2007,2016 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO 19136-1:2018
ISO/DIS 19136-1:2018(E)
ISO 19136-1:2008
Introduction
Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of application schemas
as well as the transport and storage of geographic information.
The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the ISO 19100
series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is associated with
a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be thought of as a set of features.
The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property may be thought of as a {name, type,
value} triple.
The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its type
definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-valued. A feature
collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarded as a feature; as a consequence a feature collection
has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in addition to the features it contains.
Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an application
schema. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in two different and
alternative ways:
 by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to both the
constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas specified in this
International Standard;
 by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this International Standard for creating a
GML
...

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