Solid biofuels - Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes (ISO 18847:2016)

This standard describes the method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comparative determinations to be made.

Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikeldichte von Pellets und Briketts (ISO 18847:2016)

Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Partikeldichte von gepressten Brennstoffen, wie z. B. Pellets oder Briketts, fest. Die Partikeldichte ist kein absoluter Wert und die Bedingungen für deren Bestimmung müssen genormt werden, um vergleichbare Bestimmungen vornehmen zu können.

Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des granulés et des briquettes (ISO 18847:2016)

ISO 18847:2016 spécifie la méthode de détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des combustibles comprimés tels que les granulés ou les briquettes. La masse volumique unitaire n'est pas une valeur absolue et les conditions nécessaires à sa détermination doivent être normalisées afin de pouvoir comparer les différentes déterminations.

Trdna biogoriva - Določevanje gostote delcev peletov in briketov (ISO 18847:2016)

Ta standard opisuje metodo za določanje gostote delcev v stisnjenih gorivih, kot so peleti in briketi. Gostota delcev ni absolutna vrednost in pogoje za njeno določitev je treba standardizirati, da se omogoči primerjalno določevanje.

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
03-Jan-2016
Publication Date
07-Nov-2016
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
20-Oct-2016
Due Date
25-Dec-2016
Completion Date
08-Nov-2016

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Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
01-december-2016
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 15150:2011
7UGQDELRJRULYD'RORþHYDQMHJRVWRWHGHOFHYSHOHWRYLQEULNHWRY ,62
Solid biofuels - Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes (ISO
18847:2016)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikeldichte von Pellets und Briketts (ISO
18847:2016)
Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des granulés et
des briquettes (ISO 18847:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 18847:2016
ICS:
17.060 Merjenje prostornine, mase, Measurement of volume,
gostote, viskoznosti mass, density, viscosity
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
SIST EN ISO 18847:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

SIST EN ISO 18847:2016


EN ISO 18847
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

September 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.160.10; 27.190 Supersedes EN 15150:2011
English Version

Solid biofuels - Determination of particle density of pellets
and briquettes (ISO 18847:2016)
Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la masse Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der
volumique unitaire des granulés et des briquettes (ISO Partikeldichte von Pellets und Briketts (ISO
18847:2016) 18847:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 August 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 18847:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
EN ISO 18847:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
EN ISO 18847:2016 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 18847:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid
biofuels” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN 15150:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 18847:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 18847:2016 without any modification.
3

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18847
First edition
2016-09-01
Solid biofuels — Determination
of particle density of pellets and
briquettes
Biocombustibles solides — Détermination de la masse volumique
unitaire des granulés et des briquettes
Reference number
ISO 18847:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
ISO 18847:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------

SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
ISO 18847:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Reagents . 1
6 Apparatus . 2
6.1 General apparatus requirements . 2
6.2 Apparatus for pellet testing . 2
6.3 Apparatus for briquette testing . 3
7 Sample preparation . 4
8 Procedure. 5
8.1 Procedure for pellets . 5
8.2 Procedure for briquettes . 6
9 Calculation . 6
10 Precision and bias . 7
10.1 General . 7
10.2 Repeatability . 7
10.3 Reproducibility . 7
11 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Stereometric volume estimation . 9
Bibliography .12
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------

SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
ISO 18847:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------

SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
ISO 18847:2016(E)

Introduction
Particle density is a fuel parameter of pellets and briquettes which is often considered when describing
the degree of compaction of the raw material used. Particle density can be highly specific for the
respective type or species of biomass and thus, it also characterizes the material’s general ability
to be compacted. High particle density is often associated with high resistance to abrasion or low
susceptibility towards fracturing during handling and storage. A high particle density also generally
leads to reduced storage volume demands and to a lower filling level in combustion chamber at constant
fuel mass flow. Particle density can also affect the heat transfer rate within the fuel and thus, it can
have an impact on fuel ignition and on the dynamics of gasification.
Apart from the buoyancy method which is described in this International Standard as reference method,
larger particles (briquettes) are sometimes easier tested by simple stereometric means. For internal
laboratory practices, such a procedure is also presented in Annex A. For small particles (pellets), this
procedure is not recommended.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18847:2016(E)
Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of
pellets and briquettes
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the method for determining the particle density of compressed
fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its
determination have to be standardized to enable comparative determinations to be made.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO 14780 , Solid biofuels — Sample preparation
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total
moisture — Reference method
ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total
moisture — Simplified method
2)
ISO 18135 , Solid biofuels — Sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 apply.
4 Principle
Both mass and volume of an individual particle or a group of particles are determined. The volume is
measured by determining the buoyancy in a liquid. This procedure follows the physical principle that
the buoyancy is equal to the mass of the displaced volume of a liquid. The apparent loss in mass between
a measurement in air and a subsequent measurement in liquid marks its buoyancy. The volume of the
test portion body is calculated via the density of the applied liquid.
NOTE The particle density of briquettes could alternatively be estimated by stereometric means (see
Annex A).
5 Reagents
5.1 Water with low content of ions, (e.g. drinking water quality) in a temperature range of 10 °C
to 30 °C.
1) To be published.
2) To be published.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1

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SIST EN ISO 18847:2016
ISO 18847:2016(E)

5.2 A detergent named O-[4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-deca(oxyethylen),
Octylphenoldecaethylen-glycolether, Polyethylenglycol-mono-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-
phenyl]-ether.
NOTE The exclusive use of this specific detergent with given characteristics allows to apply a fixed value for
the density of the liquid (mixture with water) and ensures constant properties as wetting agent. The detergent is
traded for example under the name Triton® X-100. The density at +20 °C is 1,07 g/ml.
5.3 Paraffin, with a melting point of 52 °C to 54 °C.
6 Apparatus
6.1 General apparatus requirements
A thermometer capable of reading to the nearest 1 °C.
6.2 Apparatus for pellet testing
6.2.1 A balance, having sufficient accuracy to determine the mass to the nearest 0,001 g.
Due to the high sensitivity of the balance, the test rig shall be placed into a wind protection cabinet to
allow undisturbed and immediate reading of the display
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
01-december-2015
7UGQDELRJRULYD'RORþHYDQMHJRVWRWHGHOFHYSHOHWRYLQEULNHWRY ,62',6

Solid biofuels - Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes (ISO/DIS
18847:2015)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikeldichte von Pellets und Briketts
(ISO/DIS 18847:2015)
Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des granulés et
des briquettes (ISO/DIS 18847:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 18847
ICS:
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 18847
ISO/TC 238 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2015-09-24 2015-12-24
Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of
pellets and briquettes
Titre manque
ICS: 75.160.10; 27.190
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and processed under the ISO lead mode of collaboration
as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member
bodies for a parallel five month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments
received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
formal vote in CEN.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
committee secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
composition will be undertaken at publication stage.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2015

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Reagents . 1
6 Apparatus . 2
6.1 General apparatus requirements . 2
6.2 Apparatus for pellet testing . 2
6.3 Apparatus for briquette testing . 3
7 Sample preparation . 5
8 Procedure. 5
8.1 Procedure for pellets . 5
8.2 Procedure for briquettes . 6
9 Calculation . 7
10 Precision and bias . 7
10.1 General . 7
10.2 Repeatability . 7
10.3 Reproducibility . 7
11 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Stereometric volume estimation . 9
Bibliography .12
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels, Working Group WG 4,
Physical and Mechanical Test Methods.
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)

Introduction
Particle density is a fuel parameter of pellets and briquettes which is often considered when describing
the degree of compaction of the raw material used. Particle density can be highly specific for the
respective type or species of biomass, and thus it also characterizes the material’s general ability
to be compacted. High particle density is often associated with high resistance to abrasion or low
susceptibility towards fracturing during handling and storage. A high particle density also generally
leads to reduced storage volume demands and to lower filling levels in combustion chambers at constant
fuel mass flow. Particle density can also affect the heat transfer rate within the fuel and thus it can have
an impact on fuel ignition and on the dynamics of gasification.
Apart from the buoyancy method which is described in this standard as reference method, larger
particles (briquettes) are sometimes easier tested by simple stereometric means. For internal
laboratory practices such a procedure is also presented in the informative annex. For small particles
(pellets) this procedure is not suggested.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)
Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of
pellets and briquettes
1 Scope
This standard describes the method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as
pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have
to be standardized to enable comparative determinations to be made.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
ISO CD 18135, Solid biofuels — Sampling
ISO CD 14780, Solid biofuels — Sample preparation
ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total
moisture — Reference method
ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total
moisture — Simplified procedure
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 apply.
3.1
test sample
laboratory sample after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratory
3.2
test portion
sub-sample either of a laboratory sample or a test sample (3.1)
4 Principle
Both mass and volume of an individual particle or a group of particles are determined. The volume is
measured by determining the buoyancy in a liquid. This procedure follows the physical principle that
the buoyancy of a body is equal to the weight of the displaced volume of a liquid. The apparent loss in
weight between a measurement in air and a subsequent measurement in liquid marks its buoyancy. The
volume of the test portion body is calculated via the density of the applied liquid.
NOTE The particle density of briquettes could also be estimated by stereometric means (see informative
Annex A).
5 Reagents
5.1 Water with low content of ions (e.g. drinking water quality) in a temperature range of 10 to 30°C.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18847:2015
ISO/DIS 18847:2015(E)

5.2 A detergent named O-[4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-deca(oxyethylen),
Octylphenoldecaethylen-glycolether, Polyethylenglycol-mono-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-ether.
NOTE The exclusive use of this specific detergent with given characteristics allows to apply a fixed value for
the density of the liquid (mixture with water) and ensures constant properties as wetting agent. The detergent is
traded for example under the name Triton® X-100. The density at +20°C is 1,07 g/ml.
5.3 Paraffin with a melting point of +52 to +54°C.
6 Apparatus
6.1 General apparatus requirements
A thermometer capable of reading to the nearest 1°C.
6.2 Apparatus for pellet testing
6.2.1 A balance, having sufficient accuracy to determine the weight to the nearest 0,001 g. Due to
the high sensitivity of the balance the test rig shall be placed into a wind protection cabinet to allow
undisturbed and immediate reading of the displayed values.
6.2.2 A transparent beaker glass of about 200 ml filling volume.
6.2.3 A density determination rig placed on a balance. The rig consists of a bridge, which overstretches
the weighing plate of the balance in order to prevent the balance from being loaded. The bridge is capable
of carrying the beaker glass (6.2.2). Through a supporting frame with suspension rods a weighing dish
(“submergence dish”) is hung into the beaker glass (Figure 1), which is filled with liquid. The dish shall
be able to accommodate at least four pellets at once. Both, the supporting frame and the submergence
dish are directly loaded on the balance plate. The submergence apparatus (the dish and the suspension)
can be removed for being loaded with pellets. Through the dish suspension the submergence depth is
always kept constant. The bottom of the submergence dish is perforated by openings, which are smaller
in diameter than the diameter of the pellets. This perfora
...

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