CEN/TC 122/WG 1 - Anthropometry

This document establishes protocols for testing of 3-D surface-scanning systems in the acquisition of human body shape data and measurements. It does not apply to instruments that measure the motion of individual landmarks.
While mainly concerned with whole-body scanners, this document is also applicable to body-segment scanners (head scanners, hand scanners, foot scanners). It applies to body scanners that measure the human body in a single view. When a hand-held scanner is evaluated, the human operator can contribute to the overall error. When systems are evaluated in which the participant is rotated, movement artefacts can be introduced; these can also contribute to the overall error. This document applies to the landmark positions determined by an anthropometrist. It does not apply to landmark positions automatically calculated by software from the point cloud.
The quality of surface shape of the human body and landmark positions is influenced by the performance of scanner systems and humans, including measurers and participants. This document addresses the performance of scanner systems by using artefacts rather than human participants as test objects.
Traditional instruments are required to be accurate to the millimetre. Their accuracy can be verified by comparing the instrument with a scale calibrated according to an international standard of length. To verify or specify the accuracy of body scanners, a calibrated test object with known form and size is used.
The intended audience is those who use 3-D body scanners to create 3-D anthropometric databases, the users of these data, and body scanner designers and manufacturers. This document intends to provide the basis for agreement on the performance of body scanners between scanner users and scanner providers as well as between 3-D anthropometric database providers and data users.

This document specifies general requirements for anthropometric databases and their associated reports that contain measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7250-1.
It provides necessary information, such as characteristics of the user population, sampling methods, measurement items and statistics, to make international comparison possible among various population segments. The population segments specified in this document are people who are able to hold the postures specified in ISO 7250-1.
NOTE            The traditional anthropometry defined in ISO 7250-1 is considered to be a necessary complement to 3-D methods, which are used in some countries. Scanned data are verified according to the definitions given in ISO 7250-1 (see ISO 20685-1). State-of-the-art software allows integration of traditional anthropometric measures with those obtained by 3-D imaging.

This document establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific object under test.
This document is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, such as machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces, architectural details or transportation equipment.
This document is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of controls (except their geometrical placement).
Although this document deals with selecting test persons from an anthropometric perspective, similar general principles can be applied for other test variables, e.g. biomechanical aspects.

This document contains guidance on identifying reliable sources of anthropometric and strength data published since 2000 for the European population under the age of 18 years. It does not contain the anthropometric data itself.
This document is intended to give guidance to the stakeholders such as the standard writers, designers and manufacturers of products for children on how to identify currently available sources of anthropometric data that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of anthropometric data. This document also identifies the lack of data for specific applications hence implicitly indicating caution for the stakeholders
This document also provides information about the sources of anthropometric data listed within it. This information includes:
-   Date of survey;
-   Organization who carried out the survey;
-   Geographic limitations of the survey;
-   Size and gender of the population measured or scanned;
-   Types of anthropometric measurements included in them.
This document has two annexes
-   Annex A: Definition of body measurements;
-   Annex B: Existing data sources.

This document addresses protocols for the use of 3-D surface-scanning systems in the acquisition of human body shape data and measurements defined in ISO 7250-1 that can be extracted from 3-D scans.
While mainly concerned with whole-body scanners, it is also applicable to body-segment scanners (head scanners, hand scanners, foot scanners).
It does not apply to instruments that measure the location and/or motion of individual landmarks.
The intended audience is those who use 3-D scanners to create 1-D anthropometric databases and the users of 1-D anthropometric data from 3-D scanners. Although not necessarily aimed at the designers and manufacturers of those systems, scanner designers and manufacturers can find it useful in meeting the needs of clients who build and use 1‑D anthropometric databases.

ISO 7250-1:2017 provides a description of anthropometric measurements which can be used as a basis for comparison of population groups and for the creation of anthropometric databases (see ISO 15535). The basic list of measurements specified in this document is intended to serve as a guide for ergonomists who are required to define population groups and apply their knowledge to the geometric design of the places where people work and live. In addition, the list serves as a basis for extracting one- and two-dimensional measurements from three-dimensional scans (specified in ISO 20685). It serves as a guide on how to take anthropometric measurements, but also gives information to the ergonomist and designer on the anatomical and anthropometrical bases and principles of measurement which are applied in the solution of design tasks.
ISO 7250-1:2017 is intended to be used in conjunction with national or international regulations or agreements to ensure harmony in defining population groups and to allow comparison of anthropometric data among member bodies. In its various applications, it is anticipated that the basic list will be supplemented by specific additional measurements. Annex A shows the correspondence of dimensions described here with their use in ISO 14738 and ISO 15534.

This European Standard specifies the dimensions of openings for access as applied to machinery as defined in EN 292-1. It provides the dimensions to which the values given in EN 547-3 are applicable. Values for additional space requirements are given in annex A. This European Standard has been prepared primarily for non-mobile machinery, there may be additional specific requirements for mobile machinery.
Dimensions for access openings are based on the values for the 95th percentile, whereas reach distances are based on the values for the 5th percentile, in each case the least favourable body dimension of the expected user population being used as a basis. The same considerations apply to the location of access openings.
The anthropometric data given in EN 547-3 originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.
This European Standard shows how to combine the anthropometric data with suitable allowances to take these factors into account.
Situations where people are to be prevented from reaching a hazard are dealt with in EN 294.

This European Standard specifies the dimensions of openings for whole body access as applied to machinery as defined in EN 292-1. It provides the dimensions to which the values given in EN 547-3 are applicable. Values for additional space requirements are given in annex A. This European Standard has been prepared primarily for non-mobile machinery, there may be additional specific requirements for mobile machinery.
Dimensions for passages are based on the values for either the 95th or the 99th percentile of the expected user population. Values for the 99th percentile apply to emergency egress routes.
The anthropometric data given in EN 547-3 originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.
This European Standard shows how to combine the anthropometric data with suitable allowances to take these factors into account.
Situations where people are to be prevented from reaching a hazard are dealt with in EN 294.

This International Standard establishes principles for deriving dimensions from anthropometric measurements and applying them to the design of workstations at non-mobile machinery. It is based on current ergonomic knowledge and anthropometric measurements.
This International Standard specifies the body's space requirements for equipment during normal operation in sitting and standing positions. This International Standard does not specifically include space demands for maintenance, repairing and cleaning work.
This International Standard does not give recommendations specifically for visual display terminal workstations at machinery. For this purpose ISO 9241-5 can be used in conjunction with this International Standard.
Situations where people are to be prevented from reaching a hazard are dealt with in ISO 13852.

This European Standard specifies current requirements for human body measurements (anthropometric data) that are required by EN 547-1 and EN 547-2 for the calculation of access opening dimensions as applied to machinery.
The anthropometric data originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.
The data are based on information from anthropometric surveys representative of population groups within Europe comprising at least three million people. Both men and women are taken into account.
Measurements are given, as required by EN 547-1 and EN 547-2, for the 5th, 95th and 99th percentiles of the relevant population group within Europe.

ISO 15536-1:2005 establishes the general requirements for the design and development of computer manikins, body templates and manikin systems. It addresses their anthropometric and biomechanical properties, taking into account their usability and restrictions for structural complexity and functional versatility, and is also intended as a guide for the selection of manikins and manikin systems and for the evaluation of their accuracy and usability for the specified use. It specifies the documentation of the characteristics of manikins and manikin systems and their intended use, for the guidance of their users. It provides means for ensuring that computer manikins and body templates for the design of work space are appropriately accurate and reliable in their anthropometric and biomechanical aspects. It aims to ensure that users of manikins are able to choose an appropriate manikin system for particular design tasks and use it in an appropriate way. It sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin, but provides recommendations on the other factors that can influence the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed using them.

ISO 15536-2:2007 establishes the requirements for the verification of the functions and validation of dimensions of computer manikins. These requirements concern the documentation of the data employed to construct computer manikins and the methods employed to verify and validate their functions with regards to their dimensional accuracy.
ISO 15536-2:2007 extends to anthropometric and biomechanical data and to software functions as they are applied to create computer manikins. Although this document primarily refers to anthropometric data and methods, some biomechanical parameters are required to build and apply computer manikins and are therefore included.
ISO 15536-2:2007 provides a framework for reporting computer manikin accuracy and human-source data. The standard is intended to enable even non-specialist users of the manikin systems to independently perform measurements of each function under field testing conditions using automated software tools provided by developers.
It is not intended to require developers to perform specific verification and validation of their manikin systems.

ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 provides statistical summaries of body measurements together with database background information for working age people in the national populations of individual ISO member bodies. The data are intended for use in conjunction with ISO standards for equipment design and safety, which require body measurement input, wherever national specificity of design parameters is required.

ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 provides statistical summaries of body measurements together with database background information for working age people in the national populations of individual ISO member bodies. The data are intended for use in conjunction with ISO standards for equipment design and safety, which require body measurement input, wherever national specificity of design parameters is required.

ISO 20685-2:2015 addresses protocols for testing of 3-D surface-scanning systems in the acquisition of human body shape data and measurements. It does not apply to instruments that measure the motion of individual landmarks.
While mainly concerned with whole-body scanners, it is also applicable to body-segment scanners (head scanners, hand scanners, foot scanners). This International Standard applies to body scanners that measure the human body in a single view. When a hand-held scanner is evaluated, it has to be noted that the human operator can contribute to the overall error. When systems are evaluated in which the subject is rotated, movement artefacts can be introduced; these can also contribute to the overall error. This part of ISO 20685 applies to the landmark positions determined by an anthropometrist. It does not apply to landmark positions automatically calculated by software from the point cloud.
The quality of surface shape of the human body and landmark positions is influenced by performance of scanner systems and humans including measurers and subjects. This part of ISO 20685 addresses the performance of scanner systems by using artefacts rather than human subjects as test objects.
Traditional instruments are required to be accurate to millimetre. Their accuracy can be verified by comparing the instrument with a scale calibrated according to an international standard of length. To verify or specify the accuracy of body scanners, a calibrated test object with known form and size is used.
The intended audience is those who use 3-D body scanners to create 3-D anthropometric databases including 3-D landmark locations, the users of these data, and scanner designers and manufacturers. This part of ISO 20685 intends to provide the basis for the agreement on the performance of body scanners between scanner users and scanner providers as well as between 3-D anthropometric database providers and data users.

ISO 15535:2012 specifies general requirements for anthropometric databases and their associated reports that contain measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7250-1.It provides necessary information, such as characteristics of the user population, sampling methods, measurement items and statistics, to make international comparison possible among various population segments.

ISO 15537:2004 establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific object under test.
ISO 15537:2004 is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, e.g. machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces, architectural details or transportation equipment.
ISO 15537:2004 is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of controls (except their geometrical placement).

ISO 20685:2010 addresses protocols for the use of 3-D surface-scanning systems in the acquisition of human body shape data and measurements defined in ISO 7250-1 that can be extracted from 3-D scans. It does not apply to instruments that measure the location and/or motion of individual landmarks.
While mainly concerned with whole-body scanners, it is also applicable to body-segment scanners (head scanners, hand scanners, foot scanners).
The intended audience is those who use 3-D scanners to create 1-D anthropometric databases and the users of 1-D anthropometric data from 3-D scanners. Although not necessarily aimed at the designers and manufacturers of those systems, scanner designers and manufacturers will find it useful in meeting the needs of clients who build and use 1‑D anthropometric databases.

ISO 7250-1:2008 provides a description of anthropometric measurements which can be used as a basis for comparison of population groups. It is intended to serve as a guide for ergonomists who are required to define population groups and apply their knowledge to the geometric design of the places where people work and live.

It is anticipated that the International standard will generate requirements covering four important aspects of 3-dimensional scanning technology as it pertains to human body measurement. These aspects are: the precision and reliability of the hardware system, body landmarks and body positioning for human subjects, repeatability of extracted measurements and relative landmark positions and the accuracy of extracted body measuremnets relative to traditional methods.

This International Standard provides a description of anthropometric measurements which can be used as a basis for comparison of population groups.  The basic list specified in this International Standard is intended to serve as a guide for ergonomists who are required to define population groups and apply their knowledge to the geometric design of the places where people work and live.  This list is not intended to serve as a guide for how to take anthropometric measurements, but it gives information to the ergonomist and designer on the anatomical and anthropometrical bases and principles of measurement which are applied in the solution of design tasks.  This International Standard may be used in conjuction with national or international regulations or agreements to assure harmony in defining population groups. In its various applications, it is anticipated that the basic list will be supplemented by specific additional measurements.

This European Standard establishes principles for deriving dimensions from anthropometric measurements and applying them to the design of workstations at non-mobile machinery. It is based on current ergonomic knowledge and anthropometric measurements. This European Standard specifies the body's space requirements for equipment during normal operation in sitting and standing positions. This standard does not specifically include space demands for maintenance, repairing and cleaning work.

This European Standard specifies current requirements for human body measurements (anthropometric data) that are required by EN 547-1 and EN 547-2 for the calculation of access opening dimensions as applied to machinery.  The anthropometric data originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.  The data are based on information from anthropometric surveys representative of population groups within Europe comprising at least three million people. Both men and women are taken into account.  Measurements are given, as required by EN 547-1 and EN 547-2, for the 5th, 95th and 99th percentiles of the relevant population group within Europe.

This European Standard specifies the dimensions of openings for access as applied to machinery as defined in EN 292-1. It provides the dimensions to which the values given in EN 547-3 are applicable. Values for additional space requirements are given in annex A. This European Standard has been prepared primarily for non-mobile machinery, there may be additional specific requirements for mobile machinery.  Dimensions for access openings are based on the values for the 95th percentile, whereas reach distances are based on the values for the 5th percentile, in each case the least favourable body dimension of the expected user population being used as a basis. The same considerations apply to the location of access openings.  The anthropometric data given in EN 547-3 originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.  This European Standard shows how to combine the anthropometric data with suitable allowances to take these factors into account.  Situations where people are to be prevented from reaching a hazard are dealt with in EN 294.

This European Standard specifies the dimensions of openings for whole body access as applied to machinery as defined in EN 292-1. It provides the dimensions to which the values given in EN 547-3 are applicable. Values for additional space requirements are given in annex A. This European Standard has been prepared primarily for non-mobile machinery, there may be additional specific requirements for mobile machinery.  Dimensions for passages are based o nthe values for either the 95th or the 99th percentiles of the expected user population. Values for the 99th percentile apply to emergency egress routes.  The anthropometric data given in EN 547-3 originate from static measurements of nude persons and do not take into account body movements, clothing, equipment, machinery operating conditions or environmental conditions.  This European Standard shows how to combine the anthropometric data with suitable allowances to take these factors into account.  Situations where people are to be prevented from reaching a hazard are dealt with in EN 294.

This European Standard establishes the general requirements for the design and development of computer manikins, body templates and manikin systems. These requirements concern their anthropometric and biomechanical properties, taking into account their usability features and restrictions for structural complexity and functional versatility. The requirements are also intended as a guide for the selection of manikins and manikin systems and for the evaluation of their accuracy and usability for the specified use. In particular, the European Standard specifies the requirements for the documentation of the characteristics of the manikin and manikin system and their intended use, and for guidance to their users.
This European Standard provides means for ensuring that computer manikins and body templates for the design of work space are appropriately accurate and reliable in their anthropometric and biomechanical aspects. This European Standard also aims to ensure that the users of manikins are able to choose an appropriate manikin system for their design tasks and use it in an appropriate way.
This European Standard sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin, but provides recommendations on the other factors which can influence the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed with their help.
NOTE   It is recommended that the result of the investigation of this European Standard be verified by practical tests with test persons.
Basic concepts and general ergonomic principles for the design of machinery are dealt with in EN 292-1,
EN 292-2 and EN 614-1.

The European Standard establishes an anthropometric database for all age groups to be used as the basis for the design of work equipment, workplaces and workstations at machinery.