prEN 14067-5

Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

This document establishes requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and acceptance criteria for aerodynamics in tunnels and rolling stock in tunnels. Topics of aerodynamic pressures and loadings, aerodynamic resistance and micro-pressure waves are addressed.
Requirements for rolling stock with operating speeds equal to or above 200 km/h are provided for pressures generated in tunnel operation. Requirements for infrastructure with design speeds above 160 km/h or high blockage ratio or tunnels longer than 12 km are provided for pressures generated in tunnel operation. These requirements are not applicable to light rail and urban rail.
This document is applicable to all railway vehicles and infrastructure with track gauges from 1 435 mm to 1 668 mm inclusive.

Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen, Prüfverfahren, Beurteilungsverfahren und Abnahmekriterien für die Aerodynamik in Tunneln und von Schienenfahrzeugen in Tunneln fest. Die Themen des aerodynamischen Drucks und der aerodynamischen Beanspruchung sowie des aerodynamischen Widerstands und der Mikrodruckfelder werden behandelt.
Anforderungen an Schienenfahrzeuge mit Betriebsgeschwindigkeiten von mindestens 200 km/h werden für im Tunnelbetrieb erzeuge Drücke angegeben. Anforderungen an die Infrastruktur bei Bemessungsgeschwindigkeiten von mehr als 160 km/h oder höhere Versperrungsmaße im Betrieb in Tunneln mit einer Länge von mehr als 12 km sind für die im Tunnelbetrieb erzeugten Drücke vorgesehen. Diese Anforderungen gelten nicht für Stadtbahnen und städtische Schienenbahnen.
Dieses Dokument gilt für alle Schienenfahrzeuge und Infrastruktur mit Spurweiten von 1 435 mm bis einschließlich 1 668 mm.

Applications ferroviaires - Aerodynamique - Partie 5 : Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel

Le présent document spécifie les exigences, les procédures d'essai, les méthodes d'évaluation et les critères d'acceptation relatifs à l'aérodynamique et au matériel roulant dans les tunnels. Il aborde les pressions et charges aérodynamiques, la résistance aérodynamique et les micro-ondes de pression.
Il spécifie les exigences applicables au matériel roulant circulant à une vitesse supérieure ou égale à 200 km/h en matière de pressions générées lors de la traversée d'un tunnel. Il donne les exigences applicables aux infrastructures dont la vitesse de conception est supérieure à 160 km/h ou ayant un fort rapport de blocage, ainsi qu'aux tunnels mesurant plus de 12 km de longueur en matière de pressions générées lors de la traversée d'un tunnel. Ces exigences ne s'appliquent pas aux systèmes ferroviaires légers ni aux systèmes ferroviaires urbains.
Le présent document s'applique à l'ensemble des véhicules ferroviaires et infrastructures dont l'écartement de voie est compris entre 1 435 mm et 1 668 mm, valeurs extrêmes incluses.

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in preskusni postopki pri aerodinamiki v predorih

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 23-Apr-2020
• Withdrawal Date: 25-Oct-2020
• ICS: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general
• ICS: 93.060 - Tunnel construction
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 256 - Railway applications
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 256/WG 6 - Aerodynamics
• Current Stage: 4098 - Decision to abandon - Enquiry
• Completion Date: 10-Apr-2019
• Directive: 2008/57/EC - Directive 2008/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the interoperability of the rail system within the Community (Recast)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN 14067-5:2018 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

Relations

• Revises: EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2018
01-november-2018
Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in preskusni postopki pri
aerodinamiki v predorih

Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for

aerodynamics in tunnels
Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für
Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Applications ferroviaires - Aerodynamique - Partie 5 : Exigences et procédures d'essai

pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14067-5
ICS:
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
93.060 Gradnja predorov Tunnel construction
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2018 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2018
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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2018
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 14067-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2018
ICS 45.060.01; 93.060 Will supersede EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010
English Version
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5:
Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in
tunnels

Applications ferroviaires - Aerodynamique - Partie 5 : Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5:

Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im

en tunnel Tunnel

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 256.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14067-5:2018 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 14067-5:2018 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 7

5 Requirements on locomotives and passenger rolling stock ......................................................... 12

5.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels ............................................................................. 12

5.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 12

5.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 12

5.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 14

5.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 14

5.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relatively to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

5.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 16

5.2.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 16

5.2.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 18

5.2.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 18

5.3 Resistance to aerodynamic loading ....................................................................................................... 18

5.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 18

5.3.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 19

5.3.3 Exceptional load assessment ................................................................................................................... 25

5.3.4 Fatigue load assessment ............................................................................................................................ 26

5.3.5 Assessment in case of modifications ..................................................................................................... 26

6 Requirements on infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 27

6.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels to meet the medical health criterion .... 27

6.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 27

6.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 27

6.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 29

6.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 29

6.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relatively to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 30

6.2.2 Reference case ............................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.3 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 30

6.2.4 Assessment ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.3 Further aspects of tunnel design ............................................................................................................ 31

6.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.2 Aural pressure comfort .............................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.3 Pressure loading on installations........................................................................................................... 31

6.3.4 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 32

6.3.5 Aerodynamic drag ........................................................................................................................................ 32

6.3.6 Contact forces of pantograph to catenary ........................................................................................... 32

6.3.7 Ventilation ...................................................................................................................................................... 32

6.3.8 Workers’ safety ............................................................................................................................................. 32

6.3.9 Loads on vehicles in mixed traffic operation ..................................................................................... 33

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6.4 Additional aspects for underground stations .................................................................................... 33

6.4.1 Pressure changes .......................................................................................................................................... 33

6.4.2 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 33

6.4.3 Specific case for loads on platform barrier systems due to trains passing ............................. 34

7 Methods and test procedures ................................................................................................................... 34

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 34

7.2 Methods to determine pressure variations in tunnels ................................................................... 36

7.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 36

7.2.2 Full scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel .................................................................. 37

7.2.3 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................................ 38

7.2.4 Full scale measurements on the exterior of the train ..................................................................... 40

7.2.5 Predictive formulae ..................................................................................................................................... 41

7.2.6 Assessment by numerical simulation .................................................................................................... 42

7.2.7 Reduced scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel ........................................................ 42

7.3 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (vehicle reference case) ....................................... 43

7.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 43

7.3.2 Transformation of measurement values by a factor (approach 1) ............................................ 43

7.3.3 Transformation of measurement values based on A.3.3 (approach 2) .................................... 44

7.3.4 Transformation by simulation (approach 3) ...................................................................................... 45

7.3.5 Assessment of pressure time history .................................................................................................... 46

7.3.6 Assessment quantities and comparison ............................................................................................... 50

7.4 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (infrastructure reference case) ........................ 51

7.5 Assessment of the pressure gradient of a train entering a tunnel (vehicle reference

case, relative to micro-pressure wave generation).......................................................................... 52

7.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 52

7.5.2 Assessment by simulations ....................................................................................................................... 52

7.5.3 Assessment by moving model rig tests ................................................................................................. 53

7.6 Assessment of the micro-pressure wave (infrastructure reference case)............................... 53

7.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 53

7.6.2 Assessment by numerical simulations .................................................................................................. 54

7.6.3 Assessment by reduced scale moving model rig tests ..................................................................... 55

7.7 Assessment of aerodynamic load ............................................................................................................ 57

7.7.1 Assessment of load due to strong wind ................................................................................................ 57

7.7.2 Assessment of open air passings ............................................................................................................. 57

7.7.3 Assessment of exceptional transient loads in tunnels .................................................................... 59

7.7.4 Assessment of fatigue loads ...................................................................................................................... 61

7.7.5 Determination of the damage-equivalent load amplitude for scenario ................................... 63

7.7.6 Documentation .............................................................................................................................................. 64

7.7.7 Simplified load cases ................................................................................................................................... 65

7.8 Assessment of the pressure sealing ....................................................................................................... 66

7.8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 66

7.8.2 Dynamic pressure tightness ..................................................................................................................... 67

7.8.3 Equivalent leakage area ............................................................................................................................. 67

7.8.4 Test methods .................................................................................................................................................. 68

7.8.5 Dynamic tests ................................................................................................................................................. 70

Annex A (informative) Predictive formulae ....................................................................................................... 72

A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 72

A.2 SNCF approach ............................................................................................................................................... 72

A.2.1 Entry of the nose of the train .................................................................................................................... 72

A.2.2 Entry of the body of the train ................................................................................................................... 72

A.2.3 Entry of the rear of the train ..................................................................................................................... 73

A.3 TU Vienna approach .................................................................................................................................... 73

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A.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 73

A.3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 73

A.3.3 Calculation of Δp ........................................................................................................................................ 74

A.3.4 Calculation of Δp ....................................................................................................................................... 75

A.3.5 Calculation of Δp ........................................................................................................................................ 76

A.3.6 Calculation of the nose passing pressure drop Δp ..................................................................... 78

A.3.7 Calculation of the drag coefficient C ................................................................................................. 78

x,tu

A.4 GB approach, ignoring changes in air density and the speed of sound .................................... 80

A.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 80

A.4.2 Calculation of ∆p ........................................................................................................................................ 80

A.4.3 Calculation of ∆p ........................................................................................................................................ 81

A.4.4 Calculation of ∆p ........................................................................................................................................ 81

Annex B (informative) Pressure comfort criteria ........................................................................................... 82

B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 82

B.2 Unsealed trains (generally τ < 0,5 s) ............................................................................................. 82

dyn

B.3 Sealed trains (generally τ > 0,5 s)................................................................................................... 82

dyn

Annex C (informative) Micro-pressure wave .................................................................................................... 83

C.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 83

C.2 Wave generation........................................................................................................................................... 83

C.3 Wave propagation ........................................................................................................................................ 84

C.4 Wave radiation .............................................................................................................................................. 84

Annex D (informative) Pressure loading on unsealed crossing trains .................................................... 86

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC aimed to be covered ............................................... 89

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 92

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European foreword

This document (prEN 14067-5:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway

applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the

European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC.

For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of

this document.
EN 14067 Railway applications — Aerodynamics consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Symbols and units;
— Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track;
— Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment.

The results of the EU-funded research project “AeroTRAIN” (Grant Agreement No. 233985) have been

used.

The contents of the previous edition of EN 14067-5 have been integrated in this document; they have

been re-structured and extended to support the Technical Specifications for the Interoperability of the

Trans-European rail system. Requirements on conformity assessment for rolling stock were added.

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1 Scope

This document establishes requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and acceptance criteria

for aerodynamics in tunnels and rolling stock in tunnels. Topics of aerodynamic pressures and loadings,

aerodynamic resistance and micro-pressure waves are addressed.

Requirements for rolling stock with operating speeds equal to or above 200 km/h are provided for

pressures generated in tunnel operation. Requirements for infrastructure with design speeds above

160 km/h or high blockage ratio or tunnels longer than 12 km are provided for pressures generated in

tunnel operation. These requirements are not applicable to light rail and urban rail.

This document is applicable to all railway vehicles and infrastructure with track gauges from 1 435 mm

to 1 668 mm inclusive.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 12663-1, Railway applications — Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies — Part 1:

Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons)

EN 12663-2:2010, Railway applications — Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies — Part 2:

Freight wagons

EN 14067-4:2013, Railway applications — Aerodynamics — Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for

aerodynamics on open track
EN 15273 (all parts), Railway applications — Gauges
ISO 8756, Air quality — Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
compression wave

approximate step change in pressure above ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.2
expansion wave

approximate step change in pressure below ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.3
Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD)
numerical methods of approximating and solving the formulae of fluid dynamics
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3.4
exceptional loads

maximum loads occurring occasionally during normal operations due to both static and transient loads

3.5
fatigue loads

very large number of dynamic and aerodynamic loads of varying magnitude that the structures of rail

vehicle bodies or infrastructure components are subjected to during their operational life

3.6
static loads
loads that are constant or nearly constant with time

Note 1 to entry: These loads include the dynamic pressure due to the airflow acceleration around the front of

the train and pressure changes caused by strong side winds.
3.7
transient loads
loads that vary in time
Note 1 to entry: Transient loads can be divided into three kinds:

a) loads caused by trains running in the open air, due to the pressure field around the train;

b) loads caused by trains travelling alone or crossing with other trains in tunnels;

c) loads that arise due to the turbulent nature of the flow around trains.

Note 2 to entry: Loads a) and b) are relevant for all train structures, but loads c) may be only relevant for some

high speed train components and are not considered in this standard.
3.8
tunnel

excavation or a construction around the track provided to allow the railway to pass through, for

example, higher land, buildings or water

Note 1 to entry: A tunnel in the context of this standard has a length greater than 100 m.

3.9
tunnel length

length of a tunnel is defined as the length of the fully enclosed section, measured centrally at rail level

3.10
tunnel cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)

free cross-sectional area of a tunnel not including ballast rail, sleepers, longitudinal piping, platform

3.11
vehicle cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)
cross-sectional area of a vehicle in lengthwise direction
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
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Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Significance Explanation or remark Unit
A , A area of integration see Figure 11 sPa
S T
A tunnel free cross-sectional area 2
tu m
B, B1, B2 train/tunnel blockage ratio
B =
b width of vehicle m
C train friction factor or coefficient
f,tr
C tunnel friction factor or coefficient
f,tu
C factor depending on the shape of the train nose and Formula (C.2)
the shape of the tunnel portal
C load collective for trains encountering on the open
oa,cros
track
C collective for solo passages in the tunnel
tu,solo
CFL Courant-Friedrich-Levy number
c speed of sound m/s
D hydraulic diameter m
F maximum measured force see Figure D.4 N
max
g acceleration due to gravity 2
m/s
h height m
h frequenciey corresponding to a class of amplitudes
in a rainflow matrix
h distance from top of rail to the underside of the m
carbody
h height of tunnel centre above ground m
Δh difference between maximum and minimum m
altitudes in the tunnel
H, H , H relative humidity of air %
1 2
k Wöhler curve exponent
k vehicle structural rigidity factor
k factor
k train roughness parameter m
L nose length of train m
L critical tunnel length m
tu,crit
L length of the vehicle m
veh
L length of the route section km
section,i
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L length of train m
L length of tunnel m
L minimum length in a tunnel measured from entry m
tu,min
portal
L virtual length of the tunnel m
virttun
L Mileage per year km/year
year
N sections of open track 1/year
N reference cycle
N Number of trains passing a stationary point in one 1/h
trainsperhour
direction
...