CEN/TC 193/WG 2 - Structural adhesives

This document specifies methods for determining the pot life of multi-part adhesives, in order to be able to determine whether the pot life conforms to the minimum specified working life required of an adhesive.
The different methods described in this document to measure the property do not necessarily provide identical results.
The test methods described are suitable for assessing all multi–part adhesives, and especially epoxy based and polyurethane based adhesives, but they are not suitable for some acrylic-based adhesives.
NOTE 1       Some of the methods described in this document can also be suitable for determination of working life of one-part adhesives that react to humidity (e.g. PUR prepolymers).
NOTE 2       This document can also be used for assessing non-structural adhesives.

This document specifies a T‑peel test for the determination of the peel resistance of an adhesive by measuring the peeling force of a T‑shaped bonded assembly of two flexible adherends. This test procedure does not provide design information.
NOTE       This method was originally developed for use with metal adherends but other, flexible, adherends can also be used.

This document specifies the designations for the main types of failure pattern of bonded assemblies and illustrates, through diagrams, their respective appearances.
This document applies to all mechanical tests performed on a bonded assembly, regardless of the nature of the adherends and adhesive which make up the assembly.

This document specifies a dynamic impact wedge method for the determination of the cleavage resistance under impact loading of high-strength adhesive bonds between two adherends, when tested under specified conditions of preparation and testing. This test procedure does not provide design information.
The method allows a choice of sheet metal or fibre reinforced plastic substrates corresponding to those materials frequently used in industry, such as for automotive applications.

ISO 10123:2013 specifies a method for the determination of the shear strength of anaerobic-curing liquid adhesives used for retaining cylindrical assemblies, pin-and-collar type, or for locking and sealing threaded fasteners. This test method can also be used for other adhesives.

This European Standard specifies requirements for adhesives intended for use in the creation and general assembly of load-bearing, structural elements used in civil engineering works and the construction of buildings. Other than the exceptions stated, it embraces all combinations of bonded materials, used to create or repair load-bearing elements.
It covers individual adhesives and special purpose kits comprising various combinations of adhesive types and components.
It includes test methods and methods of assessment.
The performance requirements in this standard may not be applicable to highly specialised applications in extreme environmental conditions, e.g. cryogenic use, nor do they cover specialised circumstances such as accidental impact, e.g. due to traffic or ice, or earthquake loading where specific performance requirements will apply.
The intended use is for internal and external construction elements and those cladding and covering elements (excluding ceramic tiles) specifically required, by regulatory authorities, to provide protection from fire in identified building zones, including escape routes.
This European Standard does not cover:
-   Prefabricated, bonded structural components;
-   Concrete bonded either to itself or steel or a material based on carbon fibre;
-   Wood, when bonded to itself to form a timber based, laminated beam [of the type known as a ‘Glulam’ beam] intended for use as a major structural, load bearing element;
-   Thermoplastics [e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide and fluorinated polymers in general] unless they have been specifically prepared [usually through a specialised oxidative process] for bonded assembly on site;
-   Co-axial metallic assemblies comprising fasteners- threaded and otherwise, pipes and tubes;
-   Glass assemblies in structural glazing applications made using silicone adhesives;
-   Those structural elements that are permanently immersed in water.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for the characterisation of anaerobic adhesives intended for the general assembly of co-axial metallic elements in building and civil engineering structures including fasteners- threaded and otherwise, pipes and tubes. It is applicable to single adhesives and systems (kits) comprising adhesives, activators and/or primers for both internal and external construction elements.
This European Standard only applies to metallic substrates.

This part of EN 28510 specifies a 90° peel test for the determination, under specified conditions, of the peel resistance of a bonded assembly of two adherends where at least one adherend is flexible. If a normal tensile testing machine is used for the test, the peel angle will not be constant at exactly 90º. If a constant angle of exactly 90° is required, a roller peeling device is used (see 4.1).
The 90º peel test is particularly suitable for use with less flexible adherends for which a 180° peel test is not suitable because the adherends crack, break or delaminate.
A 180º peel test is described in EN ISO 8510 2.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface
by measuring the contact angle of a liquid wetting the solid surface. It allows the prediction of the ability of a
particular adhesive to wet a particular adherend. It can be used to characterize surfaces intended for
pre-treatment, coating or bonding.
NOTE 1 In order to determine the surface free energy, the method of measuring the static contact angle is used in
combination with a statistical interpretation.
NOTE 2 The measurement results are influenced by mechanical surface roughness and chemical homogeneity.

This European Standard specifies a shear test for the characterization of adhesives in a bond. The shear stress/strain properties of the adhesive (including the shear modulus) are useful for advanced design work, e.g. in finite element analysis methods.

This European Standard describes a method to determine the ability of an adhesive to corrode a brass substrate under the influence of an applied voltage and high humidity. The temperature, humidity, ageing period and applied voltage are chosen to ensure the maximum differentiation between the corrosivity of different adhesives and are not intended to represent any particular service condition.

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the shear behaviour of an adhesive in a single lap joint bonded assembly when subjected to a tensile force.
The test is performed on specimens consisting of thick, rigid adherends, with a short length of overlap, in order to obtain the most uniform distribution of shear stresses possible and to minimize other stress states which initiate failure.
This test method may be used to determine:
-   the shear-stress against shear-strain curve to failure of the adhesive;
-   the shear modulus of the adhesive;
-   other adhesive properties that can be derived from the stress/strain curve such as the maximum shear stress and shear strain;
-   the effect of temperature, environment, test speed, etc. on these properties.

This European Standard describes a method to determine the ability of a liquid adhesive to corrode a copper substrate under heat ageing conditions. Temperatures and ageing periods are chosen to ensure the maximum differentiation between the corrosivity of different adhesives and are not intended to represent any particular service condition.

ISO 8510-2:2006 specifies a 180° peel test for the determination, under specified conditions, of the peel resistance of a bonded assembly of two adherends where one adherend is flexible and the other is rigid.

This European Standard specifies a floating roller method for the determination of the peel resistance of adhesive bonds between one rigid adherend and one flexible adherend when tested under specified conditions of preparation and testing.
NOTE   The use the floating roller produces more constant numerical data than other peel methods, but it should not be expected that the flexible adherend will conform to the surface of the roller.

The test method described in this European Standard is used to make comparative assessments of the securing or locking effect of anaerobic adhesives used in threaded assemblies. This method may be used for other types of adhesives, if considered suitable.

This European Standard specifies a method for determining the bond strength of a butt joint when subjected
to tensile force. The method can be applied to all types of adhesives. Although primarily intended for use
under ambient conditions, the basic method can also be applied to testing under a wide range of temperature
and other environmental conditions. The method requires rigid adherends that can be produced to the
required dimensional tolerances and that will withstand the forces applied to them during the test.

This European Standard describes a test method to determine ability of a cured adhesive (possibly with a primer) to adhere to a substrate which has had a certain surface finish or with a specific surface preparation by using the "three point bending method".
It is only used for quality assurance and the substrate should be rigid or resistant enough to bending such as steel or aluminium alloys. For other substrates the thickness should be adjusted to the modulus of elasticity or a suitable stiffener should be used.
The adhesive should be polymerisable (curable) without pressure in order to obtain the thickness needed to provide sufficient rigidity, otherwise, a bonded reinforcing piece of the same type and same thickness as the substrate can be substituted for the bloc of adhesive.
It is not suitable for film adhesives.

This European Standard specifies a method for determining the tensile lap-shear strength of bonded assemblies when tested on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of preparation and testing.
NOTE   This test procedure is not applicable for calculations needed for bond design in structural joints.

TC - Corretion of the penetration speed of the device driving the wedge in 5.2 of the E and F versions

1.1   This standard specifies test procedures for determining the long-term durability of an adhesive system subjected to environmental and fatigue loads. The procedures are based upon measurement of the crack growth rate and the resistance to crack propagation through the adhesive layer in double cantilever beam type specimens under an applied mode I opening cycling loading.
1.2   The test specimens consist of rectangular metal substrates bonded together with a pre-starter crack in the bondline. For testing joints consisting of relatively thin sheets of metallic substrates the specimen needs to be structurally reinforced by adding layers of compatible material to the back of each adherend substrate in order to prevent permanent deformation, usually referred to as reinforced double cantilever beam (RDCB) test specimen.
1.3   For brevity, the standard relates to testing RDCB specimens, which are essentially more complex in manufacturing than standard double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. However, the standard allows also for use of single substrate double cantilever beam specimens when the substrate material is available in sufficient thickness.
1.4   The test method has been proven to be particularly sensitive in finding weaknesses within certain adhesive systems and is recommended as a scientific tool to study adhesion properties.  This test method may be used to determine:
- The fatigue crack growth rate as a function of the mode I strain energy release rate;
- The threshold values for negligible crack growth;
- The effects of other environmental factors (temperature and/or humidity cycling);
- The mode I (peel or crack opening) failure mode of the adhesive joint (cohesive, interfacial, near-surface …).

This European Standard describes a procedure for the determination of the time to failure of a bonded joint, using a specimen which is statically loaded under specified conditions. This method can only be used for comparing adhesives, and the results cannot be used for design purposes.

ISO 13445:2003 specifies a method for the determination of the shear strength of adhesives used to bond materials with elastic moduli higher than the elastic modulus of the adhesive. The method provides an estimate of the shear strength of an adhesive on various machinable and non-machinable substrate materials.

This document simulates in a qualitative manner mechanical forces and important environmental influences on an adhesive-bonded joint at a metal polymer interfaces it can also be used as a method of checking the surface preparation of substrates, with a limited detection level.
The test is applicable at the present time to the bonding of aluminium and titanium alloys using thermosetting structural adhesives and primers.
NOTE   This method can also be used for assessing surface preparation of other metals. Considerable caution in the evaluation of comparative results should be exercised in the event that the materials (adhesive plus adherend) and the specimen geometry are varied. Like should be compared with like (only similar adherends bonded with similar adhesives can be compared between themselves).

This standard describes methods to determine the ability of structural (thermoplastics, thermosetting) adhesives to resist to heat (temperature, continuously or temporarily).

ISO 9142:2003 describes laboratory ageing conditions under which adhesive joints may be exposed to various environmental influences -- climatic or chemical -- for the purpose of assessing the effects of such influences on certain properties.
The ageing conditions are applicable to bonded assemblies and may be used to constitute a set of tests for the evaluation of an adhesive.
The results obtained using the procedures described in this International Standard are not necessarily applicable to the determination of the service life of a bonded assembly because there is no direct relation between the test results and the behaviour of a bonded assembly over a period of time under service conditions. However, for certain specific applications, experience with the procedures may enable a correlation to be established.

This European Standard specifies the usual procedures for the preparation of component surfaces prior to bonding for either laboratory evaluation or the process of construction.
This European Standard is applicable to metal and plastic surfaces that are commonly encountered.
These comprise the following metal and plastic families - the latter including filled versions and suitable paints :
METALS: aluminium, chromium, copper, magnesium, nickel, steel (mild), steel (stainless), tin, titanium, zinc.
PAINTS: cataphoretic, polyalkyd, polyester, polyepoxide, polyurethane.
PLASTICS:
thermoplastic: Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene plastic (ABS plastic), Polyacetal plastic, Polyacrylic plastic, Polyamide plastic (PA plastic), Poly( butylene terephthalate) (PBT), Polycarbonate plastic (PC plastic), Polyester plastic, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polyethersulfone (PES), Polyethylene plastic (PE plastic), Polyimide, Poly(methyl methacrylate) plastic (PMMA plastic), Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), Polypropylene plastic, Polystyrene plastic (PS plastic), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Poly(vinyl chloride) plastic (PVC plastic).
thermoset: Allylphthalate plastic, Aminoplastic, Cellulose esters, Epoxy plastic, Polyester plastic, Phenolic plastic, Polyurethane (PUR).

This European Standard specifies definitions and requirements applicable to structural adhesives whose storage life is limited by possible change of properties.
NOTE  Structural adhesives and their related materials are herein referred to as "adhesives".

The principle of the method specified is cyclically stressing the specimen in a way that may be regarded as the superposition of an alternating stress on a static stress which is the mean stress. The number of cycles at failure of the specimen for a given mean stress and stress amplitude is determined. These values are used to establish SN curves which then permit the estimation of the confidence zone concerning the fatigue resistance of a joint. The fatigue properties are a function of the specimen geometry. The results do not correspond to intrinsic properties of the adhesive and cannot be used for design purposes.

ISO 10364:2015 specifies methods for determining the pot life of multi-part adhesives in order to be able to determine whether the pot life conforms to the minimum specified working life required of an adhesive.
For the purposes of simplification, the term "pot life" is deemed to have the same meaning as "working life" and will be used to represent both throughout this International Standard. Methods described to measure the property provide different answers. So the results shall be specified with respect to the method used.
The test methods described are suitable for assessing all multi?part adhesives, and especially epoxy based and polyurethane based adhesives, but they are not suitable for some acrylic-based adhesives.
NOTE 1       Some of the methods described in this International Standard can also be suitable for determination of working life of one-part adhesives that react to humidity (e.g. PUR prepolymers).
NOTE 2       This International Standard can also be used for assessing non-structural adhesives.

ISO 11339:2010 specifies a T‑peel test for the determination of the peel strength of an adhesive by measuring the peeling force of a T‑shaped bonded assembly of two flexible adherends. This test procedure does not provide design information.
This method was originally developed for use with metal adherends, but other, flexible, adherends may also be used.

Specifies the designations and illustrates, through diagrams, their respective appearances. It applies to all mechanical tests performed on a bonded assembly, regardless of the nature of the adherends and adhesive which make up the assembly.

ISO 11343:2003 specifies a dynamic impact wedge method for the determination of the cleavage resistance under impact loading of high-strength adhesive bonds between two metallic adherends, when tested under specified conditions of preparation and testing. This test procedure does not provide design information.
The method allows a choice of sheet metal substrate corresponding to those materials frequently used in industry, e.g. for automotive applications.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the shear strength of anaerobic-curing liquid adhesives used for retaining cylindrical assemblies pin-and-collar type, or for locking and sealing threaded fasteners.
This test method may also be used for other adhesives.
The test is for ranking and quality control of adhesives. The result does not necessarily reflect the performance of the materials in service and the test is not suitable for providing numerical data for design purposes.
NOTE   Numerical design data may be obtained from tests using the materials and configurations used in the actual structure.

This European Standard specifies means of determining in appropriate ways the variable property known alternatively as useable working life and pot life.
This European Standard specifies five methods for the determination of the time available for use, each of which is related to specific circumstances; particularly important being the rheology of the adhesive concerned and its rate of reaction
This European Standard can also be used for assessing non-structural adhesives.
Because of the different properties of the individual multi-component systems, like rheology or viscosity, respectively velocity of hardening, etc., not all methods can be applied to each multi-component system with the same suitability.

This European Standard specifies requirements for adhesives intended for use in the creation and general assembly of load-bearing, structural elements used in civil engineering works and the construction of buildings. Other than the exceptions stated, it embraces all combinations of bonded materials, used to create or repair load-bearing elements.
It covers individual adhesives and special purpose kits comprising various combinations of adhesive types and components.
It includes test methods and methods of assessment.
The performance requirements in this standard may not be applicable to highly specialised applications in extreme environmental conditions, e.g. cryogenic use, nor do they cover specialised circumstances such as accidental impact, e.g. due to traffic or ice, or earthquake loading where specific performance requirements will apply.
The intended use is for internal and external construction elements and those cladding and covering elements (excluding ceramic tiles) specifically required, by regulatory authorities, to provide protection from fire in identified building zones, including escape routes.
It does not cover:
   Prefabricated, bonded structural components.
   Concrete bonded either to itself or steel or a material based on carbon fibre.
   Wood, when bonded to itself to form a timber based, laminated beam [of the type known as a ‘Glulam’ beam] intended for use as a major structural, load bearing element.
   Thermoplastics [e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide and fluorinated polymers in general] unless they have been specifically prepared [usually a specialised oxidative process] for bonded assembly on site.
   Co-axial metallic assemblies comprising fasteners- threaded and otherwise, pipes and tubes.
   Glass assemblies in structural glazing applications made using silicone adhesives.
   Those structural elements that are permanently immersed in water.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for the characterisation of anaerobic adhesives intended for the general assembly of co-axial metallic elements in building and civil engineering structures including fasteners- threaded and otherwise, pipes and tubes. It is applicable to single adhesives and systems (kits) comprising adhesives, activators and/or primers for both internal and external construction elements. This European Standard only applies to metallic substrates.

Particularly suitable for use with less flexible adherends for which a 180 ° peel test is not suitable because the adherends crack, break or delaminate. A bonded assembly of two adherends is prepared using the adhesive under test. The adherends are then pulled apart at a steady rate, starting at the open end of the bond, in such a way that separation occurs progressively along the length of the bonded adherends. The force is applied approximately normal to the plane of the bond, through the separated part of the flexible adherend. A figure shows a schematic diagram.

This European standard specifies the determination of the ability of an adhesive to "wet" a solid surface by measuring the contact angle and determining the critical surface tension of wettability. It allows the prediction of what adhesive will wet which adherend. It may be used to characterize surfaces after priming, coating and bonding.

This part of EN 14869 specifies a shear test for the characterization of adhesives in a bond. The shear stress/strain properties of the adhesive (including the shear modulus) are useful for advanced design work, e.g. in finite element analysis methods.

This part of EN 14869 specifies a test method for determining the shear behaviour of an adhesive in a single lap joint bonded assembly when subjected to a tensile force.
The test is performed on specimens consisting of thick, rigid adherends, with a short length of overlap, in order to obtain the most uniform distribution of shear stresses possible and to minimize other stress states which initiate failure.
This test method may be used to determine:
-shear-stress against shear-strain curve to failure of the adhesive;
-shear modulus of the adhesive;
-other adhesive properties that can be derived from the stress/strain curve such as the maximum shear stress and shear strain;
-effect of temperature, environment, test speed, etc., on these properties.

This part of the present European standard describes a method to determine the ability of an adhesive to corrode a brass substrate under the influence of an applied voltage and high humidity. The temperature, humidity, ageing period and applied voltage are chosen to ensure the maximum differentiation between the corrosivity of different adhesives and are not intended to represent any particular service condition.

This part of the present European standard describes a method to determine the ability of a liquid adhesive to corrode a copper substrate under heat ageing conditions. Temperatures and ageing periods are chosen to ensure the maximum differentiation between the corrosivity of different adhesives and are not intended to represent any particular service condition.

TC - Correction of units and reference test methods (reference standards) in lines item 7 and 8, columns 4 and 5 of Table 1 to be in line with the text of 5.1.3 and 5.2.3 - Chemistry

TC - Modifications brought to the first corrigendum on EN 15275:2007 (the present corrigendum supersedes the first one).

+++EN confirmed with TC 193 resolution 232 (2001-03-30)+++

This Report identifies and categorizes the European and international standard used to determine the general requirements, characterization and safety of structural adhesives.

This document specifies a T-peel test for the determination of the peel strength of an adhesive by measuring the peeling force of a T-shaped bonded assembly of two flexible adherends. This test procedure does not provide design information. - NOTE: This method was originally developed for use with metal adherends, but other flexible adherends may also be used.

TC - Modification of value in 6.3