SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002)

This part of ISO 14688, together with ISO 14688-2, establishes the basic principles for the identification and classification of soils on the basis of those material and mass characteristics most commonly used for soils for
engineering purposes. The relevant characteristics may vary and therefore, for particular projects or materials, more detailed subdivisions of the descriptive and classification terms may be appropriate. The general identification and description of soils is based on a flexible system for immediate (field) use by experienced persons, covering both material and mass characteristics by visual and manual techniques. Details are given of the individual characteristics for identifying soils and the descriptive terms in regular use, including those related to the results of tests from the field. This part of ISO 14688 is applicable to natural soils in situ, similar man-made materials in situ and soils redeposited by man. The identification and description of rocks is covered by ISO 14689. The identification and classification of soil for pedological purposes, as well as in the framework of measurements for soil protection and for remediation of contaminated areas, is covered by ISO 11259.

Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden - Teil 1: Benennung und Beschreibung (ISO 14688-1:2002)

Diese Norm stellt mit ISO 14688-2 die Grundprinzipien für die Benennung und Beschreibung sowie Klassifizierung von Böden auf der Basis der Eigenschaften dar, die gewöhnlicherweise für Böden im Bauingenieurwesen verwendet werden. Die relevanten Eigenschaften können variieren und es kann sein, dass für besondere Projekte und Materialien detailliertere Unterteilungen für die Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung erforderlich werden.
Die allgemeine Benennung und Beschreibung von Böden beruht auf einem flexiblen System für den sofortigen (Feld)-Einsatz durch erfahrene Personen, das sowohl die Eigenschaften von Boden als  auch von Bodenbestandteilen umfasst, hauptsächlich mit visuellen und manuellen Techniken.
Zunächst werden die individuellen Eigenschaften zur Identifikation von Böden und die allgemein üblichen, beschreibenden Begriffe eingeführt, einschließlich derer, die auf Ergebnissen von Feldversuchen beruhen.
Das Anwendungsgebiet dieses Teils der ISO 14688 umfasst den natürlichen oder künstlichen Boden und ähnliches Auffüllungsmaterial. Die Benennung und Beschreibung von Fels werden in der ISO 14689 behandelt. Die Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Böden für bodenkundliche Aufgaben sowie im Rahmen von Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Böden und zur Sanierung von Altlasten erfolgen nach ISO 11259.

Recherches et essais géotechniques - Identification et classification des sols - Partie 1: Identification et description (ISO 14688-1:2002)

La présente partie de l'ISO 14688, conjointement avec l'ISO 14688-2, établit les principes fondamentaux de dénomination et de classification des sols, sur la base des caractéristiques du matériau et de ses composants les plus couramment utilisées par l'ingénierie géotechnique. Les caractéristiques concernées pouvant varier selon les projets ou matériaux, des subdivisions plus détaillées pour leur dénomination, leur description et leur classification peuvent être indiquées.
La dénomination et la description générales des sols sont basées sur un système souple pour utilisation immédiate (sur le site) par des personnes expérimentées, qui porte à la fois sur les caractéristiques du matériau et de ses composants et repose sur des techniques visuelles et manuelles.
Des détails sont donnés sur les caractéristiques propres permettant de dénommer les sols et les termes descriptifs régulièrement usités, y compris ceux qui se rapportent aux résultats des essais sur site.
La présente partie de l'ISO 14688 est applicable aux sols naturels en place, aux matériaux artificiels similaires aux sols en place, et aux sols mis en remblai. La dénomination et la description des roches sont traitées dans l'ISO 14689.
La dénomination et la classification des sols à des fins pédagogiques, ainsi qu'à des fins de mesurage pour la protection du sol et pour le traitement réparateur de zones contaminées, sont traitées dans l'ISO 11259.

Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Prepoznavanje in razvrščanje zemljin - 1. del: Prepoznavanje in opisovanje (ISO 14688-1:2002)

Ta del standarda ISO 14688 skupaj s standardom ISO 14688-2 določa temeljna načela za prepoznavanje in razvrščanje zemljin na podlagi tistih značilnosti materiala in mase, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo za namene gradbeništva. Pomembne značilnosti materialov se lahko razlikujejo in je zato pri nekaterih projektih in materialih primeren bolj natančen opis in opredelitev. Splošno določanje in opis zemljin temelji na fleksibilnem sistemu za neposredno (terensko) določanje s strani izkušenih oseb in vključuje značilnosti materiala in mase z uporabo vizualnih in ročnih tehnik. Podane so podrobnosti posameznih značilnosti za prepoznavanje zemljin in opredelitve v redni uporabi, vključno z rezultati testov na terenu. Ta del standarda ISO 14688 se uporablja za naravne zemljine na kraju samem, tem podobne umetne materiale in zemljine, ki so jih ljudje ponovno deponirali.. Prepoznavanje in opisovanje kamnin pokriva standard ISO 14689. Prepoznavanje in razvrščanje zemljin za pedološke namene in v okviru meritev za zaščito zemljin ter za sanacijo kontaminiranih območji pokriva standard ISO 11259.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2003
• Withdrawal Date: 15-Mar-2018
• ICS: 13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: KON - Structures
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 15-Mar-2018
• Due Date: 07-Apr-2018
• Completion Date: 16-Mar-2018
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Ref Project: EN ISO 14688-1:2002 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002)

Relations

• Replaced By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2018 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2017)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Replaced By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2018 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2017)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Amended By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004/A1:2013 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002/A1:2013)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Corrected By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004/AC:2008 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Corrected By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004/AC:2008 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2008
• Amended By: SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004/A1:2013 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002/A1:2013)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
01-januar-2004
*HRWHKQLþQRSUHLVNRYDQMHLQSUHVNXãDQMH3UHSR]QDYDQMHLQUD]YUãþDQMH]HPOMLQ
GHO3UHSR]QDYDQMHLQRSLVRYDQMH,62
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1:
Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Benennung, Beschreibung und
Klassifizierung von Boden - Teil 1: Benennung und Beschreibung (ISO 14688-1:2002)
Recherches et essais géotechniques - Identification et classification des sols - Partie 1:
Identification et description (ISO 14688-1:2002)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14688-1:2002
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14688-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2002
ICS 93.020
English version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and
classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO
14688-1:2002)
Recherches et essais géotechniques - Identification et Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
classification des sols - Partie 1: Identification et description Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden -
(ISO 14688-1:2002) Teil 1: Benennung und Beschreibung (ISO 14688-1:2002)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June 2002.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14688-1:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
EN ISO 14688-1:2002 (E)
CORRECTED  2002-10-02
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14688-1:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
182 "Geotechnics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 "Geotechnical
Investigation and Testing", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2003, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2003.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14688-1:2002 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14688-1:2002 without
any modifications.
2

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14688-1
First edition
2002-08-15
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Identification and classification of soil —
Part 1:
Identification and description
Recherches et essais géotechniques — Identification et classification des
sols —
Partie 1: Identification et description

Reference number
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
© ISO 2002

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
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©
ii ISO 2002 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 14688 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO14688-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC182, Geotechnics,
Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing.
ISO14688 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Identification and classification of soil:
— Part 1: Identification and description
— Part 2: Classification principles and quantification of descriptive characteristics
©
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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004

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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and
classification of soil —
Part 1:
Identification and description
1 Scope
This part of ISO 14688, together with ISO 14688-2, establishes the basic principles for the identification and
classification of soils on the basis of those material and mass characteristics most commonly used for soils for
engineering purposes. The relevant characteristics may vary and therefore, for particular projects or materials, more
detailed subdivisions of the descriptive and classification terms may be appropriate.
The general identification and description of soils is based on a flexible system for immediate (field) use by
experienced persons, covering both material and mass characteristics by visual and manual techniques.
Details are given of the individual characteristics for identifying soils and the descriptive terms in regular use,
including those related to the results of tests from the field.
This part of ISO 14688 is applicable to natural soils in situ, similar man-made materials in situ and soils redeposited
by man. The identification and description of rocks is covered by ISO 14689.
The identification and classification of soil for pedological purposes, as well as in the framework of measurements for
soil protection and for remediation of contaminated areas, is covered by ISO 11259.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 14688. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 14688 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
ISO 11259, Soil quality — Simplified soil description
ISO 14688-2, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part2:
Classification principles and quantification of descriptive characteristics
ISO 14689, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and description of rock
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 14688, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
soil
assemblage of mineral particles and/or organic matter in the form of a deposit but sometimes of organic origin, which
can be separated by gentle mechanical means and which includes variable amounts of water and air (and
sometimes other gases)
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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
NOTE 1 The term is also applied to made ground consisting of replaced natural soil or man-made materials exhibiting similar
behaviour, e. g. crushed rock, blast-furnace slag, fly-ash.
NOTE 2 Soils may have rock structures and textures may exist but soils are usually of lower strength than rocks.
3.2
identification of soil
naming and description of a soil on the basis of its grading, type of material and characteristics of mineral and/or
organic constituents and plasticity
3.3
geological structure
variation in composition including bedding and discontinuities
3.4
discontinuities
bedding planes, joints, fissures, faults and shear planes
3.5
organic matter
matter consisting of plant and/or animal organic materials, and the conversion products of those materials, e.g.
humus
NOTE Organic matter usually has a very high water content.
3.6
grading
measure of the particle sizes of a soil and their distribution
3.7
fraction
part of a soil that can be distinguished on the basis of defined particle sizes
3.8
plasticity
property of a cohesive soil to change its mechanical behaviour with change of water content
3.9
volcanic soils
pyroclastic materials produced and formed by explosive volcanic eruption; e.g. pumice, scoria, volcanic ash
4 Identification of soil
4.1 General
Subclauses 4.2 to 4.10 give soil characteristics that generally permit soil to be identified with adequate accuracy for
general (or preliminary) characterization. A more accurate identification and classification based on grading,
plasticity or organic content can be achieved by laboratory tests. In addition to identifying soils, the condition in which
a soil is encountered, any particular secondary constituents, other features of a soil, such as carbonate content,
particle shape, surface roughness of particles, odour, any common names and the geological classification should all
be indicated. For the identification and description, methods and additional tests shall be carried out according to
clause 5. The identification and description of soils generally follows the flow chart in Figure 1.
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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
Figure 1 — Flow chart for the identification and description of soils
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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
4.2 Particle size
Particle size is the fundamental basis for designating mineral soils using particle fractions to distinguish the soil
mechanical behaviour. Table 1 shows the terms to be used for each soil fraction and its sub-fractions, together with
the corresponding chosen range of particle sizes.
Basic soils are soils with uniform grading (i.e. they consist of particles of only one size range) as specified in Table 1
(e.g. gravel Gr, fine sand FSa, coarse silt CSi). The first letter of the abbreviation of the soil fraction is a capital.
Table 1 — Particle size fractions
Particle sizes
Soil fractions Sub-fractions Symbols
mm
Very coarse soil Large boulder LBo > 630
Boulder Bo > 200 to 630
Cobble Co > 63 to 200
Coarse soil Gravel Gr > 2,0 to 63
Coarse gravel CGr > 20 to 63
Medium gravel MGr > 6,3 to 20
Fine gravel FGr > 2,0 to 6,3
Sand Sa > 0,063 to 2,0
Coarse sand CSa > 0,63 to 2,0
Medium sand MSa > 0,2 to 0,63
Fine sand FSa > 0,063 to 0,2
Fine soil Silt Si > 0,002 to 0,063
Coarse silt CSi > 0,02 to 0,063
Medium silt MSi > 0,006 3 to 0,02
Fine silt FSi > 0,002 to 0,006 3
Clay Cl � 0,002
4.3 Composite soils
4.3.1 General
Most soils are composite and consist of principal and secondary fractions. They are designated by a noun (main
term) describing the principal fraction and by one or more adjectives (qualifying terms) describing the secondary
fractions (e.g. sandy gravel saGr, gravelly clay grCl).
Composite soil terms shall be written with small letters.
Interlayered soils can be written in small underlined letters following the principal soil fraction (e.g. gravelly clay
interbedded with sand grClsa).
4.3.2 Principal fraction
The principal fraction in terms of mass determines the engineering properties of the soil. It may be given in capital
letters for clarity.
In the case of very coarse soils, the principal fraction is the relevant very coarse soil fraction predominating in terms
of mass. The very coarse fraction should be separated from the sample before identifying the fine and coarse
fractions.
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SIST EN ISO 14688-1:2004
ISO 14688-1:2002(E)
In the case of coarse soils, the principal fraction is the relevant coarse soil fraction predominating in terms of mass.
Composite coarse soils include a fines fraction (silt and/or clay) that does not determine the engineering properties
of the soil.
NOTE 1 The fines fraction is not regarded as determining the characteristics of a composite soil if the soil exhibits no, or only
very low, dry strength in the test described in 5.6 or if, when tested in accordance with 5.8, it exhibits a very low plasticity.
In both cases, the name shall be based on the subfraction into which coarse soil is identified, cf. 4.2 e.g. gravel, sand,
medium gravel, fine sand.
In the case of fine soils, the principal fraction is the relevant fine soil type determining the engineering properties of
the soil.
In the case of composite fine soils, the fines fraction determines the engineering properties of the soil.
NOTE 2 The fines fraction is regarded as determining the characteristics of a composite soil if this is of at least medium dry
strength as determined in the test described in 5.6, or exhibits a certain degree of plasticity as determined in the test described in
5.8.
In both cases, the soil shall be termed either “clay” or “silt”, depending on the plasticity of the fines fraction and not on
the grading. The identification shall be based on 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 and 5.9.
NOTE 3 The minimum size of soil sample required for accurate identification increases with maximum particle size.
4.3.3 Secondary fractions
Secondary and further fractions do not determine but will affect the engineering properties of the soil.
The secondary fractions as adjectives shall be placed with the term describing the principal fraction in the order of
their relevance, as shown in the following examples:
— san
...