EN 15442:2011
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling
This European Standard specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods.
It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Probenahme
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Entnahme von Proben von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen, z. B. aus Produktionsanlagen, Lieferungen oder Lagervorräten, fest. Eingeschlossen sind sowohl manuelle als auch mechanische Verfahren.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für feste Sekundärbrennstoffe, die durch Flüssigkeiten oder Schlamm gebildet werden, sie gilt jedoch für entwässerten Schlamm.
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes d'échantillonnage
La présente Norme décrit les méthodes d’échantillonnage d’échantillons de combustibles solides de récupération issus par exemple de sites de production, de livraisons ou de stocks. Elle comprend des méthodes manuelles et mécaniques.
Elle n’est pas applicable aux combustibles solides de récupération qui sont formés par des liquides ou des boues mais elle comprend des boues asséchées.
Trdna alternativna goriva - Metode za vzorčenje
Ta evropski standard določa metode za jemanje vzorcev trdnih alternativnih goriv, na primer iz proizvodnih obratov, iz pošiljk in iz zalog. Vključuje ročne in mehanske metode.
Ne velja za trdna alternativna goriva, ki nastanejo iz tekočine ali blata, vključuje pa blato, iz katerega je bila voda odstranjena.
General Information
- Status
- Withdrawn
- Publication Date
- 08-Mar-2011
- Withdrawal Date
- 13-Apr-2025
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 343 - Solid Recovered Fuels
- Current Stage
- 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
- Start Date
- 07-Apr-2021
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 22-Dec-2008
- Effective Date
- 05-Dec-2018
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 15442:2011 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods. It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.
This European Standard specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods. It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.
EN 15442:2011 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.110 - Technical product documentation; 35.240.30 - IT applications in information, documentation and publishing; 49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general; 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 15442:2011 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CEN/TS 15442:2006, EN ISO 21645:2021. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 15442:2011 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/325. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur ProbenahmeCombustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes d'échantillonnageSolid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15442:2011SIST EN 15442:2011en,de01-maj-2011SIST EN 15442:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 15442:20071DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15442
March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15442:2006English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes d'échantillonnage
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Probenahme This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15442:2011: ESIST EN 15442:2011
Procedure for the development of a sampling plan . 20A.1Introduction . 20A.2Principle . 20A.3Procedure . 20Annex B (informative)
Guideline for a sampling plan . 23B.1Introduction . 23B.2Form for the sampling plan . 23Annex C (normative)
Sampling equipment and implements . 28C.1Introduction . 28C.2Principle . 28C.3Selection of an apparatus . 28C.4Examples for sampling from a moving conveyor or drop flow . 28C.5Sampling frame . 30C.6Sampling scoop . 31C.7Mechanical probe. 32Annex D (normative)
Determination of minimum sample size . 34D.1Introduction . 34D.2Principle . 34D.3Determination of factors necessary for the minimum sample size . 34D.4Calculation of the minimum sample size . 36D.5Quick determination of minimum sample size . 37SIST EN 15442:2011
Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from material flows . 39E.1Introduction . 39E.2Principle. 39E.3Determination of minimum increment size for mechanical sampling from a drop flow . 39E.4Determination of minimum increment size for manual sampling from a drop flow . 40E.5Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from a conveyor . 41Annex F (normative)
Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from static lots or vehicles. 43F.1Introduction . 43F.2Principle. 43F.3Procedure . 43Annex G (normative)
Implementation of sampling plan from a material flow . 44G.1Introduction . 44G.2Principle. 44G.3Procedure verification of sampling aspects . 44G.4Procedure: Mechanical or manual sampling from the drop flow . 44G.5Procedure: Mechanical sampling from a moving conveyor . 46G.6Procedure: Manual sampling from a stationary conveyor . 47Annex H (normative)
Implementation of the sampling plan from a static lot or vehicle . 49H.1Introduction . 49H.2Principle. 49H.3Procedure . 49H.4Implementation of sampling in locations chosen in a stratified random way . 50Annex I (normative)
Minimum sample size required for analysis. 51I.1Introduction . 51I.2Principle. 51I.3Procedure . 51Annex J (normative)
Standard sampling plans for common situations . 56J.1Introduction . 56J.2Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a moving conveyor . 56J.3Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a static lot . 59J.4Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a vehicle . 62Annex K (informative)
Additional information about precision . 66K.1Introduction . 66K.2Scope . 66K.3Trueness . 66K.4Repeatability and reproducibility . 66K.5Robustness . 67Annex L (informative)
Distribution of increments . 69L.1Scope . 69L.2Stratified sampling . 69L.3Stratified random sampling . 70Bibliography . 72 SIST EN 15442:2011
1) To be published. SIST EN 15442:2011
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of a testing program SIST EN 15442:2011
Adapted from Eurachem/Citac Guide CG 4 [26]. 3.2 duplicate sample two samples taken under comparable conditions, whereby this selection can be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space NOTE 1
Although the replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical sample. NOTE 2
A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. NOTE 3
The replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability. 3.3 effective increment size minimum sample size divided by the number of increments
2) To be published. SIST EN 15442:2011
precision under repeatability conditions NOTE 1
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
Repeatability can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. 3.16 reproducibility precision under reproducibility conditions NOTE 1
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
Reproducibility can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. NOTE 3
Results are usually understood to be corrected results. 3.17 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined 3.18 sample preparation actions taken to obtain representative analysis samples or test portions from the original sample 3.19 sampling process of drawing or constituting a sample NOTE Adapted from ISO 3534-1:2006 [22]. 3.20 sampling plan predetermined procedure for the selection, withdrawal, preservation, transportation and preparation of the portions to be removed from a lot as a sample
NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074:2005 [23]. 3.21 sampling record report which serves as a check list and provides the investigator with all necessary information about the sampling techniques applied at the site and any additional important information NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074:2005. SIST EN 15442:2011
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
The measure of trueness is usually expressed in terms of bias. NOTE 3
Trueness is sometimes referred to as “accuracy of the mean”. This usage is not recommended. NOTE 4
In practice, the accepted reference value is substituted for the true value. NOTE 5
The determination of the exact trueness for waste and from waste derived materials such as solid recovered fuels is by definition not possible. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply. b
is the breadth of the flow, in m cv
is the coefficient of variation d05
is the nominal minimum size (a mass fraction of 5 % of the particles are smaller than d05), in mm d95
is the nominal top size of a particle (a mass fraction of 95 % of the particles are smaller than d95), in mm g
is the correction factor for distribution in the particle size G
is the conveyor load, in kg/m λb
is the bulk density of the solid recovered fuel, in kg/m3 λp
is the particle density, in kg/m3 SIST EN 15442:2011
is mass, in kg n
is the number of increments to be taken per lot p is the fraction of the particles with a specific characteristic (such as a specific contaminant), in kg/kg, and is equal to 0,1 f
is the bulk density of the flow, in kg/m3 d
is the drop flow, in kg/s
f
is the shape factor, in m3/m3
V
is volume, in m3 v
is conveyor velocity, in m/s 5 Principle Every particle in the lot or sub-lot to be represented by the sample should have an equal probability of being included in the sample. When this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall note the limitations in the sampling plan. 6 Development of a sampling plan 6.1 Principle From a pre-defined lot of solid recovered fuel, samples shall be taken representatively on the basis of a sampling plan that shall be drawn up before the sampling takes place. Annex A specifies how this sampling plan shall be made. Annex J specifies simplified sampling plans for three common situations according to this clause and Annex A. Figure 2 determines whether a simplified sampling plan can be used.
Figure 2 — Check for the standard sampling plan The sampling plan shall be drawn up on the basis of the objective for the sampling process, using the available data on a solid recovered fuel and the accessibility of the lot, see Annex B. The sampling plan shall be completed. If certain estimates concerning specific parameters relating to the lot cannot be determined with sufficient certainty on the basis of the information available, these shall be verified in the field. If necessary, the sampling plan shall be adjusted in the field and the deviations shall be reported in the sampling record. Figure 3 shows the actions that are necessary for the development of a sampling plan. SIST EN 15442:2011
Figure 3 — Necessary elements for the development of a sampling plan 6.2 Definition of overall objectives The sampling plan shall specify the objectives of the sampling program through consultation with all involved parties. These involved parties are e.g. the client, the producer of the solid recovered fuel, the sampler. The sampling plan shall specify the primary objectives of the sampling program. The sampling plan shall meet the requirements of objectives. If it is not possible to meet all requirements following the objectives for sampling in one single document sampling plan, two or more sampling plans shall be made in order to achieve adequate sampling plans for all objectives. The sampling plan(s) shall identify any special precautions to be followed where the solid recovered fuel to be sampled is hazardous to human health. 6.3 Definition of a lot and determining lot size 6.3.1 General The lot shall be defined on the basis of the way in which the material is or has been produced and/or is offered (upon delivery, upon acceptance, upon storage or in store, for instance). The lot size relates to a quantity of material delivered on the basis of one specification and production process. This material is agreed on by contract as a unit, and is identifiable as such. The maximum weight of a lot or sub-lot, for sampling purposes, shall be no more than 1,5 × 106 kg. SIST EN 15442:2011
NOTE 1 If for example 2 increments should be taken from each of the lorry, it would be very useful to take one increment at the beginning of unloading of the lorry (short stop during loading) and the second increment at the middle/end of unloading the lorry in accordance with the system for sampling from a material flow (6.9.2) or static lot (6.9.4). NOTE 2 If the dimensions of a lot are such that the number of vehicles used to transport the lot is equal to or less than the (minimum) number of required increments, at least two (or more when necessary) increments should be taken per vehicle. 6.9.4 Implementation of sampling from a static lot Implementation of sampling from a static lot or store requires the following approach: a) determine the dimensions of the lot or store; b) divide the lot or store into as many strata of equal dimensions as the number of increments to be taken; c) for each stratum, determine in a (preferably) random way the location where the increments will be taken; d) for each location, take the increments from the top, middle and bottom of the material alternately. The sampling shall be implemented by performing the complete sampling plan. SIST EN 15442:2011
not take a new one if he thinks the increment is not representative. This will influence the representativeness of the sample. In every case the upper surface of the material to be sampled shall always be removed to avoid material that has dried and/or become contaminated; c) if during the performance of the sampling anything is performed deviating from the sampling plan this shall be mentioned in the sampling report in the section for deviations. The deviations shall be sufficiently motivated. SIST EN 15442:2011
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SIST EN 15442:2011 표준은 고형 회수 연료의 샘플링 방법을 규정하고 있으며, 특히 생산 시설, 납품 및 재고에서의 샘플링 절차를 포함합니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 수동 및 기계적인 방법을 모두 포함하고 있어 다양한 환경에서 적용할 수 있도록 설계되었다는 점입니다. 이러한 다양한 방법론은 고형 회수 연료의 품질을 보장하는 데 필수적인 요소로 작용합니다. 이 표준은 특히 고형 회수 연료의 품질 관리를 위해 필수적인 요소인 샘플링의 적절한 수행을 보장합니다. 또한, 고형 회수 연료를 형성하는 물질이 액체 또는 슬러지인 경우에는 적용되지 않지만, 탈수된 슬러지는 포함된다는 점에서 더욱 포괄적인 범위를 제공하고 있습니다. 따라서, 표준에 따른 샘플링 절차를 준수함으로써 고형 회수 연료의 정확한 분석 및 평가가 가능해집니다. EN 15442:2011 표준은 유럽연합 및 그 외 지역에서 고형 회수 연료를 사용하는 다양한 산업 부분에 필수적으로 적용될 수 있는 가이드라인을 제공함으로써, 해당 산업의 효율성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 또한, 국제적인 표준으로 자리 잡고 있어, 글로벌 시장에서도 통일된 품질 기준을 유지하는 데 큰 역할을 합니다. 따라서 이 표준은 고형 회수 연료 산업의 발전과 지속 가능한 에너지 사용을 위한 중요한 기초 자료로 평가될 수 있습니다.
The EN 15442:2011 standard provides comprehensive guidelines for the sampling methods of solid recovered fuels, ensuring consistency and reliability in sampling processes across various applications. This standard is highly relevant in the context of waste management and energy recovery, as it directly impacts the quality assurance of solid recovered fuels derived from production plants, deliveries, or stock. One of the notable strengths of EN 15442:2011 is its detailed approach, which incorporates both manual and mechanical sampling methods. This dual methodology caters to different operational circumstances and resource availability, making it adaptable for a wide range of scenarios. The standard effectively outlines the procedures to capture representative samples, which is crucial for accurate analysis and usage of solid recovered fuels, thereby enhancing the quality control processes in the industry. Moreover, by specifically stating that it does not apply to solid recovered fuels formed by liquids or sludges, except for dewatered sludge, the standard has a focused scope that minimizes ambiguity in its application. This clarity ensures that stakeholders can implement the standard effectively without confusion regarding the types of materials covered. Overall, EN 15442:2011 serves as a critical framework for professionals dealing with solid recovered fuels, promoting best practices in sampling that can lead to better compliance with regulatory standards and improved operational efficiencies in the handling of solid recovered fuels. Its robust methodologies and clear focus enhance its relevance in the sustainable management and utilization of resources in the context of energy recovery.
SIST EN 15442:2011は、固形再生燃料のサンプリング方法に関する欧州標準を定義しています。この標準は、製造プラント、納品物、または在庫から固形再生燃料のサンプルを取得するための方法を明確に規定しています。手動および機械的な方法が含まれており、多様なサンプリングニーズに対応可能です。 この標準の強みは、さまざまな状況下でのサンプリング方法を具体的に示している点にあります。製造プラントでの直接サンプリングや納品時の監視、在庫からのサンプリングに関して、明確かつ実用的な手法が提供されています。特に、手動および機械的な方法の選択肢があることで、利用者は自社の状況や要求に応じた最適な手法を採用することができます。 さらに、この標準は、液体やスラッジから形成された固形再生燃料には適用されないものの、脱水スラッジを含む対象品目においてもその適用が可能であり、柔軟性があります。これにより、固形再生燃料の品質管理や評価における相関性が向上し、より信頼性の高い分析を実現します。 EN 15442:2011は、固形再生燃料のサンプリングを行うにあたっての基本的かつ重要なガイドラインとして、業界において非常に関連性の高い文書です。この標準に従って適切なサンプリングを実施することで、固形再生燃料の品質やトレーサビリティの向上に寄与します。
La norme EN 15442:2011, intitulée "Combustibles solides récupérés - Méthodes d'échantillonnage", offre un cadre méthodologique essentiel pour la prise d'échantillons de combustibles solides récupérés. Son champ d'application est clairement défini, englobant des méthodes qui s'appliquent à divers stades, notamment celles provenant d'installations de production, de livraisons et de stocks. L'une des forces notables de cette norme réside dans la diversité des méthodes qu'elle propose, tant manuelles que mécaniques. Cela permet une flexibilité dans l'application, répondant ainsi aux différents contextes opérationnels que l'on peut rencontrer lors de l'échantillonnage de combustibles solides récupérés. La capacité de s'adapter à diverses conditions de travail est essentielle pour garantir la représentativité et la qualité des échantillons prélevés. De plus, la norme aborde spécifiquement l'échantillonnage des boues déshydratées, ce qui élargit son applicabilité à des matières souvent négligées dans d'autres standards. Cependant, il est crucial de noter que cette norme ne s'applique pas aux combustibles solides récupérés issus de liquides ou de boues non déshydratées, ce qui pourrait limiter son utilisation dans certaines situations. En résumé, la norme EN 15442:2011 se distingue par sa pertinence et sa rigueur dans les méthodes d'échantillonnage de combustibles solides récupérés. Sa capacité à fournir des directives claires et précises en fait un outil indispensable pour les professionnels du secteur, favorisant des pratiques d'échantillonnage qui garantissent la qualité et la conformité des combustibles récupérés. Cette norme est donc un pilier pour les acteurs engagés dans l'optimisation des ressources et la valorisation énergétique.
Die Norm EN 15442:2011 ist ein bedeutendes Dokument im Bereich der Standardisierung von festen recycelten Brennstoffen. Sie definiert klare und präzise Methoden zur Probenahme von festen recycelten Brennstoffen, die aus Produktionsanlagen, von Lieferungen oder aus Beständen stammen. Dies beinhaltet sowohl manuelle als auch mechanische Verfahren, die sicherstellen, dass die Probenahme konsistent und reproduzierbar erfolgt. Ein zentraler Vorteil dieser Norm ist ihre umfassende Anwendbarkeit in verschiedenen Phasen der Lieferkette von festen recycelten Brennstoffen. Unternehmen können durch die Anwendung der beschriebenen Methoden sicherstellen, dass die genommenen Proben die Qualität und die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Materialien genau widerspiegeln. Dies ist besonders wichtig in einer Zeit, in der die Nachfrage nach nachhaltigen und umweltfreundlichen Energielösungen stetig steigt. Zudem ist die Norm EN 15442:2011 in dem Sinne relevant, dass sie nicht für feste recycelte Brennstoffe gilt, die aus Flüssigkeiten oder Schlämmen entstehen, jedoch dehydrierte Schlämme beschreibt. Diese Klarstellung ermöglicht eine gezielte Anwendung und vermeidet Missverständnisse bei der Probenahme dieser unterschiedlichen Materialarten. Die Stärke dieser Norm liegt auch in der Schaffung eines einheitlichen Rahmens für die Probenahme, der es Fachleuten und Unternehmen ermöglicht, internationale Standards einzuhalten und dadurch die Qualität und Sicherheit ihrer Produkte zu maximieren. In einer globalisierten Welt, in der Transaktionen und Lieferungen über Ländergrenzen hinweg stattfinden, sorgt die EN 15442:2011 dafür, dass alle Beteiligten mit den gleichen Grundlagen arbeiten. Insgesamt ist die EN 15442:2011 eine essentielle Standardisierungsnorm, die nicht nur die Methoden der Probenahme von festen recycelten Brennstoffen, sondern auch die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen und Lösungen adressiert. Durch die Festlegung von Standards in diesem Bereich trägt die Norm nicht nur zur Verbesserung der Qualitätssicherung bei, sondern auch zur Förderung nachhaltiger Praktiken in der Energieerzeugung.
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