EN ISO 4499-2:2010
(Main)Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size (ISO 4499-2:2008)
ISO 4499-2:2008 gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for sintered WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily WC as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
ISO 4499-2:2008 essentially covers four main topics:
calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
ISO 4499-2:2008 is not intended for the following.
Measurements of size distribution.
Recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, but this current guide is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for sintered hardmetals and not for characterising powders. However, the method could, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 2: Messung der WC Korngröße (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Dieser Teil von ISO 4499 gibt Leitlinien für die Messung der Hartmetallkorngröße mittels metallographischer
Verfahren ausschließlich unter Anwendung der Licht- oder Elektronenmikroskopie an. Dieser ist für gesinterte
WC/Co-Hartmetalle (auch als Sinterhartmetalle oder Cermets bezeichnet) vorgesehen, die hauptsächlich WC
als harte Phase haben. Er ist ebenfalls für die Messung der Korngröße und deren Verteilung mit dem
Linienschnittverfahren vorgesehen.
Dieser Teil von ISO 4499 deckt im Wesentlichen vier Hauptthemen ab:
- Kalibrierung von Mikroskopen zur Steigerung der Messgenauigkeit;
- lineare Analysenverfahren zum Erhalten von statistisch aussagekräftigen Daten;
- Analysenverfahren zur Berechnung von repräsentativen Mittelwerten;
- Auswertung entsprechend den gegenwärtigen Qualitätsanforderungen.
In diesem Teil von ISO 4499 werden die empfohlenen Verfahren durch eine (messtechnische) Fallstudie
(siehe Anhang A) veranschaulicht.
Dieser Teil von ISO 4499 ist nicht für Folgendes vorgesehen:
- Messungen von Korngrößenverteilung;
- Empfehlungen für Formmessungen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind erforderlich, bevor Empfehlungen für
Formmessung gegeben werden können.
Zur Messung der Korngröße werden mitunter Messungen von Koerzitiv-Feldstärke herangezogen, der vorliegende
Leitfaden befasst sich jedoch ausschließlich mit einem metallographischen Messverfahren. Darüber
hinaus ist er für gesinterte Hartmetalle und nicht zur Charakterisierung von Pulvern vorgesehen. Das
Verfahren kann jedoch grundsätzlich zur Messung der mittleren Korngröße von Pulvern, die in geeigneter
Weise eingebettet und geteilt sind, herangezogen werden.
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 2: Mesurage de la taille des grains de WC (ISO 4499-2:2008)
L'ISO 4499-2:2008 donne des lignes directrices relatives au mesurage de la taille des grains de métaux‑durs selon des techniques métallographiques utilisant uniquement un microscope optique ou électronique. Elle est destinée aux métaux‑durs WC/Co frittés (également appelés carbures cémentés ou cermets) contenant principalement du WC sous la forme d'une phase dure. Elle est également destinée au mesurage de la taille des grains et de la distribution au moyen de la technique d'interception linéaire.
L'ISO 4499-2:2008 couvre essentiellement quatre sujets principaux:
étalonnage de microscopes, pour appuyer la précision des mesures;
techniques d'analyses linéaires, pour obtenir suffisamment de données statistiquement significatives;
méthodes d'analyse, pour calculer des valeurs moyennes représentatives;
rapports, pour répondre aux exigences modernes de qualité.
L'ISO 4499-2:2008 ne traite pas les points suivants.
mesurages de la distribution des grains;
recommandations sur les mesurages de forme. De plus amples recherches sont nécessaires avant de pouvoir établir des recommandations relatives au mesurage de forme.
Des mesurages de coercivité servent parfois au mesurage de la taille des grains, toutefois les lignes directrices données ici ne traitent que de la méthode de mesurage métallographique. L'ISO 4499-2:2008 est également rédigée pour les métaux‑durs frittés et non pour les poudres caractérisantes. Toutefois, la méthode peut, en principe, servir au mesurage de la granulométrie moyenne de poudres convenablement montées et sectionnées.
Trdine - Metalografsko določevanje mikrostrukture - 2. del: Merjenje velikosti zrn volframovega karbida (WC) (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Ta del ISO 4499 podaja smernice za merjenje velikosti zrna trdin z metalografskimi tehnikami, ki uporabljajo samo optično ali elektronsko mikroskopiranje. Namenjen je za sintrane WC/CO trdine (prav tako imenovane cementirani karbidi ali cermet), ki vsebujejo predvsem volframov karbid v trdni fazi. Prav tako je namenjen za merjenje velikosti zrn in distribucijo s tehniko linearnega prestrezanja. Ta del ISO 4499 predvsem zajema štiri glavne teme: - kalibracijo mikroskopov za podpiranje natančnosti merjenj; - linearne analizne tehnike za doseganje zadostnih statistično pomembnih podatkov; - analizne metode za izračun reprezentativnih povprečnih vrednostih; - poročanje za skladnost z modernimi zahtevami glede kakovosti. Ta del ISO 4499 je podprt s študijo primera merjenja, ki ponazarja za priporočene tehnike (glej Dodatek A). Včasih se za merjenje velikosti zrn uporabijo meritve koercitivnosti, vendar to pričujoče vodilo zadeva samo metode metalografskega merjenja. Prav tako je napisano za sintrane trdine in ne za lastnosti praškov. Vendar se načeloma metoda lahko uporabi za merjenje povprečne velikosti praškov, ki so ustrezno kopičeni in razdeljeni.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 24499:2000
7UGLQH0HWDORJUDIVNRGRORþHYDQMHPLNURVWUXNWXUHGHO 0HUMHQMHYHOLNRVWL]UQ
YROIUDPRYHJDNDUELGD :& ,62
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure - Part 2: Measurement of
WC grain size (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur - Teil 2: Messung der WC
Korngröße (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la microstructure - Partie 2: Mesurage
de la taille des grains de WC (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4499-2:2010
ICS:
77.040.99 Druge metode za Other methods of testing of
preskušanje kovin metals
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4499-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2010
ICS 77.040.99; 77.160 Supersedes EN 24499:1993
English Version
Hardmetals - Metallographic determination of microstructure -
Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size (ISO 4499-2:2008)
Métaux-durs - Détermination métallographique de la Hartmetalle - Metallographische Bestimmung der
microstructure - Partie 2: Mesurage de la taille des grains Mikrostruktur - Teil 2: Messung der WC Korngröße (ISO
de WC (ISO 4499-2:2008) 4499-2:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 April 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
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EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4499-2:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
The text of ISO 4499-2:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 “Powder metallurgy” of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 4499-2:2010.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 24499:1993.
ISO 4499-2, together with ISO 4499-1, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically
revised. A new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of hardmetals.
ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure:
Part 1: Photomicrographs and description
Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4499-2:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4499-2:2010 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4499-2
First edition
2008-09-15
Hardmetals — Metallographic
determination of microstructure —
Part 2:
Measurement of WC grain size
Métaux-durs — Détermination métallographique de la microstructure —
Partie 2: Mesurage de la taille des grains de WC
Reference number
ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .2
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, symbols and units.2
4 General information.4
5 Apparatus .5
6 Calibration .6
7 Grain-size measurement by the linear-intercept method .6
8 Reporting .9
Annex A (informative) Measurement case study .11
Annex B (informative) Report proforma.15
Bibliography .17
ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4499-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4,
Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals.
ISO 4499-2, together with ISO 4499-1, cancels and replaces ISO 4499:1978, which has been technically
revised. A new section has been added for the quantitative measurement of the WC grain size of hardmetals.
ISO 4499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure:
⎯ Part 1: Photomicrographs and description
⎯ Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of
microstructure —
Part 2:
Measurement of WC grain size
1 Scope
This part of ISO 4499 gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic
techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for sintered WC/Co hardmetals (also called
cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily WC as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring
the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
This part of ISO 4499 essentially covers four main topics:
⎯ calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
⎯ linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
⎯ analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
⎯ reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
The part of ISO 4499 is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques
(see Annex A).
The part of ISO 4499 is not intended for the following.
⎯ Measurements of size distribution.
⎯ Recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for
shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, but this current guide is
concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for sintered hardmetals and not
for characterising powders. However, the method could, in principle, be used for measuring the average size
of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
ISO 4499-2:2008(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3326, Hardmetals — Determination of (the magnetization) coercivity
ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
ISO 3738-1, Hardmetals — Rockwell hardness test (scale A) — Part 1: Test method
ISO 3738-2, Hardmetals — Rockwell hardness test (scale A) — Part 2: Preparation and calibration of
standard test blocks
ISO 3878, Hardmetals — Vickers hardness test
ISO 4489:1978, Sintered hardmetals — Sampling and testing
ISO 4499-1, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 1: Photomicrographs and
description
ISO 4505, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of porosity and uncombined carbon
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, symbols and units
3.1 General
A very wide range of terms are used to describe powders or sintered hardmetals of different sizes. For
example, the following have been used in a variety of publications and reports.
Extra coarse Fine Microfine
Coarse Very fine Micrograin
Coarse/Medium Ultra fine Nanophase
Medium Extra fine Nanograin
Medium/Fine Submicron Super fine
None of these terms have commonly agreed or well-defined size ranges among users and producers of
powders or sintered products.
Consequently, following discussion in the hardmetal community, the following terms for the sizes defined in
3.2 are recommended.
The uncertainty associated with the measurement of linear-intercept grain size is about 10 %, if typically
200 grains to 300 grains are counted. Thus, measurements on or close to the class boundaries should be
treated carefully. It is recommended that measurements that fall within 10 % of any of the class boundaries
sh
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